CIS-3347 Chapter 1 Questions

What is a client?

The input-output hardware device at the user's end of a communication circuit. Provides users with the access to the network and the data and software on the server.

What is the purpose of a data communications standard?

The primary reason for standards is to ensure that hardware and software produced by different vendors can work together. The use of standards makes it much easier to develop software and hardware that link different networks because software and hardware can be developed one layer at a time.

How do LANs differ from WANs, and BNs?

A Local Area Network (LAN) is a group of microcomputers or terminals located in the same general area. A Backbone Network (BN) is a large central network that connects most everything on a single company site. A Wide Area Network (WAN) spans cities, states, or national boundaries.

What is a circuit?

A copper wire that is the pathhway through which the messages travel in a network

What is a server?

A device that stores data or software that can be accessed by the clients on a network

Explain how a message is transmitted from one computer to another using layers.

A mesage passes each layer in the network that uses a formal language, or protocol, that is simply a set of rules that define what the layer will do and that provides a clearly defined set of messages that software at the layer needs to understand.

Whats is a router?

A special device that connects two or more networks

What is the internet of things? What are the benefits and risks of IoT?

A world where interconnected, Internet-enabled devices or "things" can collect and share data without human intervention The risk is that as smart devices become more common, it will create the Network of Things (NoT) where all this interaction between loT devices will happen seamlessly, without human intervention.

How can data communication networks affect businesses?

Data communication networks facilitate more efficient use of computers and improve the day-to-day control of a business by providing faster information flow. They also provide message transfer services to allow computer users to talk to one another via email, chat, and video streaming

Describe the three stages of standardization.

De jure standardization process has three stages: specification, identification of choices, and acceptance. The specification stage consists of developing a nomenclature and identifying problems to be addressed. The identification of choices stage, those working on the standard identify the various solutions and choose the optimum solution from among the alternatives. Acceptance, which is the most difficult stage, consists of defining the solution and getting recognized cesses that have the potential to influence the sales of hardware and software, standards-making

What are three current cyber security issues we face on the Internet?

First, networks and Internet change almost everything. Computer networks and the Internet are designed to and easily move information from distant locations and to enable individuals inside and outside the firm to access information and products from around the world. Second, today's networking environment requires that a wide variety of devices could connect. Employees' use of their own devices under BYOD policies increases security risks, as the move to the loT. Third, as the demand for network services and network capacity increases, so will the need for secure storage and server space and secure transfer of data. Finding efficient ways to securely store all the information we generate will open new market opportunities.

How do data communications networks support the four core capabilities of MIS?

In order for IT strategy to implement the core capabilities, data communication and networking must be available. MIS core capabilities and the IT strategy rest on a solid infrastructure needed by data communication and networking.

Describe two important data communications standards-making bodies. How do they differ?

International Organization for Standardization One of the most important standards-making bodies is the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which makes which makes technical recommendations about data communication interfaces. ISO is based in Geneva, Switzerland. The membership is composed of the national standards organizations of each ISO member country. The International Telecommunications Union-Telecommunications Group (ITU-T) is the technical standards-setting organization of the United Nations International Telecommunications Union, which is also based in Geneva. ITU is composed of representatives from about 200 member countries. Membership was originally focused on just the public telephone companies in each country, but a major reorganization in 1993 changed this, and ITU now companies in each country, but a major reorganization in 1993 changed this, and ITU now seeks members among public and private-sector organizations who operate computer or communications networks (e.g., RBOCs) or build software and equipment for them (e.g., AT&T).

How many bits (not bytes) are there in a 10 page text document? Hint: There are approximately 350 words on a double-spaced page. We need 8 bits to encode each charater.

Multiply 350 words by 8 bytes (7 letters plus a space) to get 2,800 bytes per page. Multiply 2,800 by 10 pages to get 28,000 Multiply 28,000 bytes by 8 bits per byte to get 224,000 bits

Describe the seven layers in the OSI modeland what they do.

Physical Layer (Layer 1) concerned with transmitting data bits (zeros or ones) over a communication circuit. Data Link Layer (Layer 2) manages the physical transmission circuit in layer 1 and transforms it into a circuit that is free of transmission errors as far as layers above are concerned Network Layer (Layer 3) Performs routing. It determines the next computer to which the message should be sent, so it can follow the best route through the network and finds the full address for tat computer if needed. Transport Layer (Layer 4) deals with end-to-end issues such as segmenting the message for network transport, and maintaining the logical connections between sender and receiver Session Layer (Layer 5) responsible for managing and structuring all sessions Presentation Layer (Layer 6) formats the data for presntion to the user Application Layer (Layer 7) the end user's access to the network

Descride the five layers in the Internet model and what do they do.

Physical Layer (Layer 1) physical connection between sender amd receiver Data Link Layer (Layer 2) responsible for moving a message from one computer to the next computer in the network path freom the sender to the receiver.Performs the same three functions in Data Link Layer as in OSI model 1. Controls the physical layer by deciding when to transmit messages over the media 2. Formats the message by indicating where they start and end 3. Detects and may correct ay errors that have occurred during transmission Network Layer (Layer 3) Two functions: 1. Performs routing in that it selects the next computer to which the messgage should be sent 2. Finds the address of the computer if it doesn't already know it Transport Layer (Layer 4) Similar to OSI model 1. Responsible for linking ths application layer to the network and establishing end-to-end connections between the sender and receiver when such connections are needed 2. Responsible for breaking long messags into several smaller messages to make them easier to transmit and recombining them back into the original message at the receiving end Application Layer (Layer 5) software used by the network user and includes much of what the OSI models contains in the application. presentation and session layers.It is the user's access to the network

How are Internet standards developed?

The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF; www.ietf.org) sets the standards that govern how much of the Internet will operate. Developing a standard usually takes 1-2 years. Usually, a standard begins as a protocol developed by a vendor. When a protocol is proposed for standardization, IETF forms a working group of technical experts to study it. The working group examines the protocol to identify potential problems and possible extensions and improvements, and then issues a report to IETF. If the report is favorable, the IETF issues a Request for Comment (RFC) that describes the proposed standard and solicits comments from the entire world. Once no additional changes have been identified, it becomes a Proposed Standard. Once at least two vendors have developed software based on it, and it has proven successful in operation, the Proposed Standard is changed to a Draft Standard. This is usually the final specification, although some protocols have been elevated to Internet Standards, which usually signifies a mature standard not likely to change. There is a correlation of IETF RFCs to ISO standards.

Why has the internet model replaced the OSI model?

The Internet model is simpler (effectively collapsing the top three layers of the OSI model into a single model) and easier to remember and understand.

Why are network layers important?

They are important because perform the routing. It determines the next computer to which the message should be sent, so it can follow the best route through the network and finds the full address for tat computer if needed.

Discuss three important applications of data communication networks in business and personal use.

Three important applications in business and personal use are email, chat and video streaming that allow communication over a longer distance.

Discuss three trends in communications and network.

•Bring your own device (BYOD) -Huge demand for employees to connect their personal smartphones, tablets, and other devices to organizational networks -Security challenges -Who is responsible for support? The Internet of Things -Everything connects to the network! •e.g., cars, refrigerators, thermostats, shoes, doors, etc. -Networks need to support the increased demands of these devices Massively Online -Not just multiplayer online games -Massive open online courses (MOOC) -Millions online participating is social media and other activities -Will require greater network infrastructure

The number of standardized protocols in use at the application layer has significantly increased from the 1980s to today. Why? Do you think this trend will continue? What are the implications for those who design and operate networks?

The biggest reason that there are more standardized protocols at the application layer is related to the predominant use of the Web and its standardized graphic interface (HTTP, DHCP, for example). In a way, many new protocols ride on top of TCP/IP networks, and some of these new protocols have been developed to enable the retrofitting of new technologies on top of an older networking architecture. On the other hand some proprietary protocols connected with such models as IBM's SNA and DECNet have declined in significance while the importance of Internet-related protocols has grown,

There are three computers that make the internet work. Name them and describe their similarities and differences.

The client, server and the router. A server and a client can both be a personal computer and a circuit is a coble or a modem which makes it different from a client and a server.