citi training and belmont report

Under HIPAA, research activity using PHI generally requires

authorization. However, there are several alternatives that allow bypassing the authorization requirement.

How is the principle of beneficence applied to a study involving human subjects?

Ensuring that risks are reasonable in relationship to anticipated benefits.

An investigator wishes to study generational differences in coping mechanisms among adults who experiences abuse as children. Adequate meausre will be instituted to obtain consent and ensure that there is no breach of confidentiality. The most likely additional risk is that some subjects may:

Experience emotional or psychological distress

Federal regulations define human subjects as "living individual about whom an investigator conducting research obtains"...? (2 components)

"1.data through intervention or interaction with the individual 2. identifiable private information"

The Belmont Report defines and delineates...

"Practice" and "Research"

The expedited review process may NOT be used when the study procedures pose:

-more than minimal risk, even if the subjects are adults, -the sponsor is in a hurry -the study replicates previously approved research

Continuing review process must include:

-unanticipated problems -number of subjects accrued -recent relevant literature -copy of current consent form

Which of the following constitutes both a breach of a confidentiality (the research data have been disclosed, counter to the agreement between researcher and subjects) and a violation of subjects' privacy (the right of the individuals to be protected against intrusion into their personal lives or affairs)?

A faculty member makes identifiable data about sexual behavior available to graduate students, although the subjects were assured that the data would be de-identified.

What element must be included in an informed consent?

All foreseeable risks and discomforts

Parental notification, in lieu of active parental permission, is allowed when:

An IRB has approved a waiver of the requirement for parental permission.

How can faculty researchers avoid coercion of student subjects?

Avoid using their own students in their research

Which of the following is the LEAST important activity when protecting human subjects in international research?

Assessing transportation conditions

Human subject study or not? An economic feasibility study

No: does gather info from people with relevant info and expertise but does not meet the definition of research w/ human subjects, because the intention of the study is to answer "about what" ? rather than "about whom" ?

An investigator is examining the quality of life for prisoners who are HIV positive using surveys followed by interview. The IRB must ensure that:

Confidentiality of the prisoners' health status is maintained

To minimize potential risks of harm, a researcher conducting an on-line survey can:

Design the survey so that no direct or indirect identifiers are collected.

Consent to participate in research is an ongoing process. Which of the following strategies would help ensure that participation in a survey about a sensitive personal topic remains voluntary throughout a study?

Designing the survey so that subjects are not forced to answer one question before going to the next.

Human subject study or not? Info collected by play ground designer

No: does not involve info about human subjects even though there is interactions between designer and school staff.

Name the type of Review: Research study that involves use of educational tests, survey, interviews, or observations of public behavior without identifiable information.

Exempt Review category 2

Type of review that qualifies if no identification of subjects and/or their responses would reasonably place them at risk of criminal or civil liability or be damaging to the subjects financial standing, employability, insurability, reputation, or be stigmatizing, unless reasonable and appropriate protections will be implemented so that risks related to invasion of privacy and breach of confidentiality are no greater than minimal

Expedited review

T/F IRB's investigate scientific misconduct

False

Name the type of review: A study involving data collected that could have an impact on human subject's careers and it contains identifiers of the subjects.

Full Board Review

According to the Belmont Report, the moral requirement that there be fair outcomes in the selection of research subjects, expresses the principle of:

Justice

The age of majority in international research is determined by the

Laws, customs, and norms in the area in which the research will be conducted.

The Belmont Report Principle of Beneficence

MAXIMIZATION of benefits and MINIMIZATION of risks

The expedited review process may be used when the study procedures pose:

No more than minimal risk and the research activities fall within regulatory categories identified as eligible

A researcher who is also a care provider needs to be very clear that a decision to participate or not in a study will:

Not affect future care

An investigator is studying women recently admitted to a state prison. All potential subjects must have children under the age of five. Research subjects will be given a basket of toys to use at their children's first visit that the children can then take home. In assessing this proposal, the IRB needs to determine that the toys are:

Not an excessive incentive.

Human subject study or not? Conducting linguistic analysis of comments posted on a public blog

Not: involves neither interaction with individuals nor collecting private identified info

The primary purpose of a Certificate of Confidentiality is to:

Protect identifiable research info from compelled disclosure

The purpose of the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) is to:

Provide parents certain rights over their children's educational records.

The Belmont Report Respect for Person

Requires that subjects freely choose to participate in research (voluntariness) and that they are adequately informed about a study (informed consent)

According to Subpart D, which of the following research activities with children would qualify for an exemption?

Research about educational testing

The Belmont Report The Principle of Justice

Research benefit and burden distribution and that selection of subjects is fair.

Which of the following statements about prison research is true?

Researchers may study the effects of privilege upgrades awarded by the prison.

In a longitudinal study that will follow children from kindergarten through high school and will collect information about illegal activities, which confidentiality procedure would protect against compelled disclosure of individually identifiable information?

Securing a Certificate of Confidentiality.

T/F Belmont Report indicates it is necessary to rigorously avoid conflicts of interest

TRUE

A researcher leaves a research file in her car while she attends a concert and her car is stolen. The file contains charts of aggregated numerical data from a research study with human subjects, but no other documents. The consent form said that no identifying information would be retained, and the researcher adhered to that component. Which of the following statements best characterizes what occurred?

There was neither a violation of privacy nor a breach of confidentiality

Risks are specific to:

Time, situation, and culture

A study that involves interviews of adults is eligible for expedited review. The researcher wants to add an adolescent population (aged 12 to 17) to the study and has designed a parental permission and assent process. No additional changes are planned. Which of the following statements about review of the revised protocol is accurate?

Unless the nature of the questions would raise the level of risk to more than minimal for adolescents, the research would still qualify for expedited review.

Human subject study or not? Developmental psychologist videotapes interactions between groups of toddlers and their care givers to determine which intervention methods most effectively manage aggression

Yes

When required, the information provided to the data subject in a HIPAA disclosure accounting ...

must be more detailed for disclosures that involve fewer than 50 subject records

HIPAA privacy protections supplement those of

other federal regulations (viz., the Common Rule and FDA), state law, and certification/accreditation requirements.

HIPAA protects

protects identifiable health information (PHI) originating or held in covered entities. De-identified data is not protected, and not all identifiable health information is considered PHI either

HIPAA's protections for health information used for research purposes...

supplement those of the Common Rule and FDA.

Another name for the "Exempt" status

the Common Rule stated in Title 45 Part 46 Subpart A

Vulnerable persons are

those who are less able to protect themselves than other persons in a given situation.

Subpart of DHHS regulations provides additional protections for which vulnerable populations?

1. Pregnant women 2. Fetuses 3. Neonates 4. Prisoners

Name the 3 responsibilities the IRB is charged with

1. Protecting the rights and welfare of human subjects 2. Assuring that all applicable institutional policies and federal regulations related to research with human subjects are followed 3. Reviewing subject recruitment materials and strategies

Subpart of DHHS regulations Does NOT provide additional protections for which vulnerable populations?

1. elderly 2. students 3. for persons whose decision-making capabilities are impaired

specified identifiers

1.Names 2.All geographic subdivisions smaller than a State, including street address, city, county, precinct, zip code, and their equivalent geocodes, except for the initial three digits of a zip code if, according to the current publicly available data from the Bureau of the Census: a.The geographic unit formed by combining all zip codes with the same three initial digits contains more than 20,000 people; and bThe initial three digits of a zip code for all such geographic units containing 20,000 or fewer people is changed to 000. 3.All elements of dates (except year) for dates directly related to an individual, including birth date, admission date, discharge date, date of death; and all ages over 89 and all elements of dates (including year) indicative of such age, except that such ages and elements may be aggregated into a single category of age 90 or older; 4.Telephone numbers; 5.Fax numbers; 6.Electronic mail addresses; 7.Social security numbers; 8.Medical record numbers; 9.Health plan beneficiary numbers; 10.Account numbers; 11.Certificate/license numbers; 12.Vehicle identifiers and serial numbers, including license plate numbers; 13.Device identifiers and serial numbers; 14.Web Universal Resource Locators (URLs); 15.Internet Protocol (IP) address numbers; 16.Biometric identifiers, including finger and voice prints; 17.Full face photographic images and any comparable images; and 18.Any other unique identifying number, characteristic, or code.

Year of the Nuremberg Code

1949

Which of the following on-line research strategies raises the most concerns regarding the ethical principle of respecting the autonomy of research subjects and the corresponding federal regulations requiring informed consent?

A researcher proposes to join a moderated support group for cancer survivors posing as a survivor. She plans to insert comments to see how the members respond.

If you're unsure about the particulars of HIPAA research requirements at your organization or have questions, you can usually consult with:

An organizational IRB or Privacy Board, privacy official ("Privacy Officer"), or security official ("Security Officer"), depending on the issue.

Which of the following examples of using the Internet to conduct research meets the federal definition of research with human subjects?

Conducting an on-line focus group with cancer survivors to determine familial support systems. The researcher also invites subjects' significant others to be a part of the focus group.

DHHS FDA

Depts. IRB's review for current policies -Department of Health and Human Services -Food and Drug Administration

Data are made anonymous by

Destroying all identifiers connected to the data.

T/F The Belmont report describes the necessity to effectively manage conflicts of interest

FALSE

Additional resources regarding IRB approval process

Faculty advisor/Research Mentor IRB office Human subjects research websites

T/F School authority's permission to conduct research replaces the need for permission and assent

False

T/F Risk should be evaluated solely by the magnitude or severity of expected harm, not probability

False: Risk must be determined by assessing magnitude (or severity) and probability (or likelihood) of harm. Both elements must be considered.

T/F The fact that a therapist has access to her clients' records as a clinician entitles her to use info in the records for research purposes w/out parental permission nor child assent

False: S/he needs both parental permission & child assent

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the requirement for the documentation of minors' assent to participate in research

Federal regulations do not require the documentation of minors' assent.

HIPAA

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996

Nuremberg Code

Human subjects research guidelines and regulations

Which type of IRB review does not require and IRB approval but DOES require a Determination by the IRB?

If the study qualifies for EXEMPTION

Researchers endeavoring to conduct an on-line study should consider that there are some potential risks of harm to subjects unique to Internet-based research. One of these risks is:

Individuals may post private identifiable information about themselves on-line without intending it to be public and available to researchers

Continuing review of an approved and ongoing protocol...?

Must occur within 12 months of the approval date (even if no additional risks have been identified)

Human subject study or not?Questioning individuals to acquire data about the number of newly diagnosed HIV cases?

No: 'what' question rather than 'who' question

Human subject study or not? An analysis of aggregate data

No: doesn't involve interactions w/ living individuals nor collection of private identifiable data

Human subject study or not? Questioning a superintendent of schools to acquire data about the ethnic composition of a school

No: it is an "about what" question rather than "about whom" question

Human subject study or not? The study of a list with deceased passengers

No:Human subject is a living individual

Type of review: data that is collected does not meet definition of human subjects research as stated by federal regulations. No info ABOUT human ie. info about a business

Not Human Subjects

A graduate student wants to examine the effect of print media versus televised media on individuals' position on several social issues. The superintendent of a local work release facility, a family friend, will allow the graduate student access to the prison population to help her quickly accrue subjects. The student's IRB should:

Not approve this project because the prisoners are merely a population of convenience for the student.

Students in Research The history of ethical regulations in human subjects research began with the

Nuremberg Code

If disclosure of a subject's involvement in a specific research study can be potentially harmful to the subject, and the consent form is the only record linking the subject to the research, which would be the most helpful?

Obtain a waiver of documentation of informed consent

Which of the following activities constitutes engagement in research?

Obtaining informed consent and conducting research interviews.

The Common Rule (45 CFR 46) has specific requirements for the following vulnerable populations,

Pregnant Women, Human Fetuses and Neonates (Subpart B), Prisoners (Subpart C) and Children (Subpart D).

As part of the consent process, the federal regulations require researchers to:

Provide potential subjects with information at the appropriate reading comprehension level.

Three principles of Belmont Report

Respect for Persons Beneficence Justice

Humphreys collecting data for the Tearoom Trade study under the pretense that he was a lookout is an example of a violation of the principle of:

Respect for persons Belmont Report

According to Subpart D, research with children may be eligible for exemption when:

The research involves the use of educational tests

T/F IRB's do not review manuscripts prior to submission for publication

True

Which federal regulation or law governs how researchers can obtain data about subjects' disciplinary status in school from academic records?

The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act.

Name the study that links most directly to the establishment of the National Research Act in 1974 and ultimately the Belmont Report and Federal regulations for human subject protection

The Public Health Service Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male

T/F Officials of the institution may overrule an IRB approval

True, however no one may overrule if an IRB disapproved a protocol

A waiver of the requirement for documentation of informed consent may be granted when:

The only record linking the subject and the research is the consent document and the principal risk is a breach of confidentiality

The Tuskegee Study relates to which Belmont principle?

The principle of beneficence: Potential benefits justify the risks of harm

A researcher asks an IRB to waive the requirement for parental permission for a study conducted in schools because the nature of the research requires participation of all the children present in classrooms on the day the research will take place. Assuming that the basic research design could be approved by the IRB and the school, which of the following requirements must be met before an IRB could waive parental permission?

The research must pose no more than minimal risk.

When a focus group deals with a potentially sensitive topic, which statement about providing confidentiality to focus group participants is correct?

The researcher cannot control what participants repeat about others outside the group.

T/F Children's right to choose cannot be overridden in the pursuit of an indeterminate community interest

True, it cannot be overridden

A HIPAA authorization has which of the following characteristics:

Uses "plain language" that the data subject can understand, similar to the requirement for an informed consent document.

Human subject study? A cognitive psychologist enrolls undergraduate students for a computer-based study about the effect of mood on problem solving behaviors

Yes: Interacting w/ living individuals.

Human subject study or not? Study of 20 4th grade classrooms in which researchers ask the schools to systematically vary the time of day reading is taught, and collect weekly assessments of reading comprehension for each child over 3-month period

Yes: contributes to generalizable knowledge about student performance and research question can only be answered using systematic investigation

Human subject study or not? A study proposed by developmental psychologist involving interactions with living individuals and designed to contribute to field of knowledge

Yes: humans

Recruiting into research ...

can qualify as an activity "preparatory to research," at least for the initial contact, but data should not leave the covered entity.

Certificates of Confidentiality protect sensitive info provided by research subjects from:

civil, criminal, or administrative subpoena

If you're unsure about the particulars at your organization or have questions,

consult with your organization's IRB, Privacy Board or Privacy Official. For data security issues, consult with your organization's Security Official.

According to fed. regulations, human subjects are living human beings about whom an investigator obtains data through interactions or intervention with the individual or:

identifiable PRIVATE information (Public info does not meet criteria)

Appropriate criterion for waiving informed consent when subjects are provided additional pertinent information after the study

informing participants they were assigned to a study based on undesirable or unflattering physical characteristics for example, or anything that may be judged negative or distressing would be considered appropriate criterion

Minimum necessary standards, disclosure accounting requirements, and the characteristics of authorizations (when required) must be

understood by researchers when HIPAA applies