Civil War Test

Clara Barton

(North) became famous for her work with wounded soldiers

Dorthea Dix

(North) organized large numbers to serve as military nurses

What are two ways in which technology affect the death toll of the Civil War?

1. Newer weapons were used, including more accurate rifles that fired faster. Artillery such as grapeshot and canisters were launched from cannons. They spread lead balls, rocks, or even glass at approaching troops. 2. new bullets such as the minie bullet was more deadly

Fort Sumter

1. Southern states secede before Lincoln takes office 2. Confederate States form 3. U.S. Fort Sumter in South Carolina (confederate state) is running out of food 4. Lincoln notifies S.C. that he is sending supplies to fort 5. S.C. confederates begin bombarding fort in April 6. U.S. Fort Sumter surrenders, war begins

Ulysses S. Grant

A former officer trained at West Point, but was accused of being a drunk and decided to leave the army. Went back during the civil war, and became a very successful general. He was courageous, persistent, and had a lot of common sense.

Stonewall Jackson

Aggressive general, led troops to a win at bull run. Asked for 5000 fresh troops and promised to capture D.C. However, Jefferson Davis (confederate president) stopped this as the south was not organized enough.

Sherman's March to Sea

Atlanta to Savannah, GA Goal: destroy anything useful Sherman's army-lived off the land—left their supply line method becomes known as Total War After capturing Savannah, Sherman moves north up to South Carolina

Antietam

Back and forth between Lee and McClellan, Lee was outnumbered but held his own, but eventually could not advance farther into the North. Bloodiest battle of the war up until this point.

Border states and importance

Border states = states that remain in union but still allow slavery (Missouri- controls parts of Miss. River (major routes west) Kentucky- control Ohio River, Delaware-near major city of Philadelphia , and Maryland-close to Richmond (Southern capital), and had vital railroads & Washington D.C. ).

Confederate Capital and President

Capital = Richmond, VA President = Jefferson Davis

Matthew Brady

Civil War photographer

Joshua Chamberlain

Commanded the Union troops at the surrender ceremony for the infantry of Robert E. Lee's Army at Appomattox, Virginia

Jeb Stuart

Confederate soldier known for his BOLD raids of seeking out information about enemy positions. Fought at the Battle of Bull Run or Manassas, Fredericksburg, and commanded the army at Chancellorsville

draft opposition

Draft Riots- New York City--July 1863 Angry mobs opposed to the draft and fighting to free African Americans burn, loot, and kill on the streets of NYC More than 100 killed South—Jefferson Davis suspends Habeas Corpus (right to hearing) and declares military law in response to draft protests

Ambrose Burnside

General who replaced McClellan. He resigned his command voluntarily after his failure at the battle of Fredericksburg

Shiloh

Grant and 40,000 troops went to a meeting house, Shiloh Church, on the Tenn. River on the Miss. River, he was surprised by the confederate army and Sidney Johnston, Grant was forced to retreat to the edge of the river. When more northern troops arrived the next day, Grant attacked the confederates. This battle resulted in a loss of 13,000 union troops, and 11,000 confederate. Sidney Johnston was also killed.

Why did general Lee invade Pennsylvania? List two reasons why the south lost the battle of Gettysburg.

Hoped a victory will convince British and French to aid Confederacy. The artillery of the North was too strong and they occupied the high ground of the hill.

Emancipation Proclamation

January 1, 1863 All slaves in rebelling states are free Authorizes African American units in Union South- was not going to let its slaves go Effects: slaves across south join 100,000 who already fled from slavery South loses European allies- Britain & France were against slavery

Chancellorsville

Lee strikes at Chancellorsville, Va Bold move- divides army to attack and defeat Union again costly victory- Confederate General Stonewall Jackson shot by own men by mistake Jackson- loses his arm and dies a week later

Fredericksburg

Lee's army entrenched (occupying strong defensive position) in hills Union loses with heavy losses Burnside resigns from command and is replaced by Union General Joseph Hooker

Battle of Gettysburg

Lee- decides to invade North hoping victory will convince British and French to aid Confederacy Lincoln- replaces Hooker with General George Meade Meade's mission- find and destroy Lee's army, protect Washington & Baltimore from confederate attack Armies meet by accident- confederates in town looking for shoes Day 1: outnumbered Union loses town and retreats into surrounding hills Lee can either attack (maybe end the war) or leave and choose better ground to fight on Day 2: Robert E. Lee decides to attack the North even though they have the high ground Wants to gain the Hills on both sides of the Union line Day 3: Lee- believe Union lines will be weakest in the middle Southern artillery pounds Union lines for hours Gen. George Pickett selected to lead 12,500 soldiers in an attack

Election of 1864

Lincoln's chance for reelection didn't look good Democrats-end war & make peace Victories in late summer give Union controlled Gulf of Mexico and Atlanta Lincoln-wins reelection

Rebel

Loyal to the confederates

Yankee

Loyal to the union

Battle of Bull Run

McDowell (Northern general) wanted to seize Richmond, attacked with 30,000 men, was winning halfway through the first day, then "Stonewall" Jackson had 5,000 fresh men who fought back making the Northern army retreat back to D.C.

Monitor v. Merrimack

Monitor- union ironclad ship Merrimack- a.k.a. the "Virginia" confederate ship Merrimack was ironclad, bullets from the North's wooden ship bounced of it's sides, the Merrimack destroyed most of the North's wooden ships. The next day, the monitor arrived, also an ironclad ship, and neither ship was able to harm the other. The Merrimack retreated back to Norfolk, VA. Signified the end of wooden ships.

Technology

New rifles & carbines allow for faster firing and greater accuracy Artillery- grapeshot and canisters were launched from cannons. They spread lead balls, rocks, or even glass at approaching troops

North and South war goals

North- Anaconda Plan 1. Blockade Southern Ports -Keep Supplies Out & stop exports 2. Control the Mississippi River - Split the South in two 3. Capture the Southern Capital -Richmond, Virginia South Main goal: survive as a nation Defensive strategy- hold on to as much territory as possible until North gets tired of fighting Attack Northern troops only when victory was assured & to persuade North that it could not win

North and South advantages

North- Larger population-2x manpower More factories & resources Better banking- helped raise money Greater food production Extensive railroad system Lincoln was an excellent leader More ships and navy regulars South- Strong support from Southern people Home-field advantage/motivation Defending their homes and families Profits from cotton Better Generals Strong Military Tradition- large pool of officers

David Faragut

Northern naval officer who was in the navy at 9 years old, fought in battle at 11, given orders to capture first two forts at the mouth of the Miss. river, disobeyed these, instead surprised the confederate navy, destroying 11 of its ships, and seized New Orleans--cutting off all supplies for the South from the Gulf of Mexico.

What was the single bloodiest day of the Civil War?

September 17, 1862- The Battle of Antietam

Robert E. Lee

Southern general, referred to the greatest general of the age, main loyalty was to Virginia, even to he did not agree to the succession or to slavery. West point trained, was Jefferson Davis's military adviser. Defeated north at 2nd battle of bull run.

Pickett's Charge

Southern troops charge across a half mile wide open field charge lasts less than one hour Over 50% of the soldiers are killed or wounded Over 110 soldiers killed/wounded per minute! Lee and troops retreat to Virginia

The North held nearly every statistical advantage at the start of the war. Why was the North unable to quickly defeat the South?

The north went in with a lack of training, lack of strong military leaders, lack of aggressiveness, and were on unfamiliar terrain.

How did the north's war strategy change after the battles of Gettysburg and Vicksburg?

They started using a total war strategy to make the south surrender.

Critics of the draft during the war called it a "Rich man's war, but a poor man's fight." Explain what this statement means and its validity.

This statement means that even though the rich plantation owners still wanted to be at war, none of them were actually fighting in it, they were all hiring other people to fight for them.

Vicksburg

Vicksburg=control Mississippi River Union (Grant) laid siege to the town On July 4, 1863 Vicksburg surrendered Union controls the entire Mississippi River TX, LA, AR= sealed off from the Confederacy Gettysburg & Vicksburg= turning points

Appomattox Court House

WHEN: April 9, 1865 WHAT: Lee surrenders to Grant WHERE: small Virginia village Grant gives generous terms: lay down your arms and return to your homes keep their horses troops provided 3 days rations Jefferson Davis captured on May 10

George McClellan

Young northern general who was West-Point trained, worked with the railroads. Fought in West Virginia, and saved the area for the north. He trained his troops to be precise and created loyalty by insisting that they be well supplied.

54th Massachusetts

black regiment led by abolitionists

Ironclad

covered in iron

draft

enlistments were down in both north and south, turned to a draft north- 20 to 45 years olds Could pay $300 or hire a substitute to fight south- Confederate Congress passed the draft law requiring men 18-35 to serve in the army for 3 years Substitutes could be hired to replace draftees "Rich Man's War but a Poor Man's fight"

Emancipate

free

minie ball

hollow-based bullet that was more deadly than a regular bullet.

Commissary department

in charge of purchasing, storing, and distributing food

Copperheads

northern democrats who wanted the war to end and to have peace

entrenched

occupying strong defensive position

Offensive

on the attacking side

Blockade

seal off a place to prevent goods or people from entering or leaving. North's goal for southern ports

inflation

there was lots of it in the south, prices rose 9,000 percent compared to 80% in the North

Greenbacks

u.s. dollars

bounties

union used these to encourage volunteers

Total War

use any means necessary to win, including those considered morally or ethically wrong in the context of warfare. The goal is not only to decimate but to demoralize the enemy beyond recovery so that they are unable to continue fighting.

role of women

workforce: plantations, factory jobs Greatly impacted nursing Rolled bandages, wove blankets, & made ammunition Collected food, clothing and medicine. Raised money for troops Help set up US Sanitary Commission EFFECTS: push towards suffrage