CJ 100 Midterm
Misdemeanor
According to the wedding-cake model of criminal justice, what does the bottom layer represent?
run routine DUI checkpoints
A SWAT team is not likely to do this.
crime
A violation of criminal law for which some governmental authority applies formal penalties.
27
About [blank] of local police officers are members of racial or ethnic minorities.
the victim and perpetrator know each other
According to Christie, which is not one of the six attributes typically associated with the idea of an innocent victim?
1%
According to one study, what was the percentage of hate crimes committed by perpetrators who were strongly committed to bigotry?
use of force
According to the International Association of Chiefs of Police this is "the amount of effort required by police to compel compliance from an unwilling subject."
all individual agencies organize their policies and operations in exactly the same way
Four factors challenge the transition to greater cooperation among law enforcement agencies. Which is not one of these?
violent crimes
How does the FBI classify murder and non-negligent manslaughter, rape, robbery, and aggravated assault?
property crime
How does the FBI currently classify arson?
about half
How many offenses are never reported to police?
the Knapp commission
In 1972, this commission released its report on New York City police corruption.
793 violent offenses per 100,000 inhabitants
In 2015, Albuquerque, N.M., with a population of 905,803, reported 7,179 violent criminal offenses. What was the violent crime rate?
3,537 property offenses per 100,000 inhabitants
In 2015, Yakima, Washington, with a population of 249,480, reported 8,825 property offenses. What was the property crime rate?
self-report study
In a high school class, a researcher hands out questionnaires that ask the students to identify any criminal offenses they have committed. Which term best describes this type of research?
all of the above
In society, which of the following dictates what is acceptable and what is punishable?
Chimel vs. California
In this case, the Supreme Court found that an arrest warrant allows only the search of a suspect's person and the immediate vicinity. Further searches require a warrant.
Terry vs. Ohio
In this case, the Supreme Court found that police have the right to search suspects to ensure their own safety if they think that the suspects are armed.
Illinois vs. Gates
In this case, the Supreme Court found that probable cause for a search does not demand proof beyond a reasonable doubt.
larceny
In this form of theft, an offender takes possessions that do not belong to him or her with the intent of keeping them.
1792
In what year was the first law enforcement officer feloniously killed in the line of duty in the United States?
all of the above
Many offenses that enter the system are systematically excluded for several reasons, which include the following:
discretion
Police officers, prosecutors, judges, and corrections officials use this to decide what happens to individual cases.
all of the above
Research has shown that children who are physically abused are at a greater risk for this.
all of the above
The expectation of how much and what type of force an officer will use in a given situation varies according to several factors. Which is one of these factors?
New Orleans
The first time that people of color worked as police officers in the U.S. was in 1805 in this city.
Swat teams
The militarization of the police and the war-on-crime analogy are most apparent in these divisions of law enforcement agencies.
fourth
The procedural law that controls the activities of law enforcement is derived from the [blank] Amendment.
probation
The suspension of all or part of a sentence subject to certain conditions and supervision in the community.
robbery
The taking or attempting to take anything of value from the care, custody, or control of a person or persons by force or threat of force or violence and/or by putting the victim in fear.
corporate crime
These are offenses committed by a corporation's officers who pursue illegal activity in the corporation's name.
felonies
These offenses are punishable by more than a year in a state prison.
public-order crime
These offenses include drug use, disturbing the peace, drunkenness, prostitution, and some forms of gambling.
uniform crime reports
This annual FBI publication uses data from participating U.S. law enforcement agencies to summarize the incidence and rate of reported crime.
Katz v. United States
This case held that people, not places, are protected from government intrusion whenever they have a reasonable expectation of privacy.
social control
This consists of the rules, habits, and customs a society uses to enforce conformity to its norms.
crime control model
This criminal justice model describes the expectation of an efficient criminal justice system.
show-of-authority stop
This describes an incident in which the police show a sign of authority and the suspect submits.
trespass
This doctrine defines what constitutes a search.
probable cause
This is a reason, based on known facts, to think that a criminal offense has occurred.
prison
This is a state or federal institution that confines people convicted of crime who are serving sentences for longer than a year.
crime
This is an action taken by a person or a group of people that violates the rules of society to the point that someone is harmed or society's interests are harmed.
racial profiling
This is suspicion of illegal activity based on a person's race, ethnicity, or national origin rather than on actual illegal activity or evidence of illegal activity.
uniform crime reports
This is the most extensive and useful measure of crime that is available.
patrol
This is the most visible function of police.
mass murder
This is the murder of three or more people in a single incident.
terrorism
This is the use or threat of violence against a state or other political entity in order to coerce.
CODIS
This is useful for generating leads in cases in which biological evidence is recovered from a crime scene.
street crime
This kind of crime includes interpersonal violence and property crime.
meat eaters
This slang term described officers who actively sought situations that could produce financial gain.
policeman's working personality
This term refers to the mindset of police who must deal with danger, authority, isolation, and suspicion while appearing to be efficient.
double marginality
This term refers to the multiple outsider status of women and minority police officers.
adjudicate
To administer a legal process of judging and to pronounce a judgment.
serious felonies
According to the wedding-cake model of criminal justice, what does the second layer (from the top) represent? As a hint, this would be less common than less-serious felonies, like burglary and larceny.
celebrated cases
According to the wedding-cake model of criminal justice, what does the top layer represent?
Tennessee vs. Garner
According to this case, deadly force may only be used if a suspect poses a threat to the lives of police officers or bystanders.
from birth to age 3
Children in this age range account for the highest percentage of child abuse and neglect victims.
victim precipitation
Criminologists use this term to refer to instances wherein a victim plays an active role in initiating conflict.
victimization survey
Deborah's cell phone is stolen from her bag. Later, a census taker interviews her about the incident. Which term best describes this type of research?
the second victimization
For rape and sexual assault victims, the criminal justice process is often called this.
Cameras strengthen police accountability by documenting encounters between officers and the public.
Which is a reason that some law enforcement administrators believe that body-worn cameras are useful?
ethics education
Which is a strategy to evaluate and control police officers' use of force?
Arrogation of seized property
Which is a way that narcotics law enforcement can invite police corruption, according to Manning and Redlinger?
to collect crime statistics
Which is not a goal of police patrol?
social inclusion
Which is not a key element of the policeman's working personality?
dogs
Which is not a method or device that police use to conduct surveillance on the public?
the victim may have committed the offence
Which is not a reason that a victim would not report an offense?
Increase the paramilitary focus of the police
Which is not a strategy to reduce police stress?
mindfulness
Which is not an aspect of policing that is associated with the risk of suicidal ideation (thinking about suicide)?
all of the above
Which of the following is an important actor in a criminal offense?
house searches
Which of the following is not one of the major exceptions to the requirement that officers obtain warrants before conducting a search?
Police use force infrequently
Which of the following is what we know with substantial confidence about police use of force?
all of the above
Which part of the crime picture do the UCR, self-report studies, and victimization studies tend to miss?
bicycle patrol
Which type of patrol can expand the range that officers can cover, allowing officers to patrol areas where motor vehicles are prohibited, and keeping officers in touch with the community?
12
Women make up only about [blank] percent of the total number of officers in local law enforcement.
arrest
law enforcements action of detaining and holding a criminal suspect or suspects
criminal justice
social institution that has the mission of controlling crime by detecting, detaining, adjudicating, and punishing and/or rehabilitating people who break the law
justice
the administering of punishment or reward in accordance to morals of a given society
arrest
After searching a suspect who matches a description of a robber and finding a loaded handgun, Officer Cerezo handcuffs the suspect, reads him his rights, and drives him to the station to be placed in a holding cell. Which term best describes this activity?
victim-impact statement
After the trial of James Holmes, who opened fire on an Aurora, Colorado, movie theater in July 2012, about 100 family members of the victims spoke in court about how the crime affected them. Which term best relates to this activity?
victimless crime
Behaviors that are deemed undesirable because they offend community standards rather than directly harm people or property.
all of the above
Which is a peacemaking or order-maintenance problem that the police may be called for?
the offence will not be recorded: its part of the dark figure of crime
Sutton breaks into a house when the owner is away and looks for valuable items to steal. However, he does not find anything worth taking and leaves. The owner returns later and does not notice anything amiss, nor even realize that the house was entered. How will Sutton's offense be recorded?
unreasonable searches and seizures
The Fourth Amendment states: "The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against [blank], shall not be violated . . . "
all of the above
The advantage of the NIBRS over the UCR is that it allows law enforcement to precisely identify [blank].
discretion
The decisions that police officers make about which laws to enforce, how much to enforce them, when to let some offenses slide, and when to devote attention to truly significant offenses are called [blank].
officer safety and giving suspects an opportunity to destroy evidence
What are two considerations that exempt law enforcement from the Fourth Amendment provision that police officers knock and announce their presence prior to a house search?
1033
What is the name of the program by which the government provides surplus military equipment to state and local law enforcement agencies?
crime rate
What is the number of Crime Index offenses divided by the population of an area called?
all of the above
What job-related problems might a police officer's family experience?
all of the above
What would happen if the police attempted to enforce all the laws?
seizure
When law enforcement officers take potential evidence in a criminal case it is called a [blank].
all of the above
Which criterion must be met for the discovery of evidence to fall outside the Fourth Amendment's definition of a search?
all of the above may be included
Which group of people is not included in considerations of victimization?
the buyers do not consider themselves crime victims
Which group of people is not included in considerations of victimization?
all of the above
Which is a difference between the police and the military that makes supervising the police a different, and in many ways more difficult, job than supervising the military?
social control
rules, habits, and customs a society uses to enforce conformity to its norms