CJC 204_Police Administration - Chapter 3

Which of the following agencies has been incorporated in the Department of Homeland Security?

All of the above

The Neo-Nazis typology

Domestic Terrorism

Harms inflicted on a victim by an offender whose motivation derives primarily from hatred directed at a perceived characteristic of the victim are known as:

Hate crimes.

State Terrorism typology

Saddam Hussein

Adolph Hitler typology

State Terrorism

Which of the following is an example of international terrorism?

Cuban DGI

Define intelligence.

Data and information that have been evaluated, analyzed, and produced with careful conclusions and recommendations. A product created from systematic and thoughtful examination, placed in context, and provided to law enforcement executives. Outlines facts and alternatives that can inform critical decisions.

____________ serve as clearinghouses for all potentially relevant homeland security information.

Fusion centers

Homemade booby-trap explosives, known as ____________, are responsible for the majority of the casualties of U.S. troops in Iraq and Afghanistan.

Improvised explosive devices (IEDs)

____________ is a product created from systematic and thoughtful examination, placed in context, and provided to law enforcement executives, with facts and alternatives that can inform critical decisions.

Intelligence

Where was the nation's first fusion center developed?

New York City

Which of the following is an example of state terrorism?

Pol Pot

Domestic Terrorism typology

The Animal Liberation Front

Hezbollah typology

Transnational Terrorism

al-Fatah typology

Transnational Terrorism

The most infamous radical Islamic terror groups is ____________.

al-Qaeda

Explain the role of a fusion center in the day-to-day operations of a large metropolitan police agency. Do you think that fusion centers would be very helpful to smaller agencies as well? Why or why not?

Acts as a data center within a police agency. Serves as an intelligence hub and clearinghouse for all potentially relevant homeland security and crime information. Information can be used to assess local terror threats and aid I more traditional anti-crime operations. Combs through criminal complaints; arrest, correctional, parole records; 911 calls; police requests for information to provide officers with information tools necessary to stop a terrorist event or investigate a crime. Disseminate relevant and timely intelligence both vertically and horizontally. Intelligence assists in providing information to decision-makers. Often work very closely with smaller agencies and different jurisdictions. Although a small agency can benefit from the intelligence disseminated from a fusion center, it seems unnecessary for them to have their own. Very expensive. It is possible that there will not be enough activity/information to accurately recognize trends or make predictions. State-level fusion centers typically make their services/information available to smaller agencies. Fusion centers benefit from smaller agencies sharing information with them, as well (this is one of the main reasons for having fusion centers). If there is critical infrastructure/key resources within the jurisdiction of a smaller agency, the closest fusion center (typically at the state level) will have already have completed a threat assessment for such areas of concern (often with the assistance of the local agency) and made copies available to the smaller jurisdictions. By having intelligence in many different places (i.e. many fusion centers) it increases the likelihood that information may be overlooked or not disseminated to all appropriate agencies.

Because fusion centers are developed to support operations during an emergency that is either human-made, such as a terrorist event, or natural, such as a hurricane, flood, or tornado, their scope is considered to be:

All-hazard

Which of the following is not one of the primary goals of a fusion center?

Conduct interviews with suspected terrorist operatives.

What is a hate crime? Give examples and discuss relevant current events in your community that might be labeled hate crime.

Crimes committed against an individual because of his/her actual or perceived race, religion, ethnicity, gender, and/or sexual orientation. Threats of violence. Violent or property crimes. Cause physical and/or emotional trauma. Make others who share the same characteristic(s) of a victim feel vulnerable. Examples: Roman persecution of Christians, Nazi pogroms, genocide, lynching of African Americans, cross burning, painting of swastikas, assaults on the GLBT Population, etc. Recent hate crimes in the news: Stabbing of a Muslim man while saying "Muslims are the root of problems;" Attacks against the homeless population are being treated as hate crimes in some states; Bullying peers due to perceived homosexuality, resulting in the victim committing suicide (perpetrator of bullying now often charged in the death); etc.

Illegal ____________ refers to accessing private sector databases that are not controlled or authenticated.

Data mining

President George W. Bush created the ____________ to focus on the anti-terrorism effort in the United States.

Department of Homeland Security

Discuss the development of the Department of Homeland Security and its four primary areas of responsibility.

Developed in 2002 by President George W. Bush Originally headed by Tom Ridge to focus on the anti-terrorism effort. Absorbed many existing enforcement agencies (TSA, U.S. Coast Guard, U.S. Customs, ATF, U.S. secret Service, and FEMA) and created a division to analyze intelligence gathered by the FBI, CIA and other police and military agencies. Thrid-largest federal department. Responsible for immigration policy, airport security, and the protection of the president Four primary areas of responsibility: Boarder security and transportation, emergency preparedness and response; chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear countermeasures; Intelligence analysis and infrastructure protection

White-supremacist groups' use of the Internet to recruit potential members and spread their message of hate is referred to as:

Digital hate.

The final step in the intelligence cycle, known as ____________, is the distribution of raw or finished intelligence o the consumers whose needs initiated the intelligence requirements

Dissemination

The national Alliance typology

Domestic Terrorism

Which of the following forms of terrorism involves actions conducted by a group within a nation?

Domestic terrorism.

The Earth Liberation Front is one of the most infamous, single-issue ____________ groups active in the United States.

Ecoterrorist

Many of the single-issue terrorist groups that arose from relatively peaceful movements and call for a renewal of the planet's geophysical and biological environment and advocate the use of violence are known as:

Ecoterrorists.

U.S. citizens who convert to radical Islamic extremism and fight for the jihadist movement are known as:

Homegrown terrorists

Data and information that have been evaluated, analyzed, and produced with careful conclusions and recommendations is known as:

Intelligence.

Which of the following forms of terrorism involves actions conducted in the international arena that are members of a nation state?

International terrorism

The concept of a "holy war" is known as:

Jihad

Which of the following is an example of domestic terrorism?

KKK

____________ is acts of insurgency by narcotics and drug traffickers aimed at influencing the policies of a specific government or society through violence and intimidation.

Narco-terrorism

A "holy war" is a concept perverted by ____________ to justify a physical war against the West.

Radical Islamists

Discuss ecoterrorists and describe two modern ecoterrorist groups? How do ecoterrorists differ from more passive ecological movements?

Single-issue terrorist groups. Violent activity of animal rights and environmental extremists. Distrust mass media, despise government, believe large corporations exploit the resources of the world. Domestic terrorists. Send letter bombs to corporations, set up booby traps to injure loggers, firebomb stores that sell furs. The Animal Liberation Front (ALF) and the Earth Liberation Front (ELF) arose out of peaceful movements. Pose one of the most significant new threats in domestic terrorism. Differ from passive movements in that they advocate violence and destruction to accomplish their ends.

Which of the following forms of terrorism involves actions conducted by a government agency against their own people?

State terrorism.

International Terrorism typology

The (former) Soviet KGB

International Terrorism typology

The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)

Describe the Intelligence Cycle as presented in the National Criminal Intelligence Sharing Plan (NCISP).

The Intelligence Cycle is the process of developing unrefined data into polished intelligence. Consists of six steps: 1. Requirements are information needs that need to be known in order to safeguard the nation; 2. Planning and Direction is the management of the entire effort; 3. Collection is the gathering of raw information (i.e. interviews, surveillances, searches, etc.) based on requirements; 4. Processing and Exploitation involves converting information that has been collected into a usable form by decrypting, translating, and reducing data; 5. Analysis and Production is the process of converting raw information into intelligence; 6. Dissemination is the distribution of finished intelligence to consumers.

How do you define terrorism? Explain the myriad of problems associated with defining this term and discuss the concept that one person's terrorist is another person's freedom fighter.

The premeditated, deliberate, systematic violent actions or threats to innocent people to create fear and intimidation in order to gain political or tactical advantage. Difficult to define because of shifting interests, nterpretations, political agendas, religious beliefs, cultural differences, and human rights rhetoric. Those committing terrorist acts typically do not view themselves as criminals because they believe in the ideology for which they are fighting.

Describe some of the criticisms aimed at fusion centers and the law enforcement responses to terrorism.

Three primary concerns that plague fusion centers: 1. Fusion centers are expensive and cost-benefit analysis reveals significant money spent for very little, tangible evidence of success. Few terrorist incidents have actually been prevented due to the work of fusion centers; 2. Many fusion centers have expanded their role to include crime fighting and reduction, which is well beyond the initial intention of funding centers for the coordination of intelligence and information to prevent terrorism; 3. Fusion centers come close to violating the civil liberties of people with regard to racial and ethnic profiling and breaches of privacy.

al-Qaeda typology

Transnational Terrorism

Which of the following forms of terrorism involves actions conducted in the international arena that are not members of a nation state?

Transnational terrorism.

Who are the predominant targets of radical Islamic terrorists, such as al-Qaeda? Why?

United States is the primary target, along with other "Western" influences (who support the U.S. and its policies) The radical Islamic movement calls for a violent purification movement throughout the Middle East and the greater Islamic world - to do this, the Middle East must be purged of Western influence. Political religious, and/or ideologically-motivated causes. U.S. support for Israel.

Which of the following is a criticism of fusion centers?

a. Ambiguous lines of authority. b. Private sector involvement. c. Illegal data mining. All of the above.

Which of the following is not one of the steps identified in the FBI's intelligence cycle?

a. Analysis and production. b. Collection. c. Planning and direction. All of the above are a part of the intelligence cycle.

Which of the following is an example of transnational terrorism?

a. al-Qaeda. b. HAMAS. c. Hezbollah. All of the above.