Ck12 Biology Vocab Ch 3
food
an organic molecule that can be used for energy production
alcoholic fermentation
anaerobic process in which cells convert pyruvic acid into carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol; carried out by many bacteria and fungi such as yeasts
Photosystem
cluster of chlorophyll and proteins found in thylakoids
NADH
electron carrier that stores energy used to make ATP
ATP Synthase
enzyme that catalyzes the reaction that adds a high-energy phosphate group to ADP to form ATP
RuBisCo
enzyme that fixes inorganic carbon dioxide molecules into organic molecules during the final step of the Calvin cycle
light dependent reactions
first reactions of photosynthesis that use energy from light to produce ATP and NADPH
Glycolysis
first step in releasing the energy of glucose, in which a molecule of glucose is broken into two molecules of pyruvic acid
Stroma
fluid portion of the chloroplast; outside of the thylakoids
electron carriers
molecules that can carry high energy electrons through the electron transport chain
organic molecules
molecules that contain carbon
aero
needing oxygen or air
Chemosynthesis
process in which chemical energy is used to produce carbohydrates
Calvin Cycle
reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugars from carbon dioxide
Krebs cycle
second stage of cellular respiration, in which pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions
Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
series of electron carrier proteins that shuttle high-energy electrons during ATP-generating reactions
Grana
stacks of thylakoids
lactic acid fermentation
the chemical breakdown of carbohydrates that produces lactic acid as the main end product
endosymbiotic theory
theory that eukaryotic cells formed from a symbiosis among several different prokaryotic organisms
Photosynthesis equation
6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy --> C6H12O6 + 6O2
Thylakoid
A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy into chemical energy.
Chlorophyll
A photosynthetic green pigment found in the chloroplasts of plants, algae, and some bacteria
food chains
A series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten
Glucose
A simple sugar that is an important source of energy.
NADPH
An electron carrier involved in photosynthesis.
Chloroplast
An organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs
producer
An organism that can make its own food.
Heterotroph
An organism that cannot make its own food.
Autotroph
An organism that makes its own food
Consumer
An organism that obtains energy by feeding on other organisms
cellular respiration equation
C6H12O6+6O2---> 6CO2+6H2O+ATP
Photosynthesis
Conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy.
chemiosmotic gradient
In cellular respiration or photosynthesis, a difference in concentration of hydrogen ions across a membrane within the mitochondrion or chloroplast set up using energy from an electron transport chain.
Matrix
Innermost compartment of the mitochondrion
Fermentation
Process by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen
Photolysis
Process by which light energy breaks down a molecule
cellular respiration
Process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen
anaerobic respiration
Respiration that does not require oxygen
ATP
(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work
Stomata
Small openings on the underside of a leaf through which oxygen and carbon dioxide can move
CAM photosynthesis
The photosynthetic pathway in which carbon fixation takes place at night, and the resulting carbon acids are stored until daylight when they are broken down into pyruvate and CO2.
Pyruvate
Three-carbon compound that forms as an end product of glycolysis.