Ck12 Biology Vocab Ch 3

food

an organic molecule that can be used for energy production

alcoholic fermentation

anaerobic process in which cells convert pyruvic acid into carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol; carried out by many bacteria and fungi such as yeasts

Photosystem

cluster of chlorophyll and proteins found in thylakoids

NADH

electron carrier that stores energy used to make ATP

ATP Synthase

enzyme that catalyzes the reaction that adds a high-energy phosphate group to ADP to form ATP

RuBisCo

enzyme that fixes inorganic carbon dioxide molecules into organic molecules during the final step of the Calvin cycle

light dependent reactions

first reactions of photosynthesis that use energy from light to produce ATP and NADPH

Glycolysis

first step in releasing the energy of glucose, in which a molecule of glucose is broken into two molecules of pyruvic acid

Stroma

fluid portion of the chloroplast; outside of the thylakoids

electron carriers

molecules that can carry high energy electrons through the electron transport chain

organic molecules

molecules that contain carbon

aero

needing oxygen or air

Chemosynthesis

process in which chemical energy is used to produce carbohydrates

Calvin Cycle

reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugars from carbon dioxide

Krebs cycle

second stage of cellular respiration, in which pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

series of electron carrier proteins that shuttle high-energy electrons during ATP-generating reactions

Grana

stacks of thylakoids

lactic acid fermentation

the chemical breakdown of carbohydrates that produces lactic acid as the main end product

endosymbiotic theory

theory that eukaryotic cells formed from a symbiosis among several different prokaryotic organisms

Photosynthesis equation

6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy --> C6H12O6 + 6O2

Thylakoid

A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy into chemical energy.

Chlorophyll

A photosynthetic green pigment found in the chloroplasts of plants, algae, and some bacteria

food chains

A series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten

Glucose

A simple sugar that is an important source of energy.

NADPH

An electron carrier involved in photosynthesis.

Chloroplast

An organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs

producer

An organism that can make its own food.

Heterotroph

An organism that cannot make its own food.

Autotroph

An organism that makes its own food

Consumer

An organism that obtains energy by feeding on other organisms

cellular respiration equation

C6H12O6+6O2---> 6CO2+6H2O+ATP

Photosynthesis

Conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy.

chemiosmotic gradient

In cellular respiration or photosynthesis, a difference in concentration of hydrogen ions across a membrane within the mitochondrion or chloroplast set up using energy from an electron transport chain.

Matrix

Innermost compartment of the mitochondrion

Fermentation

Process by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen

Photolysis

Process by which light energy breaks down a molecule

cellular respiration

Process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen

anaerobic respiration

Respiration that does not require oxygen

ATP

(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work

Stomata

Small openings on the underside of a leaf through which oxygen and carbon dioxide can move

CAM photosynthesis

The photosynthetic pathway in which carbon fixation takes place at night, and the resulting carbon acids are stored until daylight when they are broken down into pyruvate and CO2.

Pyruvate

Three-carbon compound that forms as an end product of glycolysis.