History3 Exam
List three important design ideas Mies employed in the Barcelona Pavilion
1. Created reflections 2. Free standing wall 3. Asymmetry (non-axial walls)
List Corbusier's Five Points of a New Architecture:
1. Free plan 2. Free facade 3. Ribbon window 4. Pilotis 5. Roof garden
What three major architectural figures worked in Peter Behrens' office?
1. Gropius 2. Mies 3. Corbusier
What two deviations from the International Style in the Yale Art Gallery represent Kahn's initial break with this style?
1. Horizontal sill 2. expressed concrete structure
Two reasons that explain why Mies cantilievered his roofs/floors beyond the corner columns
1. implying continuity of space 2. emphasis of the plane
The Philadelphia Savings Fund Society Building was designed by _________________
Howe and Lescaze
List two major details that Wright used in the Usonian house to control construction costs:
brick interior and 3 types of windows
Describe the spatial sequence implied in the paintings by van Doesbur
geometric abstract composition of free flowing space (controlling the span with vertical and horizontal planes)
Who was the last director of the German Bauhaus?
Mies
List two requirements that had to be met by a building in order to qualify to be included in MOMA's 1932 "International Style" exhibition:
-no arbitrary ornament to the building -volumes instead of mass
Draw Le Corbusier's four compositions and name the building which is an example of each:
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Draw a section of the Marseilles Unite d'Habitation which shows how Le Corbusier achieved a dual exposure for the apartments:
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Draw the structural framework used by Kurokawa in the Takara Beautilion in Expo 70:
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Draw the structure of the Hajj Terminal in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia:
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Le Corbusier first used the all-glass wall in what project?
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Sketch Kahn's concept for the elevations of the Exeter Academy Library:
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Sketch Kahn's plan concept for the First Unitarian Church:
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Sketch a cross-section of the Lovell Beach House:
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Sketch a section of La Tourette, showing its relation to the ground:
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Sketch a structural bay of the Kimball Art Museum:
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Sketch how the RCA meets the ground:
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Sketch the car approach to the ground floor of the Villa Savoye
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Sketch the construction process of the Nagakin Capsule Tower:
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Sketch the corner detail of a typical Mies skyscraper:
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Sketch the cross-section of a reading room in a typical Aalto-designed library:
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Sketch the elevation of the Barcelona chair:
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Sketch the entry sequence for the German State Pavilion at the 1929 Barcelona Fair:
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Sketch the ground plan of the Säynätsalo Town Hall:
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Sketch the longitudinal section of the major chapel of the Woodland Crematorium:
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Sketch the overall plan of the Paimio Sanitarium:
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Sketch the overall site plan of the Woodlawn Cemetery Crematorium, noting both pedestrian and vehicular approaches:
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Sketch the plan concept of the Johnson Wax complex:
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Sketch the plan of La T ourette:
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Sketch the plan of a "cartesian skyscraper" and explain the reason for its configuration:
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Sketch the plan of a cartesian skyscraper and explain the reason for its configuration
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Sketch the plan of a typical office floor of the PSFS Building:
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Sketch the plan of the Trenton Jewish Community Center bath house and diagram the movement pattern from entrance through locker rooms to pool.
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Sketch the section of the Säynätsalo Town Hall, showing all three levels:
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Sketch the site plan of the 1964 Olympic buildings:
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Sketch the site plan of the John Deere Headquarters:
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Sketch the structural plan of the TWA terminal at Kennedy Airport:
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Sketch the structure of a typical floor in the Richards Medical Center:
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Sketch the transverse cross-section of the Yale Hockey Rink:
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Sketch the transverse section of the Pompidou Centre:
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Sketch the typical floor plan of a classroom wing in the Crow Island School:
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Sketch the typical floor plan of the Inland Steel Building:
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Describe how the form of the Fuji Group Pavilion at Expo 70 was generated:
...Air supported structure, cylindrical tubes stretched around circular base...purpose was to create a multipurpose space
How is an hyperbolic paraboloid generated?
...one curve goes up the other down
Name three major industrial designers who were active in the 1930s.
1. Bel Geddes 2.Fuller 3.Loewy
List three differences between Mies design of the Farnsworth House, and Johnson;s design of his Glass House:
1. Mies (white)/ Johnson (black) 2.Roman/Greek 3.structure inside/ structure outside
Name two skyscrapers built before WWII that exhibited the International Style in some of their parts, list the architect of each:
1. PSFS Building - Howe and Lescaze 2. McGraw-Hill Building - Hood
List two influences on Corbusier's interest in the two-story living space:
1. Parisian art studio 2. Restaurants in Paris
Le Corbusier worked for what two major European figures in pre-WWI Europe which had a marked influence on his career:
1. Perret 2. Behrens
What two major projects were responsible for the large size of SOM by the end of WWII?
1. VA Hospitals 2. Manhattan Project
List two details Mies used in his American buildings to divorce them from the existing urban fabric:
1. buildings lifted off the ground 2. buildings set back from sidewalk
List three technological innovations in construction developed by Eero Saarinen that would become standard techniques during the late 1960s:
1. neoprene glazing gasket 2. light weight insulated panel wall 3. self oxidizing steel
List two reasons why the Farnsworth House was an environmental disaster:
1. single-pane glass 2. non working windows
List two design ideas incorporated in Ville Radieuse that were a direct response to the new battle techniques used in WW I:
1.Buildings are more spread out in anticipation of aerial bombing 2. Use pilotis because poison gas sinks low towards the ground
Name two differences between Le Corbusier's design for the City for 3 million and his Radiant City
1.Raised buildings 2. Human-like plan
Describe the two design criteria used by Aalto to determine the longitudinal section of the meeting hall in the library in Viipuri:
1.Undulating curve acoustical ceiling 2.Different kinds of chairs for hierarchy
List the three locations for a glass skin in a skyscraper and list a building from class that is an example of each type:
1.Within the structural cage (Equitable Savings & Loan) 2.In front of the structure, columns inside (UN Headquarters) 3.In back of the structure, columns outside (Inland Steel)
What detail in the Lever House allows the pedestrian to reconnect with tower after leaving the sidewalk?
2 story podium holds street edge with courtyard
Name the consensus choice by American architects as the best design in the US and its architect in each category, as expressed in this course: best building in America:______________ best urban space:_________________ best site planning in a collection of buildings, employing portal, path, and place:______________
A) Salk Institute, Kahn B) Rockefeller center, Hood C) Cranbrook, Eliel Saarinen
The bent-wood "Paimio chair" was designed by _______________________
Aalto
The fan-shaped plan is a typical scheme in the planning of many buildings designed by _________
Aalto
___________________ was the major building type that brought the International Style to the forefront of German design in the 1920s.
Apartment housing
Frank Lloyd Wright's design of the Johnson Wax Building can be best described as his interpretation of what style?
Art Moderne
The name of the firm founded by Maire and Hary Gullichsen to market Aalto-designed home furnishings is _________________.
Artek
The best example of Aalto's undulating wall in his American buildings is _____________
Baker house
The 'Wassily' chair was designed by
Breuer
The French term for the type of concrete construction used by Le Corbusier in his later projects is _________________
Brut
"Why not try nothing" was the rationale of ________________________ for the design of what building?
Hood, The New York Daily News
Le Corbusier made an abrupt swerve away from white purity of form when he designed which building?
Centrosoyuz Headquarters
Name two American Industrial Designers that were very influential in the 1950s:
Charles and Ray Eames
_________________ was the last and tallest of the International Style glass box skyscrapers.
Chase Manhatten Bank
A switch from the ribbon window to the use of floor to ceiling glazing marked the work in the 1930s of
Corbusier
The Centrosoyuz Headquarters in Moscow was designed by...
Corbusier
The conceptual design of the UN office tower was the product of __________________
Corbusier
__________________ was responsible for the conceptual design of the UN office tower.
Corbusier
Where did the term Brutalism initially come from?
Corbusier's use of exposed concrete in unit di habits
What is the name of the school of art in Detroit designed by Eliel Saarinen?
Cranbrook
What grade school established the prototype for the post WWII baby boom and who designed it:
Crow Island School Saarinen with Perkins, Wheeler and Will
Neo-Plasticism is a term associated with what movement?
De Stijl
The first post WWII glass box skyscraper in the US was the ____________
Equitable savings and loan
Describe the changes made in the first year design at the Bauhaus made when Maholy-Nagy replaced Itten as the teacher
Expressionist to Mechanist style
Broadacre City was a project envisioned by _________________.
Frank Lloyd Wright
The "Usonian" house was designed by ____________
Frank Lloyd Wright
How did the elevation of the McGraw-Hill Building differ from other skyscrapers designed by Hood?
Horizontal rather than vertical and had continuous spandrels
Kahn's pyramidal waffle slab in the Yale Art Museum was inspired by _______________
Fuller
"Dymaxion" was the term coined by ____________________ which meant __________________
Fuller, minimal use of resources
_________________ was the director of the trade/design school in Weimar when its name was changed to the Staatliches Bauhaus.
Gropius
The roof terraces in Rockefeller Center were said to be influenced by what ancient precedent?
Hanging Gardens of Babylon
Upon his arrival in the US, Gropius assumed the directorship of the architecture school at _____________ while Mies eventually was named head of the school at ______________________
Harvard; IIT
What did Tange say was the difference between his 1960 Plan for Tokyo Bay and Haussmann's Plan of Paris?
Haussman-radial, Tokyo Bay - orthogonal
Who designed the "Walking City?"
Herron
Far from being a handicap, this discipline of being obliged to make a project stand on its own financial feet and to submit its details and materials to a constant critical analysis, leads to honesty and integrity of design. Under this stimulation the cobwebs of whimsey, taste, fashion, and vanity are brushed aside, and the architect finds himself face to face with the essential elements that go to make real architecture and real beauty." This is a quote by __________
Hood
The designer in charge of the initial planning of Rockefeller Center was __________
Hood
he McGraw-Hill Building was designed by _______________
Hood
The only totalitarian regime in PreWWII Europe that did not adopt a literal Neo-classicism as the official style of the state was in what country?
Italy
n what country did Metabolist architecture originate?
Japan
What American is credited with the coining the term "International Style"?
Johnson
The two curators of the MOMA show, "The International Style," were ______
Johnson and Hitchcock
"Each space must be defined by its structure and the character of its natural light" is a quote by:
Kahn
"Let me tell you how I was made" describes whose approach to ornament?
Kahn
The "occupiable wall" is a major theme used by _______
Kahn
The occupiable exterior wall was a technique that evolved in the work of ___________
Kahn
"I don't want to be interesting, I want to be good" is a quote ascribed to ____________
Mies
The "Barcelona Chair" was designed by _______________
Mies
The client for Wright's "Fallingwater" house was ________________.
Kaufmann
What is considered to have been the first Metabolist project?
Kiyonon Kikutake in Marine City
The architect of the Nagakin Capsule Tower was:
Kurokawa
Name two Metabolist architects who were students of Tange:
Kurokawa and Isozaki
The building usually credited as the inspiration for the design of the interview floor in Aalto's National Pension Institute is:
Larkin Building
"A machine for living in" is a concept associated with the work of _____________
Le Corbusier
The golden section as an ordering system was best represented in the work of what architect we studied this period?
Le Corbusier
Towards an Architecture was written by ____________________.
Le Corbusier
What architectural theoretician was responsible for the shift in design theory away from Expressionism at the Weimar Bauhaus?
Maholy-Nagy
"Architecture is the will of an epoch translated into space" is a quote by ____________
Mies
The difference between SOM's typical corner detail as represented in the Inland Steel Building and Mies' typical corner detial as represented in the Seagram's Building is:
Mies - cantilever the floor half a bay past the last column SOM - column placed in the corner to create a full bay
List two architects who immigrated to the US after Hitler rose to power who were early practitioners of the International Style in the US:
Mies and Gropius
The architect in overall charge of planning the 1927 Weissenhof Siedlung was _____________________
Mies van der Rohe
The Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg Monument was designed by ___________
Mies van der rohe
The De Stijl movement received much of its initial impetus from the non-objective paintings by :
Mondrian
What technology did Eero Saarinen adopt from the automobile industry in the detailing of the GM Tech Center?
Neoprene gasket glazing on windows
The German term that describes the spirit of Mies' Concrete Office Building of 1923 was:
Neue Sachlichkeit
The German term used by German designers after WWI who relied solely on realism and functionalism to describe their work was ____________________________.
Neue Sachlichkeit
The Lovell Health House was designed by ______________
Neutra
Larson compared the exposed structure of the Pompidou Centre as the architects' attempt to evoke what other great Parisian building?
Notre Dame Cathedral
The Dutch architect known for his sachlich housing projects was _____________________________
Oud
Who was the architect invited by Gropius to give the keynote speech at the Bauhaus Week of 1923?
Oud
The first skyscraper in the U.S. to exhibit the massing and the exterior language of the European "International Style" was the ___________
PSFS Building
List three members of Archigram:
Peter Cook, Ron Herron, Mike Webb
The competition to design the new Pompidou Centre was won by __________________
Piano and Rogers
Describe the difference in how Mies designed spaces in his pre-WW II European buildings and those in his post- WW II American buildings:
Pre - flow of space and simplicity Post - rational and symmetric
____________________ was the term Le Corbusier and Ozenfant chose for their painting style, which was a conscious rejection of much of what Cubism represented.
Purism
The Red-Blue Chair was designed by _________________________
Rietveld
The Schröder House was designed by ________________________
Rietveld
Where did Le Corbusier get the idea for linear housing and cities?
Russian Constructivism and luxury liners
_______________ was given the responsibility for the design of all of the buildings at the Cranbrook School of Design.
Saarinen
Crow Island School, which set the model for the design of the post WWII elementary school in the US was designed by _________
Saarinen with Perkins, Wheeler and Will
Who designed Habitat 67?
Safdie
The beach house in Newport Beach for Dr. Phillip Lovell was designed by _________________
Schindler
The first European architect to bring the International Style to California was _____________
Schindler
List two architects who immigrated to the US before Hitler rose to power who were early practitioners of the International Style in the US:
Schindler and Neutra
The two Austrian architects who came to the U.S. and worked with Wright were:
Schindler and Neutra
What skyscraper marked the ultimate retreat from the street and the start of "Plaza-mania?"
Seagrams
Briefly describe how Hood developed the massing of the RCA Building:
Series of elevator cores surrounded by corridors and office space, stepping is functional.
The projects most often associated with Nazi Germany were designed by architect ______________
Speer
Describe Aalto's use of colors on the exterior of the Paimio Sanitarium:
Starts with white box and anything cut out of it "bleeds" color, showing additive and subtractive elements
What did Tange consciously change from Saarinen's Yale Hockey Rink in his Tokyo Olympic Gymnasium?
Tension rather than heavy concrete arch
The Casa del Fascio was designed by ________________________
Terragni
How did Fuller account for the solar gain in the 1967 U.S. Pavilion?
The building tracks the sun, when the sun hits the exterior material, it would transform into a sun shade
What does Larson credit for the eventual appearance of columns in the Barcelona pavilion?
The influence of Nietschze, reality (planes-juxtaposed lies-columns)
Why were the Lever House and the Seagram's Building much more expensive than the face value of their construction:
They didn't use the full site to maximize space, so paid for space that wasn't used to make profit.
What was the major failure in the Montreal Olympic Stadium that prevented its completion prior to the start of the Games?
Tower was rotating away from its foundation, and had to stop construction of the tower because it would have broken.
Aalto's first International Style building was the __________
Turun-Sanomat
The building designed by Aalto that best represents his interpretation of Corbu's five points is the ____________
Turun-Sanomat
Name a De Stijl painter:
Van Doesburg
Towards a Plastic Architecture was written by __________________________
Van Doesburg
_____________ was the leading theoretician of the De Stijl movement.
Van Doesburg
Name two abstract painters who played a major role in the aesthetic change in the Bauhaus curriculum.
Van Doesburg and Mondrian
What two avant-garde artists were credited by Larson as being somewhat responsible for the change in its teaching ideology/pedogogy from Expressionism to Abstract formalism
Van Doesburg and Mondrian
Aalto's first use of the undulating surface of wood slats was in what building?
Viipuri Library
Which building by Aalto was the first to use wood in any significant way, marking his move away from pure Functionalism?
Viipuri Library
Which building designed by Alvar Aalto marked his attempt to transcend the International Style? What is the reason for your answer?
Viipuri library, attempt to use wood in significant ways
Sketch the plan of Ville Radieuse. What project was conceived as an experimental fragment of VR?
Villa Contemporaine
Le Corbusier's utopian city plan developed in the 1930s was named _______
Ville Radieuse
Marcel Breuer is best known for the design of the _______________________ chair while working at the Bauhaus.
Wassily
The first significant building in whch mullionless glazing was first employed was:
Willis, Faber & Dumas Building
What kept the International Style glass box skyscraper from going no taller than the Chase Manhattan Bank?
Wind bracing structure is too expensive
What was the difference in how Wright approached the design of his interiors and how van Doesburg designed his interiors?
Wright: free flow of space van Doesburg: continuity
What advantage is there in offsetting the location of the core in the plan of a highrise office building?
a variation in the size and shape of available (interior)spaces
List three differences between Art Deco buildings and Art Moderne buildings:
a. angular vs curve b.warm vs. cool c.hand made vs. machine
List two aspects of the design of Rockelfeller Center that contribute to its success as an urban space:
a.ground level with people b. respect the context
What was the new architectural material whose price had dropped significantly after the end of WWII, that it quickly was adopted as the exterior material of choice for the next twenty years?
aluminum
Le Corbusier used this term to describe the spatial sequence in his buidlings:
architectural promenade
Describe Mies' spatial order in his designs of 1923-1929:
assymetry and the defintion of space with the arrangement of freestanding planes within a rectilinear order
The inspiration for the scale of Eero Saarinen's site plan of the GM Tech Center was_______________
automobiles
Define brise-soleil:
balcony/sun baffle wall- a response to southern sun (wall used to protect from sun)
List two important differences in the American city in 1960 between the actual International Style designs and the prediction of Bel Geddes in the 1939 GM Pavilion:
base holds steel edge No elevated walkways
Describe the ideas behind the massing of the Baker House:
campus side is orthagonal, and the other is fluid mimicking the river
The apparent precedent for the massing of the Empire State Building was:__________________________
carew tower
What one major reservation about the design of Dulles did Larson express:
central drain in middle rather than on side, looks like a column
Discuss the reasons for the final configuration of the floor plan of the Vuoksenniska Church:
come in on side of worshp, forced to look at altar, 3 small spaces for classes
What was the major design difference between Mies' Concrete and Brick Country House projects?
concrete: bays brick: winding paths
Describe the problem that "rationalist" International Style designers tried to avoid in the design of a skyscraper and what was the typical solution?
corner columns carried less load than the other columns so "rationally" they should be smaller, also corners always appear larger because you can see two sides of them at once so as a solution they cantilevered their floors so you couldn't even see the corner column
What did Louis Kahn mean by "discovering the 'form' of a problem?"
cosmic essence, what a thing wants to be
The formal pivot point of the massing in the Säynätsalo Town Hall is the _______________
council room
The original purpose of the Dom-ino system was to ___________
create quick housing for war, use the rubble to help build some of the homes`
Kahn's concept of "served and servant spaces" which developed out of his early use of hollow structures is thought by some historians to have been derived from what Beaux-Arts principle?
didactic???
What determined the locations of the setbacks in the RCA building?
elevator core
What did Aalto do in the National Pensions Institute to articulate the massing of the building so that it reads as interpenetrating masses rather than a continuous volume?
facades did not quite line up
What do you consider to be the most important quality of Metabolist architecture?
flexibility, metabolic change
List three points of human contact in buildings that Aalto exploited with a change of materials:
floor, door handles and railings
The designer of the Dymaxion House was __________
fuller
____________________ was the American architect whose urban idea of the tower in the park paralleled Le Corbusier's proposal for the city for 3 million.
hood
he Theme of the 1930 Stockholm Exhibition was ____________________
housing, transportation and furnishing
Why did Le Corbusier use ramps in the interiors of his early houses?
in order to not break the flow of space
What did Aalto say the reason was for his incorporating a courtyard in many his projects?
its free, arrangement gives client something for nothing
The major design innovation in the Usonian houses that influenced the design of post-WW II suburban tract homes was ______________
kitchen/dining
The proportioning system developed and used by Le Corbusier was known as ___________
le modular
The formal pivot point of the composition in the Otaniemi Technical Institute is the _________
lecture hall
The first building designed by Corbusier that incorporated pilotis was:
maison la roche
__________________was the term used to describe the method of wrapping objects with sheet metal in an attempt to give them a futurist image.
modernize
Describe Peter Cook's "Instant City:"
moves from pre infrastracture to flexible city (floating city)
Van Doesburg's term for the new way he composed a space as a continuous, but non-linear flow of space was...
neo plasticism
Adolf Hitler chose ____________ architecture as symbolic of the Third Reich.
neoclassical
Although influenced by Bucky Fuller, Archigram's members had one significant difference in their design approach. What was it?
not interested in efficient use of materials...
efine Le Corbusier's idea of "a redent:"
orthagonal geometry that is stepping to provide different sized courtyards
When Walter Gropius assembled his faculty for the Bauhaus School, he drew many of them from which field of expertise?
painting
The trademark image of the 1939 World's Fair was the _____________
perisphere and trylon
Kahn's use of hollow structure is thought to have derived from what technique of his Beaux-Arts training?
poche
List one exterior detail that allowed the Empire State Building to be constructed so quickly:
prefabricated; same massing as Carew Tower
Why did Asplund incorporate spaces with skewed (non-parallel) walls in his early houses?
psychological perception changes (forced perspective)*
What new science apparently had a great influence on Asplund's designs?
psychology
Define Neue Sachlichkeit:
realism and functionalism with no need for art
What typeface/font was used in Bauhaus publications after the arrival of Moholy-Nagy?
sans serif
A relatively new interpretation of Le Corbusier's use of concrete following WWII states that he was influenced by ___________
seemingly inevitable atomic war
Describe the structural system of the US Pavilion at Expo 70:
single membrane-air controlled/pressurized opening. cable net structure
List two design decisions Aalto made in consideration of the comfort of the patients at the Paimio Sanitarium:
sink basins dont wake patients, lights avoid glare
New research indicates that WWII had two influences on the subsequent designs of Le Corbusier?
softer curvilinear shapes, used raw concrete
The one word that best described the forms used to style Art Moderne designs was _________.
streamline
Art Moderne was symbolized by the use of the _____________
streamline curve, teardrop
What two major reservations about the design of Kresge auditorium did Larson express:
structure not exposed inside, corners show no support for heavy roof
Define Tensegrity. Who is credited with developing this theory?
structure where compression elements are not continuous, Fuller
Which space is used by Aalto as the high point or visual anchor of the massing composition in Villa Mairea?
studio
Who was Gregor Paulssen?
swedish art historian who wanted to change design for the middle class
Norman Bel Geddes' trademark motif was the ________________
tear drop
In describing the atrium of the Yale Museum of British Art, Larson pointed out a problem that has always plagued architects. This was :
the corner
What was the inspiration for Aalto's design of the interior of the Finnish pavilion at the 1939 World's Fair?
the northern lights
Why must tensile surfaces be given an anticlastic curvature?
to resist windload in tension
The objective of the Vorkurs (foundation course) at the Bauhaus was _____________________________
to teach a basis of design instead of style and to get everyone on the same level
The trademark image of the 1939 World's Fair was the _____________
trylon, perisphere
Describe the lateral (wind) load structure of the Sears Building/World Trade Center
tube structure
The event most responsible for the philosophical switch at the Bauhaus from Expressionism to "The New Architecture" was ________________
vkhutemas exposition
What was the elevational design advantage of the Dom-ino system? Was this the first realization of this advantage?
walls do not carry any weight-free facade, windows able to go around the facade (long); no, root did it first
Describe the term "Structuralism" as used by Herman Hertzberger:
wanting user participation
