CLAS Exam #2
Alexandria
Once among the greatest cities of the Mediterranean world and a centre of Hellenic scholarship and science, Alexandria was the capital of Egypt from its founding by Alexander the Great. One of Egypt's largest cities, Alexandria is also its principal seaport and a major industrial centre. The city lies on the Mediterranean Sea at the western edge of the Nile River delta, about 114 miles (183 km) northwest of Cairo in Lower Egypt. Area city, 116 square miles (300 square km). Pop. (2006) city, 4,110,015.
Oresteia
Only complete trilogy that still exists, composed by Aeschylus set of 3 plays about the fate of Agamemnon
Philippics
Orations delivered by Demosthenes
Hephaestion
Hephaestion was a member of Alexander the Great's personal bodyguard and the Macedonian king's closest and lifelong friend and advisor. So much so, Hephaestion's death would bring the young king to tears. From 334 to 323 BCE Alexander the Great conquered much of the known world.
Dionysus
was the ancient Greek god of wine, merriment, and theater.Dionysus was the god of fertility and wine, later considered a patron of the arts. He created wine and spread the art of viticulture. ... Dionysus was the son of Zeus and Semele, and he was the only god with a mortal parent.
Skene
(from Greek skēnē, "scene-building"), in ancient Greek theatre, a building behind the playing area that was originally a hut for the changing of masks and costumes but eventually became the background before which the drama was enacted.
thalassocracy
"sea power"
Alcibiades
(born c. 450 bc, Athens [Greece]—died 404, Phrygia [now in Turkey]), brilliant but unscrupulous Athenian politician and military commander who provoked the sharp political antagonisms at Athens that were the main causes of Athens' defeat by Sparta in the Peloponnesian War (431-404 bc).
Pausanias
(died probably between 470 and 465 bc , Sparta [Greece]), Spartan commander during the Greco-Persian Wars who was accused of treasonous dealings with the enemy. A member of the Agiad royal family, Pausanias was the son of King Cleombrotus I and nephew of King Leonidas. He became regent for Leonidas' son after the father was killed at Thermopylae (480). Pausanias commanded the allied Greek army that defeated the Persians at Plataea (479), and he led the Greeks in the capture of Byzantium (478).
old comedy
) is the first period of the ancient Greek comedy, according to the canonical division by the Alexandrian grammarians.[1] The most important Old Comic playwright is Aristophanes - whose works, with their daring political commentary and abundance of sexual innuendo, effectively define the genre today. Aristophanes satirized and lampooned the most prominent personalities and institutions of his time, as can be seen, for example, in his scurrilous portrayal of Socrates in The Clouds, and in his racy anti-war farce Lysistrata. Aristophanes was only one of a large number of comic poets, however, working in Athens in the late 5th century BC; his biggest rivals were Hermippus and Eupolis. comic Greek plays with a strong element of political criticism. Very bawdy and satirical. (Lysistrata).
Philemon
, (born c. 368 bc, Syracuse, Sicily [now in Italy]—died c. 264 bc), poet of the Athenian New Comedy, elder contemporary and successful rival of Menander. As a playwright Philemon was noted for his neatly contrived plots, vivid description, dramatic surprises, and platitudinous moralizing. By 328 he was producing plays in Athens, where he eventually became a citizen; he also worked in Alexandria for a time. Of 97 comedies by him, some 60 titles survive in Greek fragments and Latin adaptations.
What were some characteristics of Greek life (government, religion, art) during the Hellenistic period?
-Athenian Courts: JURIES in Athenian courts could contain between 200 and 6000 members -1/60 of treasures to Athena -CITY DIONYSIA: ANNUAL ATHENIAN RELIGIOUS/DRAMATIC FESTIVAL -ACTION OF TRAGEDY: NORMALLY IN FRONT OF HOMES, TEMPLES, ETC. GREEK LIFE TOOK PLACE LARGELY OUT OF DOORS -ACTORS: HIRED AND PAID FOR BY THE STATE; NO WOMEN ALLOWED; PLAYED MULTIPLE ROLES -MASKS ALLOWED PEOPLE TO ID SEX, RACE, SOCIAL STATUS, AGE, ETC.; ABOVE: MOSAIC FROM POMPEII WITH MASKS: TRAGIC (L) AND COMIC (R) -The greek chorus: Non- professionals: locals with talents for singing and dancing, Trained by poets, wore costumes and mask
Corcyra
A Corinthian colony established about 734 bce supplanted a settlement of Eretrians from Euboea. Proudly independent and even hostile to its mother city of Corinth, the new colony was reduced (c. 600 bce) by the Corinthian tyrant Periander, but later it regained independence and devoted itself to commerce. Corfu took no active part in the Persian invasion (480 bce) of Greece, but in 435 it sought the assistance of Athens in a quarrel with Corinth, a request that became a primary cause of the Peloponnesian War. Corfu quit the war in 410, but a new alliance with Athens (375) resulted in hostilities with Sparta.
Demagogue
A demagogue, in the strict signification of the word, is a 'leader of the rabble'. The word demagogue, originally meaning a leader of the common people, was first coined in ancient Greece with no negative connotation, but eventually came to mean a troublesome kind of leader who occasionally arose in Athenian democracy.
deuteragonist
A sidekick who accompanies the main protagonist The character second in importance to the protagonist in classical Greek drama.
Macedon
After Philip's assassination in 336 his throne passed to his son, Alexander the Great, who would spread Greek culture and civilization across the known world of antiquity. Macedon fell out of favor with southern Greece after the death of Alexander with many Greeks resenting Macedonian rule and virulent antagonism expressed toward anything even remotely Macedonian. Macedon continued as an autonomous and powerful kingdom until it was annexed by Rome, along with the rest of Greece, around 148 BCE. Macedon preferred to remain aloof from the rest of Greece and the squabbles and fighting which constantly took place between the Greek city-states. All of this changed under the rule of King Phillip II (382-336 BCE) who accomplished the seemingly impossible goal of Greek unity by conquering the southern city-states and bringing them under Macedonian dominion. conquered Greek city states an empire who grew while Greek cities fought during Peloponnesian war, they attack Greece Conquered greece and Mesopotamia under Alexander 338
Alexander The Great
Alexander the Great (356 - 323 BC) was born in Pella, the ancient capital of Macedonia in July 356 BC. His parents were Philip II of Macedon and his wife Olympias. ... The young king of Macedonia, leader of the Greeks, overlord of Asia Minor and pharaoh of Egypt became 'great king' of Persia at the age of 25. Alexander went on to conquer Persia and Egypt, his kingdom ranging from the Mediterranean to the border of India. Proposed causes of Alexander's death included alcoholic liver disease, fever, and strychnine poisoning, but little data support those versions.
erastes
An adult man who courted or was in an pederastic relationship with an adolescent boy, who was called an eromenos.
Aspasia
Aspasia of Miletus (c.470-410 BCE) was a teacher, writer, and intellectual in Athens, Greece, who became famous as the lover of the statesman Pericles. Because she was a courtesan, Pericles was not permitted to marry her, but in every way she was his partner and an important Athenian in her own right. And was a hetaira.
radical democracy
Athenian Reforms of 462 BC - all people responsible for participating in the government the root of democracy, based on freedom and equality, to include difference
Demosthenes
Athenian statesman, recognized as the greatest of ancient Greek orators, who roused Athens to oppose Philip of Macedon and, later, his son Alexander the Great.
Sicilian Expedition
Athenians attempt to be involved in affairs on island of Sicily disaster for athenians failed, Athens lost many troops Athenians attack Syracuse (lose entire army) example of demagogery
Describe the major causes, events and outcomes of the Peloponnesian Wars.
Athens vs. Sparta: two superpowers of the day going head to head. Sparta fight by land, Athens fight by sea Athens never recovers in a cultural sense after these wars Thucydides wrote the wars while in exile, wrote that they were the most important wars that ever occurred in greek history General Cause: Rivalry between athens and sparta Specific Cause: Conflict between two brief city-states Corinth and Corcyra. Turn to allies and ask for help (Athens and Sparta) Starts in 431 BC Second year of the war, ship comes in bringing a plague → ⅕ of Athenians die
Syracuse
Battle of Syracuse, (September 413 bce). The peace of Nicias of 421 bce did not end the Peloponnesian War. Within a few years, new Athenian leaders were looking for conquests among Sparta's allies on Sicily, an important source of grain supplies for the Spartan confederation. Athens sent a massive expeditionary force to attack Syracuse, but it was eventually annihilated. Athens's Sicilian expedition set off in 415 bce, inspired by the idea that capturing Syracuse might bring dominance over Sicily as a whole and supply the resources that Athens would need to win its long war with Sparta. Although the initial Athenian force was very strong—with 130 triremes, 5,000 hoplite infantry, and numerous supporting ships and lighter troops—it began operations with a halfhearted attack on the city. In the spring of 414 bce, commanded by Nicias—a rather indecisive general who had opposed making the expedition in the first place—it settled down to besiege Syracuse. Sparta and its allies sent troops and a fleet to Sicily, and a series of inconclusive land and sea battles around Syracuse followed.
Bessus
Bessus was a prominent Persian Satrap of Bactria in Persia, and later self-proclaimed King of Kings of Persia. According to classical sources, he killed his predecessor and relative,Darius III, after the Persian army had been defeated by Alexander the Great. He was executed (crucified) by Alexander.
Darius III
Darius The Third originally named Artashata and called Codomannus by the Greeks, was the last king of the Achaemenid Empire of Persia from 336 BC to 330 BC.. Before Alexander reached him, however, Darius The Third was killed by the satrap Bessus, who was also his cousin.
new comedy
Drama now concerns everyday life chance, money and confidence No MORE fantastic themes! Fate will save us in the end Abstract Gods appear in the play, if any
Hydaspes river
Final conquest of Alexander the Great where he takes over India Alexander won battle against indians
middle comedy
Focused on everyday life No chorus, no political, no impersonation of public figures No plays survive in full? mockery of myths
What was Greece like in the fourth century B.C.? Who were the main powers?
GREECE IN THE 4TH CENTURY: THE AGE OF HEGEMONIES (LOTS OF SMALL, REGIONAL GREEK POWERS TRY- AND FAIL- TO BECOME MASTERS OF GREECE; HEAVY USE OF MERCENARIES
Socrates
Greek philosopher whose way of life, character, and thought exerted a profound influence on ancient and modern philosophy. Socrates himself wrote nothing, he is depicted in conversation in compositions by a small circle of his admirers—Plato and Xenophon first among them. He is portrayed in these works as a man of great insight, integrity, self-mastery, and argumentative skill. The impact of his life was all the greater because of the way in which it ended: at age 70, he was brought to trial on a charge of impiety and sentenced to death by poisoning (the poison probably being hemlock) by a jury of his fellow citizens. "The unexamined life is not worth living" believed that absolute standards did exist for truth and justice
hetairai
Hetaira, ( Greek: "female companion") Latin hetaera, one of a class of professional independent courtesans of ancient Greece who, besides developing physical beauty, cultivated their minds and talents to a degree far beyond that allowed to the average Attic woman. Usually living fashionably alone, or sometimes two or three together, the hetairai enjoyed an enviable and respected position of wealth and were protected and taxed by the state. Though they were generally foreigners, slaves, or freedwomen, their freedom was greater than that of the married woman, who was bound to seclusion. That their homes were frequented by married men was not censured by society. They were often hired as entertainers for symposia and family sacrifices. The hetairai of Corinth and Athens were especially noted for their outstanding physical and cultural accomplishments. Phryne and Lais are historical representatives.
pathikos
Homosexuality in Ancient Rome
Babylon
In 331 Babylon surrendered to the Macedonian king Alexander the Great, who confirmed its privileges and ordered the restoration of the temples. Alexander, recognizing the commercial importance of the city, allowed its satrap to coin money and began constructing a harbour to foster trade. In 323 Alexander died in the palace of Nebuchadrezzar; he had planned to make Babylon his imperial capital. Alexander's conquest brought Babylon into the orbit of Greek culture, and Hellenistic science was greatly enriched by the contributions of Babylonian astronomy. After a power struggle among Alexander's generals, Babylon passed to the Seleucid dynasty in 312. The city's importance was much reduced by the building of a new capital, Seleucia on the Tigris, where part of Babylon's population was transferred in 275.
The Eleven
In Athens, the "Eleven" were officers chosen by lot who were charged with enforcing legal decisions of the courts: with the assistance of public slaves (Hunter 1994: 117) they arrested criminals, brought them to trial, and guarded prisoners; they also oversaw the execution of those condemned to death, the torture of slaves, and the administration of confiscated property (Burgess 2005: 330). However, they were also empowered to prosecute certain criminals caught red-handed who were brought to them through the procedure known as APAGOGE ("dragging away") ([Arist.] Ath. Pol. 52.1).
Metics
Metic, Greek Metoikos, in ancient Greece, any of the resident aliens, including freed slaves. Metics were found in most states except Sparta. In Athens, where they were most numerous, they occupied an intermediate position between visiting foreigners and citizens, having both privileges and duties.
What do we know about Greek homosexuality? Describe the sources, the relationships and the stigmas.
Pederasty: Basics: •These relationships seem to have been encouraged by the elite to a degree •Older men would prey on younger men (teens) at the gymnasium and elsewhere oGymnasium: the naked place •These relationships involved courting rituals and had acceptable and unacceptable behaviors •Evidence from art on vases •Often we see an Erastes (older bearded man) the pursuer and the one loving (active), courting an eromenos (a younger beardless man) being loved (passive) oOnce eromenos grew a beard, the relationship ends •Generally intercrural: between thighs Greek homosexuality: •Pederasty connected with Dorian initiation rites? Dorians on Crete would capture adolescents •Pederasty then (allegedly) migrated to the mainland •Sparta: homosexuality relationships between older and younger soldiers were encouraged to reinforce bonding Sources: •Sources for greek male homosexuality: oAll over the place, but especially in art and literature oOne of the best sources: oPlato: Symposium •Female homosexuality: oLargely a mystery (few sources) oOne important source: Poems of Sappho
Persepolis
Persepolis is the Greek name (from perses polis for 'Persian City') for the ancient city of Parsa, located seventy miles northeast of Shiraz in present-day Iran. The name Parsa meant 'City of The Persians' and construction began at the site in 518 BCE under the rule of King Darius the Great (who reigned 522-486 BCE). Darius made Parsa the new capital of the Persian Empire, instead of Pasargadae, the old capital and burial place of King Cyrus the Great. Because of its remote location in the mountains, however, travel to Parsa was almost impossible during the rainy season of the Persian winter when paths turned to mud and so the city was used mainly in the spring and summer warmer seasons. Administration of the Achaemenian Empire was overseen from Susa, from Babylon or from Ecbatana during the cold seasons and it was most likely for this reason that the Greeks never knew of Parsa until it was sacked and looted by Alexander the Great in 330 BCE (the historian Plutarch claiming that Alexander carried away the treasures of Parsa on the backs of 20,000 mules and 5,000 camels). Ancient Persian capital city Centralised administrative center of Persian dynasty a city of the Persian Empire that Alexander the Great captured
List and describe the three major Hellenistic monarchies
Ptolemaic Egypt: ruled by Ptolemy I soter and his successors. Most stable. Seleucid Kingdom: Biggest of the three Macedon: Ruled by antigonus and his successors, dominant in Greece first to come into contact with Rome, last to come into the empire Success in the beginning of his emergence, and prideful towards the end.
Sophocles
Sophocles is one of three ancient Greek tragedians whose plays have survived. His first plays were written later than those of Aeschylus, and earlier than or contemporary with those of Euripides.
Who were the three great Greek tragedians? Give some details on each of them.
Sophocles: · Athenian · Tragedian: wrote tragedies · Oedipus and Antigone · Early 5th century Aeschylus: · Tragedian: wrote tragedies · 6th century · "The Persians" (his play) Euripides: · Tragedian: wrote tragedies · 5th century · "Bacchae" (his play) · "Medea" (his play)
Compare and contrast what we know about Athenian women and Spartan women.
Spartan women: -meant to be mothers of warrriors -encouraged to speak in public -produced female poets and philosophers -received physical training -weaving/domestic stuff too -Athletics for girls: running, wrestling, discus, javelin -girls lived at home with mothers -marriages were generally arranged -married women could have sex with other men -could own property and inherit land -could NOT participate in politics Athenian Citizen Women - Education was largely in domestic skills: not expected to read and write - Largely segregated from boys in childhood - Had important roles in religious festivals - Had contact with other girls/women in neighborhood - Arranged by fathers - Brides learned domestic duties in months before - Important religious rites took place on night before marriage: ritual baths, hymns the hymen, god of marriage - Ceremony included feast at father's house... - The processions to groom's house... - Then formal consummation in wedding chamber - Bride is driven in chariot from her father's house
The 30 Tyrants
Spartan-imposed oligarchy that ruled Athens after the Peloponnesian War. Thirty commissioners were appointed to the oligarchy, which had an extremist conservative core, led by Critias. Their oppressive regime fostered a bloody purge, in which perhaps 1,500 residents were killed. Many moderates fled the city; gathering a force, they returned to defeat the tyrants' forces in a battle at Piraeus in 403. The 30 fled and were killed off over the next few years.
Antigonid kingdom
Succeeding the Antipatrid dynasty in much of Macedonia, Antigonus ruled mostly over Asia Minor and northern Syria. His attempts to take control of the whole of Alexander's empire led to his defeat and death at the Battle of Ipsus in 301 BC. Antigonus's son Demetrius I Poliorcetes survived the battle, and managed to seize control of Macedon itself a few years later, but eventually lost his throne, dying as a prisoner of Seleucus I Nicator. After a period of confusion, Demetrius's son Antigonus II Gonatas was able to establish the family's control over the old Kingdom of Macedon, as well as over most of the Greek city-states, by 276 BC.
Age of Hegemonies
Surrender of Athens to Sparta: End of the Peloponnesian War oligarchy rule he political, economic, or military predominance or control of one state over others.
Chaeroneia
The Battle of Chaeronea was fought in 338 BC, near the city of Chaeronea in Boeotia, between the Macedonians led by Philip II of Macedon and an alliance of some of the Greek city-states led by Athens and Thebes. The battle was the culmination of Philip's campaign in Greece (339-338 BC) and resulted in a decisive victory for the Macedonians. Philip had brought peace to a war-torn Greece in 346 BC, by ending the Third Sacred War, and concluding his ten-year conflict with Athens for supremacy in the north Aegean, by making a separate peace. Philip's much expanded kingdom, powerful army and plentiful resources now made him the de facto leader of Greece.
Gaugamela
The Battle of Gaugamela (1st October 331 BCE, also known as the Battle of Arbela) was the final meeting between Alexander the Great of Macedon and King Darius III of Persia. After this victory, Alexander was, without question, the King of all Asia. Gaugamela (means "The Camel's House") was a village on the banks of the river Bumodus. The site of the battle is thought to be Tel Gomel (Hebrew - "Camels Mount") in northern Iraq. Following the assassination of Phillip II, his father, in 336 BCE, Alexander and his army left their home of Macedonia for the last time and set out on a goal of conquering all of Persia. After crossing the Hellespont, Alexander travelled northward where he met and defeated the Persians under the leadership of the Greek mercenary Memnon at the Battle of River Granicus. As in future meetings with Alexander, Darius and his generals continually underestimated the abilities of the young Alexander. He was considered by many, even those in Greece, to be nothing more than an upstart.
Issus
The Battle of Issus occurred in southern Anatolia, on November 5, 333 BC between the Hellenic League led by Alexander the Great and the Achaemenid Empire, led by Darius III, in the second great battle of Alexander's conquest of Asia. The invading Macedonian troops defeated Persia. After the Hellenic League soundly defeated the Persian satraps of Asia Minor (led by Greek mercenary Memnon of Rhodes) at the Battle of the Granicus, Darius took personal command of his army. He gathered reinforcements and led his men in a surprise march behind the Hellenic advance to cut their line of supply. This forced Alexander to countermarch, setting the stage for the battle near the mouth of the Pinarus River and the town of Issus. Battle of Alexander, Darius escapes, Battle in northwestern Syria in which Alexander the Great defeated Darius III in 333 BC
Granicus river
The Battle of the Granicus River was the first of three major battles fought between Alexander the Great and the Persian Empire. Fought in Northwestern Asia Minor, near the site of Troy, it was here that Alexander defeated the forces of the Persian satraps of Asia Minor, including a large force of Greek mercenaries led by Memnon of Rhodes.
The Clouds
The Clouds (Ancient Greek: Νεφέλαι Nephelai) is a Greek comedy play written by the celebrated playwright Aristophanes. A lampooning of intellectual fashions in classical Athens, it was originally produced at the City Dionysia in 423 BC and was not as well received as the author had hoped, coming last of the three plays competing at the festival that year. It was revised between 420 and 417 BC and was thereafter circulated in manuscript form.[3] No copy of the original production survives, and scholarly analysis indicates that the revised version is an incomplete form of Old Comedy. This incompleteness, however, is not obvious in translations and modern performances.[4] Retrospectively, The Clouds can be considered the world's first extant "comedy of ideas"[5] and is considered by literary critics to be among the finest examples of the genre.[6] The play also, however, remains notorious for its caricature of Socrates and is mentioned in Plato's Apology as a contributor to the philosopher's trial and execution.[7][8]
Peace of Nikias
The Peace of Nicias, also known as the Fifty-Year Peace, was a peace treaty signed between the Greek city-states of Athens and Sparta in March 421 BC, ending the first half of the Peloponnesian War.[1] lasted less than a year!
Dyskolos
The only play by Menander to survive in near entirety. (Greek) A play by Menander. One of the only surviving examples of New Comedy.
komos
The greek word for festivity (comedy comes from this) Procession of revelers, dancers, muscians ritual revel Greek god of joy and revelry
shrine of Amun-Re
The history of the Karnak complex is largely the history of Thebes. The city does not appear to have been of any significance before the Eleventh Dynasty, and any temple building here would have been relatively small and unimportant, with any shrines being dedicated to the early god of Thebes, Montu.[1] The earliest artifact found in the area of the temple is a small, eight-sided column from the Eleventh Dynasty, which mentions Amun-Ra.[1] The tomb of Intef II mentions a 'house of Amun', which implies some structure, whether a shrine or a small temple is unknown.[1] The ancient name for Karnak, Ipet-Sut (usually translated as 'most select of places') only really refers to the central core structures of the Precinct of Amun-Ra, and was in use as early as the 11th Dynasty, again implying the presence of some form of temple before the Middle Kingdom expansion.[2
theatron
The word is from the Greek theatron, "a place of seeing."
mechane
Theatrical machine; a crane to which a cable with a harness for an actor was attached.
The Symposium
This book is about the nature of love Drinking party
Compare and contrast Greek tragedy and Greek comedy.
Tragedy: big themes of love, loss, pride, the abuse of power and the relationships between God and Man. Usually protagonist commits a huge crime without realizing how crazy he's been and then realizes his error and the world crumbles around him Comedy: Satirical, mocked men in power for their vanity and foolishness. While tragedies mainly occur on the battle field a comedy will occur in a bedroom or bathroom.
What are some of the basic plot/costume/character elements of a Greek tragedy? of a Greek comedy?
Tragedy: big themes of love, loss, pride, the abuse of power and the relationships between God and Man. Usually protagonist commits a huge crime without realizing how crazy he's been and then realizes his error and the world crumbles around him, Tragedies only have one actor and they wear a costume and a maskIn comedy: chorus was dressed differently, animal like Dates back to 6th century BC The world of Comedy: •Vituality is usually a major theme: food, drinks, sex •Focus on country life •Usually ends with a revel (often marriage) •Ritual abuse too: frequent attacks on politicians and celebrities
Tyre
Tyre was subsequently under the influence of Ptolemaic Egypt and in 200 became part of the Hellenistic Seleucid kingdom. It came under Roman rule in 64 bce and was renowned in Roman times for its textiles and for a purple dye extracted from sea snails of the genus Murex (the dye was said to be worth more than its weight in gold, and purple cloth became a symbol of wealth and of royalty). By the 2nd century ce it had a sizable Christian community, and the Christian scholar Origen was buried there (c. 254). Tyre was under Muslim rule from 638 to 1124, when it fell to the Crusaders, and until the 13th century it was a principal town of the kingdom of Jerusalem. The Holy Roman emperor Frederick I Barbarossa, who died on the Third Crusade, was buried in its 12th-century cathedral. Captured and destroyed by the Muslim Mamlūks in 1291, the town never recovered its former importance. The Phoenician capital city One of the Phoenicians' main cities
satyr play
a kind of farce intended to provide comic relief after the tragedies
phallus
a penis, specifically when erect. symbol of fertility for Dionysus
ekkyklema
a wheeled platform rolled out to take dead bodies off the stage.
Ptolemy
an Egyptian astronomer, mathematician, and geographer of Greek descent who flourished in Alexandria during the 2nd century ce. In several fields his writings represent the culminating achievement of Greco-Roman science, particularly his geocentric (Earth-centred) model of the universe now known as the Ptolemaic system.
Seleucid kingdom
an ancient empire that at its greatest extent stretched from Thrace in Europe to the border of India. It was carved out of the remains of Alexander the Great's Macedonian empire by its founder, Seleucus I Nicator. (See also Hellenistic Age.)
Amphipolis
ancient Greek city on the Strymon (Strimón) River about three miles from the Aegean Sea, in Macedonia. A strategic transportation centre, it controlled the bridge over the Strymon and the route from northern Greece to the Hellespont, including the western approach to the timber, gold, and silver of Mount Pangaeum in Thrace. Originally a Thracian town (Ennea Hodoi, "Nine Roads"), it was colonized by Athens in 437-436 bc. The Spartan Brasidas seized it in 424 and defeated the Athenian Cleon, who tried to recapture it in 422. It was officially returned to Athens by the Peace of Nicias (421) but actually remained independent, despite Athenian attempts to regain control (416 and 368-365). Philip II of Macedonia occupied it in 357, and it remained under Macedonian control until 168, when Rome made it a free city and also the headquarters of the Roman governor of Macedonia. Traces of ancient fortifications and a Roman aqueduct are on the city's site, which is occupied by the modern town of Amfípolis.
Plato
ancient Greek philosopher, student of Socrates (c. 470-399 bce), teacher of Aristotle (384-322 bce), and founder of the Academy, best known as the author of philosophical works of unparalleled influence.
eromenos
beloved/adolescent boy courted by older man with consent? a younger, non-bearded man the younger lover, the submissive beloved, passive, pursued, seduced in pederasty
2nd Athenian League
city states under Athenian leadership, created for fighting domination 378-355 B.C.; sought to secure territory south of Black Sea region to protect trade
Thucydides
greatest of ancient Greek historians and author of the History of the Peloponnesian War, which recounts the struggle between Athens and Sparta in the 5th century bc. His work was the first recorded political and moral analysis of a nation's war policies. Author of the Peloponnesian War Thought wars were fought for "honor, fear, and interest" Greek Historian that wrote about the Great Peloponnesian War
Scythian Archers
have been from Scythia have been archers, served as a police force, keeping order in public gatherings (the Council, the Assembly, and the Agora) and perhaps authorized to use force against citizens under certain circumstances.
Greek chorus
in the context of Ancient Greek tragedy, comedy, satyr plays, and modern works inspired by them, is a homogeneous, non-individualised group of performers, who comment with a collective voice on the dramatic action.
Aeschylus
is often recognized as the father of tragedy, and is the first of the three early Greek tragedians whose plays survive extant (the other two being Sophocles and Euripides). Wrote tragedies about the difficult choices men (not, in his view, women) have to make, and what happens as a result. His most famous plays are the three plays Agamemnon, the Libation Bearers, and the Eumenides.
strategos
is used in Greek to mean military general. In the Hellenistic world and the Byzantine Empire the term was also used to describe a military governor.
Diphilus
major poet of Greek New Comedy and a significant influence on the Roman playwrights Plautus and Terence.He is believed to have written more than 100 comedies, of which 137 fragments and 63 titles have survived. His themes often came from daily life (Painter, Parasite, etc.), although a play's title may not have referred directly to its characters or plot. (For example, Heracles was apparently about a man who wanted to imitate the hero.) Lived in Athens.
kinaidos
male who preferred to play a passive role seen as effeminate
Describe the rise (and fall) of Philip II of Macedon. What were his plans when he died?
o 382-336; ruled from 359-336 o eventually brought an end to the age of Hegemonies o Macedonia: Not exactly Greek, history undistinguished o War generals would go here to retire o Philip in charge as king: empire builder o Attacks and captures Amphipolis § Amphipolis has gold mines o Able to pay and buy army o Expansion o This pisses off the Athenians; ally o Not much of a threat though o Philip's new phalanx: shields smaller, spears twice as long o His spears will get to Greek army before Greek spears get to his army o Mercenaries o Philip subjugates all Greeks (saves Sparta) creates a new Hellenic (Greek) League- He's the leader o Announce a plan: The united Greeks will attack Persia! o Alas: Philip murdered at his wedding, summer 336 BC—Alexander (son) becomes king of Macedon. o Continues what father started
Describe some of the elements of the Athenian criminal justice system: officials, lawsuits and trials.
o Athenian Courts—juries between 200 to 6000 members o Magistrates held trials, probably involving medication of disputes o Prosecution was carried out by the victim or their associates usually, though anybody could bring a charge against anybody else no matter if they were actually wronged o Ancient law enforcement was based on self help-machinery was available for the victim to seek justice on their own initiative, burden was on the victim, which made it difficult for the poor to get justice o Law enforcement officials—the eleven, eleven men who ran the prisons in Athens o Agoranomi-kept order in the marketplace and made sure merchants were not cheating customers o Trials in Athens—A citizen would register with a magistrate, juries would be randomly selected, prosecutors went first and then were followed by the defense with no cross examination, decisions were made by a secret ballot immediately after the trial, the majority won and on a tie the defendant won, women were not allowed to sure/defend themselves, different trials had time limits on speeches, used water clocks to measure how much time the speaker had o Public vs. Private cases-two major distinctions, private is dispute between individuals that does not break public laws, smaller juries and penalties, penalties were paid to the prosecutor and there was no penalty for prosecuting someone, Public is a larger jury, steeper penalties, if the prosecutor gets less than 20% of the vote they were fined by the state, individuals had to take it upon themselves to sue someone for crimes against the public o Sentences-two types either trail dictated penalty or the two parties made a speech arguing the punishment and then the jury voted on it o Punishment-fines, stocks, loss of political rights, disenfranchisement, exile with or without confiscation of property, death, denied burial, burning down of house o Women and metics couldn't lose their citizenship o Slaves are usually executed for crimes that were serious enough to come to court or sentences to the mill o Leniency-for citizens drinking hemlock was seen as a semi human way to die, citizens on death row were allowed to escape and go into exile
When someone says "Classical Athens," what are they talking about? Why was it "classical?"
o The term classical Greece refers to the period between the Persian Wars at the beginning of the fifth century B.C and the death of Alex the Great. o The classical period was an era of war and conflict—first between the Greeks and the Persians, then between the Athenians and the Spartans o Classical Athens brought us demokratia—rule by the people
Describe the three different phases of Greek comedy. Which do we know the most about? the least?
o The three different phases of Greek Comedy are o Old Comedy, Middle Comedy, New Comedy o Old Comedy oComic hero is central, usually a lower-class man interested in self- gratification, but still fundamentally good · Devises a fantastic scheme based on his dissatisfaction with society · Hero is often opposed to chorus; fights with an authority figure in an Agon (a contest) · At end, typically some sort of triumph and/or celebration o Middle Comedy o end of 5th and much of the 4th century o offshoot of old comedy o No chorus and not political o Generalized objects of ridicule o Most plays mock myths, no full plays survive, some argue that later plays of Aristophanes are middle comedy o New Comedy o End of 4th century-3rd century o Drama concerns upper class people and everyday life o Also became more general since Greeks now live throughout the Mediterranean o Carries on into roman period o Chance money and coincidence plays a large part o Fate saves them in the end, the gods are very abstract if at all o Shakespeare derives from this comedy
pederasty
sex between older man and a younger man/boy, boy love
orchestra
the circular space used by the chorus in front of the proscenium in an ancient Greek theater. b :a corresponding semicircular space in a Roman theater used for seating important persons. 2 a :the space in front of the stage in a modern theater that is used by an orchestra.
Philip II
the father of Alexander the Great, Philip II of Macedon (reigned 359 BCE - 336 BCE) was an accomplished king and military commander in his own right, setting the stage for his son's victory over Darius III and the conquest of Persia. Was the king (Basileus) of the Ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon from 359 BC until his assassination in 336 BC.
City Dionysia
the feast of Dionysus Eleuthereus, was far the most splendid of the Bacchic festivals, and was therefore also called the Great Dionysia, or simply the Dionysia, without any additional epithet. It was held from the first within the precincts of the city, in the sacred enclosure of Eleuthereus on the south of the Acropolis, where the remains of the great Athenian theatre are still to be seen. Hence the origin of the name City Dionysia, to distinguish it from the Anthesteria and the Lenaea, which were celebrated, at any rate during the earliest period, in a district outside the walls. For the same reason a victory at the City Dionysia was described as a victory "in the city."
Oedipus the King
the most celebrated Greek tragedy ever written Play by Sophocles. Explores the idea of fate vs free will. King of Theles, tragic hero, kills father then marries his mother model tragedy
Menander
was a Hellenistic Greek dramatist. He was the best-known representative of Athenian New Comedy, and one of the favorite writers of antiquity, immensely popular in his own time and for many centuries afterwards. Unfortunately, very little of his work has survived the ravages of time.
Ptolemaic kingdom
was a Hellenistic kingdom based in Egypt. It was ruled by the Ptolemaic dynasty which started with Ptolemy I Soter's accession after the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and which ended with the death of Cleopatra VII and the Roman conquest in 30 BC. The Ptolemaic Kingdom was founded in 305 BC by Ptolemy I Soter, who declared himself Pharaoh of Egypt and created a powerful Hellenistic dynasty that ruled an area stretching from southern Syria to Cyrene and south to Nubia. Alexandria became the capital city and a major center of Greek culture and trade. To gain recognition by the native Egyptian populace, they named themselves the successors to the Pharaohs. The later Ptolemies took on Egyptian traditions by marrying their siblings, had themselves portrayed on public monuments in Egyptian style and dress, and participated in Egyptian religious life. The Ptolemies had to fight native rebellions and were involved in foreign and civil wars that led to the decline of the kingdom and its final annexation by Rome. Hellenistic culture continued to thrive in Egypt throughout the Roman and Byzantine periods until the Muslim conquest.
Pericles
was a prominent and influential Greek statesman, orator and general of Athens during the Golden Age—specifically the time between the Persian and Peloponnese wars.TEN STRATEGOI (PL.) WERE ELECTED EVERY YEAR: NOT CHOSEN BY LOT = PERICLES + HIS POLICIES WERE POPULAR UNDER PERICLES, ATHENS BECAME THE CENTER OF ARTS AND CULTURE IN GREECE
Lenaea
was an annual Athenian festival with a dramatic competition. It was one of the lesser festivals of Athens and Ionia in ancient Greece. The Lenaia took place in Athens in the month of Gamelion, roughly corresponding to January. The festival was in honour of Dionysos Lenaios.[1] "Lenaia" probably comes from "lenos" 'wine-press' or from "lenai", another name for the Maenads (the female worshippers of Dionysos). The Lenaia is depicted on numerous vases, which show both typical Maenad scenes and those of aristocrats and wine-mixing rituals. It is unknown exactly what kind of worship occurred at the festival, but it may have been in honor of Dionysus as a youth or the rebirth of Dionysus after his murder by the Cyclopes.[citation needed] It may have also had some connection with the Eleusinian Mysteries, as some of the same religious officials were involved (such as the Archon basileus and the epimeletai). These officials led the procession (pompe - πομπή), which probably ended with a sacrifice of some kind.
Euripides
was the last of the three great tragedians of classical Greece (the other two being Aeschylus and Sophocles). Largely due to an accident of history, eighteen of Euripides' ninety-five plays have survived in a complete form, along with fragments (some substantial) of many of his other plays. He is known primarily for having reshaped the formal structure of traditional Greek tragedy by showing strong female characters and intelligent slaves, and by satirizing many heroes of Greek mythology. He is considered to be the most socially critical of all the ancient Greek tragedians, and his plays seem quite modern in comparison with those of his contemporaries.
Aristophanes
was the most famous writer of Old Comedy plays in ancient Greece and his surviving works are the only examples of that style. The surviving plays of Aristophanes, in chronological order spanning a period from 425 to 388 BCE, are: "The Acharnians", "The Knights", "The Clouds", "The Wasps", "Peace", "The Birds", "Lysistrata", "Thesmophoriazusae", "The Frogs", "Ecclesiazusae" and "Plutus (Wealth)".
The 400
was the result of a revolution that took place during the Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta. The coup overthrew the democratic government of ancient Athens and replaced it with a short-lived oligarchy known as The Four Hundred. In the wake of the fiscal crisis caused by the failed Sicilian Expedition of the Athenian military in 413 BCE. Some high-status Athenian men, who for long had disliked the broad-based democracy of the city-state, sought to establish an oligarchy of the elite. They believed that they could manage foreign, fiscal, and war policies better than the existing government.[1] The movement toward oligarchy was led by a number of prominent and wealthy Athenians, who held positions of power in the Athenian army at Samos in coordination with Alcibiades.
List and describe some of the major battles of the expedition of Alexander the Great.Were Alexander's conquests great successes or great failures? Defend your answer.
~~First Major Battle:~~ · Granscus, River 334 BC · First encounter with Persian force, not entire Persian army. o Army of Satrap of Sardis o Marches north to confront Alexander's army · Alexander= 30,000 men and 5,000 cavalry) vs Satrap (40,000 men) · Macedonian cavalry wins the day, alexander then dismisses his fleet ~~Battle of Issus 333 BC~~ · First time Persian kind Darius gets involved with fighting · Alexander defeats Persian King Darius III, outnumbered Macedonians had tactical advantage: Issus was in a narrow spot o Persians flee ~~Capture of Phoenicia and Tyre; builds a mole~~ · Tyre famous: old Phoenician city, effective sailor, · Port city and problem for Alexander · Heavily fortified ~~Battle of Gaugamela: 331 BC~~ · Most important victory, against 1 million men??!! · Alexander capture Babylon and susa · Chariots and knifes · Elephants