Exercise Physiology Test 1 Dillon
Hormone receptors can increase (______________) or decrease (______________)
upregulation downregulation
Micronutrients
vitamins minerals
ADH promotes _______ retention in the kidney
water
Examples of Steroid Hormones: (4)
- Adrenal cortex - Ovaries - Testes - Placenta
ATP Molecules have three parts: (3)
- An adenine molecule - A ribose molecule - Three phosphate molecules in a chain
Nonsteroid Hormones
- Protein or peptide and amino acid-derived - Not lipid soluble
The two primary hormones involved in the regulation of fluid balance are
ADH aldosterone
During intense short-duration muscular effort, the body relies mostly on carbohydrate to generate _______
ATP
Gastric Juices: ________ (pH 1.5-2.5) (HCl) ________ - an enzyme that breaks down large proteins into amino acids - Food is further broken down into a thin liquid called __________
Acidic Pepsin chyme
___________ are larger molecules that are made from smaller ones
Anabolism
Two types (2) of metabolic reactions:
Anabolism Catabolism
___________ significantly affect metabolism
Hormones
Process by which organisms obtain and utilize their food
Nutrition
Proteins must be broken down to their basic units - _________ __________ - to be used for energy
amino acids
Saliva has: (4)
amylase mucin buffers anti-bacterial chemicals
Hormones travel ________ from the cells that secrete them and specifically affect the ________ of other cells and organs
away signals
Each cell contains pathways that convert these substrates to useable energy, a process called ___________
bioenergetics
Hormones are secreted directly into the ________ and act as chemical ________ to their target cells
blood signals
At rest, the body uses _______________ and _______ almost equally for energy
carbohydrates fat
Glycogen is stored in the ___________ of muscle cells, where it can be quickly used to form ATP
cytoplasm
The glycolytic system occurs in the ___________
cytoplasm
Structure of Small Intestine _________ = most digestion _________ = absorption of nutrients & water _________ = absorption of nutritions & water
duodenum jejunum ileum
The oxidative system can yield much more __________ than anaerobic systems
energy (ATP)
Angiotensin II increases ___________ resistance, increasing _________ pressure
peripheral blood
This response enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus. May exhibit a cascade or amplifying effect
positive feedback
Fluid balance during exercise is critical for optimal _________, _____________, and ______________ function
metabolic cardiovascular thermoregulatory
Aldosterone is a _______________ hormone
mineralcorticoid
Oxidative production of ATP occurs in the ___________
mitochondria
Hormonal Secretions are primarily controlled by __________ feedback mechanisms
negative
Hormone secretion is regulated by ___________ ___________
negative feedback
The response that reduces or shuts off the original stimulus is the _____________ ______________
negative feedback
We burn glucose in a process called _________
oxidation
The oxidative system uses __________ to generate energy from metabolic fuels
oxygen (aerobic)
Glycolysis does not require ________________________
oxygen (anaerobic)
Macronutrients
proteins, lipids & carbohydrates
Hormone secretions are precisely ____________
regulated
The kidneys strongly influence the maintenance of plasma volume and blood pressure regulation through the release of _______
renin
When plasma volume or blood pressure decreases, the kidneys release _______, which converts _________________ to ________________ I, which later becomes ________________ II
renin angiotensinogen angiotensin I angiotensin II
Renin initiates the _____-_____________-______________ mechanism
renin-angotensin-aldosterone
Hormones can be _________-________ or may last for ________
short-lived days
The oxidative system is ______ to turn on
slow
Most chemical digestion takes place in the _________ __________
small intestine
Angiotensin II triggers the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex, which promotes __________ reabsorption in the kidney
sodium
2 types of hormones:
steroid nonsteroid
Mouth (2): Mechanical digestion - Chemical digestion -
teeth saliva
Decrease in the number of available receptors
Downregulation
___________ is the capacity to change something; it is the ability to do work
Energy
Examples of positive feedback
Enhancement of labor contractions by oxytocin Platelet plug formation and blood clotting
- _________ is the flap of cartilage - Closes ____________ when swallowing - Food travels down ____________
Epiglottis ; trachea (windpipe) ; esophagus
Promotes glycogenolysis (2)
Epinephrine, Norephinephrine
____________ may enhance insulin's binding to receptors on the muscle fiber, reducing the need for high concentrations of plasma insulin to transport _________
Exercise glucose
__________ provide energy during prolonged, low-intensity activity
Fats
In the stomach: __________ ___________ are secreted _______________ and ______________ breaks down food
Gastric juices Mechanically chemically
Promotes liver glycogen breakdown and glucose formation from amino acids
Glucagon
Excess glucose is stored as: (3)
Glycogen (primarily by liver and muscle cells) Fats Converted to amino acids
_______________ is the process by which glycogen is synthesized from glucose to be stored in the liver or muscle
Glycogenesis
_____________ is the process by which glycogen is broken down into glucose - 1 - phosphate to be used for energy production
Glycogenolysis
____________ is the breakdown of glucose; it may be anaerobic or aerobic
Glycolysis
Common forms of Energy: (6)
Heat Light Sound Electrical energy Mechanical energy Chemical energy
Nonsteroid Hormone examples: (2)
- Thyroid gland - Adrenal medulla
Dehydration synthesis: (3) - Type of _________ process - Used to make _________________, _________________, and ___________ - Produce __________
- anabolic - polysaccharides, triglycerides, and proteins - water
Hormonal Control - Hormones are secreted into the _______ and then circulate to target cells where they bind to ________ on the target tissue - Steroid hormones pass through the _______ _______________ to bind with receptors in the cell to directly activate genes causing _________ ____________ - Nonsteroid hormones bind to receptors in the cell membrane and activate __________ ___________ _____________ which trigger numerous cellular processes
- blood ; receptors - cell membrane ; protein synthesis - second messenger systems
Steroid Hormones: - formed from _____________ - ________ soluble - capable of direct ________ activation - receptors are in the ____________ or in the __________ - ________ activation promotes protein synthesis
- cholesterol - lipid - gene - cytoplasm,nucleus - mRNA
Lipolysis is hormonally controlled during exercise by: (5)
- decreased insulin - epinephrine - norepinephrine - cortisol - growth hormone
Aldosterone secretion is stimulated by:
- decreased plasma sodium - decreased blood volume - decreased pressure - increased plasma potassium concentration
Nonsteroid Hormones trigger a series of intracellular events through second messenger systems, (5): - Activates cellular ____________ - Changes membrane _________________ - Promotes ____________ synthesis - ______________ cellular metabolism - ____________ cellular secretions
- enzymes - permeability - protein - changes - stimulates
Disturbance of homeostasis: - ____________ risk of disease - contributes to changes associated with __________ - may allow destructive ____________ feedback mechanisms to take over
- increase - aging - positive
The endocrine system plays a major role
- regulates electrolyte balance - antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - aldosterone
Hydrolysis: (3) - Water is used to ________ the substance - Reverse of _____________ synthesis - Water is the ________________ solvent
- split - dehydration - UNIVERSAL
1 mole of ATP per __ mole of PCr
1
The glycolytic system requires ____ - _____ enzymatic reactions to break down glycogen to lactic acid, producing ATP
10-12
1 mole of glucose produces ___ moles of ATP
2
ATP - PCr and glycolysis provide the energy for ____ - ___ min of all-out activity
2-4
1 mole of glycogen produces ___ moles of ATP
3
What is produced from Glycolysis: - ___ gross ATP - ___ net ATP - ___ pyruvate - ___ NADH
4,2,2,2
Nutrients from foods are the substrates for metabolism and are provided and stored as: (3)
Carbohydrates Fat Protein
____________ are larger molecules that are broken down into smaller ones
Catabolism
Small Intestine Functions
Chemical digestion - major organ of digestion & absorption Absorption through lining - over 6 meters
Promotes protein catablism
Cortisol
The breakdown of food (either chemically or mechanically) in order to utilize nutrients
Digestion
Process of taking food into digestive system so that it may be hydrolized or digested
Ingestion
Two parts of nutrition:
Ingestion Digestion
___________ ____________ - all chemical reactions that occur in the body.
Metabolic process
Involuntary muscle contractions to move food along
Peristalsis
____________ insulin concentrations decrease during prolonged submaximal exercise
Plasma
Examples of Negative Feedback
Regulation of body temperature Regulation of blood volume by ADH
Increase in the number of available receptors
Upregulation
Functions of Stomach: (4)
food storage disinfect food chemical digestion pepsin
Protein can be used as a minor source of energy, but it must be converted to glucose via __________
glucogenesis
dietary carbs are converted to _________
glucose
Glucose concentration during exercise is a balance between _________ uptake by the exercising muscles and its release by the ________
glucose liver
Glucose is taken up by muscles and liver and converted to the complex sugar molecule called ________
glycogen
Without oxygen present in Glycolysis, pyruvic acid becomes ____________ ____________.
lactic acid
Glycogen is also stored in the _______, where it is converted back to glucose
liver