Exercise Physiology Test 1 Dillon

Hormone receptors can increase (______________) or decrease (______________)

upregulation downregulation

Micronutrients

vitamins minerals

ADH promotes _______ retention in the kidney

water

Examples of Steroid Hormones: (4)

- Adrenal cortex - Ovaries - Testes - Placenta

ATP Molecules have three parts: (3)

- An adenine molecule - A ribose molecule - Three phosphate molecules in a chain

Nonsteroid Hormones

- Protein or peptide and amino acid-derived - Not lipid soluble

The two primary hormones involved in the regulation of fluid balance are

ADH aldosterone

During intense short-duration muscular effort, the body relies mostly on carbohydrate to generate _______

ATP

Gastric Juices: ________ (pH 1.5-2.5) (HCl) ________ - an enzyme that breaks down large proteins into amino acids - Food is further broken down into a thin liquid called __________

Acidic Pepsin chyme

___________ are larger molecules that are made from smaller ones

Anabolism

Two types (2) of metabolic reactions:

Anabolism Catabolism

___________ significantly affect metabolism

Hormones

Process by which organisms obtain and utilize their food

Nutrition

Proteins must be broken down to their basic units - _________ __________ - to be used for energy

amino acids

Saliva has: (4)

amylase mucin buffers anti-bacterial chemicals

Hormones travel ________ from the cells that secrete them and specifically affect the ________ of other cells and organs

away signals

Each cell contains pathways that convert these substrates to useable energy, a process called ___________

bioenergetics

Hormones are secreted directly into the ________ and act as chemical ________ to their target cells

blood signals

At rest, the body uses _______________ and _______ almost equally for energy

carbohydrates fat

Glycogen is stored in the ___________ of muscle cells, where it can be quickly used to form ATP

cytoplasm

The glycolytic system occurs in the ___________

cytoplasm

Structure of Small Intestine _________ = most digestion _________ = absorption of nutrients & water _________ = absorption of nutritions & water

duodenum jejunum ileum

The oxidative system can yield much more __________ than anaerobic systems

energy (ATP)

Angiotensin II increases ___________ resistance, increasing _________ pressure

peripheral blood

This response enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus. May exhibit a cascade or amplifying effect

positive feedback

Fluid balance during exercise is critical for optimal _________, _____________, and ______________ function

metabolic cardiovascular thermoregulatory

Aldosterone is a _______________ hormone

mineralcorticoid

Oxidative production of ATP occurs in the ___________

mitochondria

Hormonal Secretions are primarily controlled by __________ feedback mechanisms

negative

Hormone secretion is regulated by ___________ ___________

negative feedback

The response that reduces or shuts off the original stimulus is the _____________ ______________

negative feedback

We burn glucose in a process called _________

oxidation

The oxidative system uses __________ to generate energy from metabolic fuels

oxygen (aerobic)

Glycolysis does not require ________________________

oxygen (anaerobic)

Macronutrients

proteins, lipids & carbohydrates

Hormone secretions are precisely ____________

regulated

The kidneys strongly influence the maintenance of plasma volume and blood pressure regulation through the release of _______

renin

When plasma volume or blood pressure decreases, the kidneys release _______, which converts _________________ to ________________ I, which later becomes ________________ II

renin angiotensinogen angiotensin I angiotensin II

Renin initiates the _____-_____________-______________ mechanism

renin-angotensin-aldosterone

Hormones can be _________-________ or may last for ________

short-lived days

The oxidative system is ______ to turn on

slow

Most chemical digestion takes place in the _________ __________

small intestine

Angiotensin II triggers the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex, which promotes __________ reabsorption in the kidney

sodium

2 types of hormones:

steroid nonsteroid

Mouth (2): Mechanical digestion - Chemical digestion -

teeth saliva

Decrease in the number of available receptors

Downregulation

___________ is the capacity to change something; it is the ability to do work

Energy

Examples of positive feedback

Enhancement of labor contractions by oxytocin Platelet plug formation and blood clotting

- _________ is the flap of cartilage - Closes ____________ when swallowing - Food travels down ____________

Epiglottis ; trachea (windpipe) ; esophagus

Promotes glycogenolysis (2)

Epinephrine, Norephinephrine

____________ may enhance insulin's binding to receptors on the muscle fiber, reducing the need for high concentrations of plasma insulin to transport _________

Exercise glucose

__________ provide energy during prolonged, low-intensity activity

Fats

In the stomach: __________ ___________ are secreted _______________ and ______________ breaks down food

Gastric juices Mechanically chemically

Promotes liver glycogen breakdown and glucose formation from amino acids

Glucagon

Excess glucose is stored as: (3)

Glycogen (primarily by liver and muscle cells) Fats Converted to amino acids

_______________ is the process by which glycogen is synthesized from glucose to be stored in the liver or muscle

Glycogenesis

_____________ is the process by which glycogen is broken down into glucose - 1 - phosphate to be used for energy production

Glycogenolysis

____________ is the breakdown of glucose; it may be anaerobic or aerobic

Glycolysis

Common forms of Energy: (6)

Heat Light Sound Electrical energy Mechanical energy Chemical energy

Nonsteroid Hormone examples: (2)

- Thyroid gland - Adrenal medulla

Dehydration synthesis: (3) - Type of _________ process - Used to make _________________, _________________, and ___________ - Produce __________

- anabolic - polysaccharides, triglycerides, and proteins - water

Hormonal Control - Hormones are secreted into the _______ and then circulate to target cells where they bind to ________ on the target tissue - Steroid hormones pass through the _______ _______________ to bind with receptors in the cell to directly activate genes causing _________ ____________ - Nonsteroid hormones bind to receptors in the cell membrane and activate __________ ___________ _____________ which trigger numerous cellular processes

- blood ; receptors - cell membrane ; protein synthesis - second messenger systems

Steroid Hormones: - formed from _____________ - ________ soluble - capable of direct ________ activation - receptors are in the ____________ or in the __________ - ________ activation promotes protein synthesis

- cholesterol - lipid - gene - cytoplasm,nucleus - mRNA

Lipolysis is hormonally controlled during exercise by: (5)

- decreased insulin - epinephrine - norepinephrine - cortisol - growth hormone

Aldosterone secretion is stimulated by:

- decreased plasma sodium - decreased blood volume - decreased pressure - increased plasma potassium concentration

Nonsteroid Hormones trigger a series of intracellular events through second messenger systems, (5): - Activates cellular ____________ - Changes membrane _________________ - Promotes ____________ synthesis - ______________ cellular metabolism - ____________ cellular secretions

- enzymes - permeability - protein - changes - stimulates

Disturbance of homeostasis: - ____________ risk of disease - contributes to changes associated with __________ - may allow destructive ____________ feedback mechanisms to take over

- increase - aging - positive

The endocrine system plays a major role

- regulates electrolyte balance - antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - aldosterone

Hydrolysis: (3) - Water is used to ________ the substance - Reverse of _____________ synthesis - Water is the ________________ solvent

- split - dehydration - UNIVERSAL

1 mole of ATP per __ mole of PCr

1

The glycolytic system requires ____ - _____ enzymatic reactions to break down glycogen to lactic acid, producing ATP

10-12

1 mole of glucose produces ___ moles of ATP

2

ATP - PCr and glycolysis provide the energy for ____ - ___ min of all-out activity

2-4

1 mole of glycogen produces ___ moles of ATP

3

What is produced from Glycolysis: - ___ gross ATP - ___ net ATP - ___ pyruvate - ___ NADH

4,2,2,2

Nutrients from foods are the substrates for metabolism and are provided and stored as: (3)

Carbohydrates Fat Protein

____________ are larger molecules that are broken down into smaller ones

Catabolism

Small Intestine Functions

Chemical digestion - major organ of digestion & absorption Absorption through lining - over 6 meters

Promotes protein catablism

Cortisol

The breakdown of food (either chemically or mechanically) in order to utilize nutrients

Digestion

Process of taking food into digestive system so that it may be hydrolized or digested

Ingestion

Two parts of nutrition:

Ingestion Digestion

___________ ____________ - all chemical reactions that occur in the body.

Metabolic process

Involuntary muscle contractions to move food along

Peristalsis

____________ insulin concentrations decrease during prolonged submaximal exercise

Plasma

Examples of Negative Feedback

Regulation of body temperature Regulation of blood volume by ADH

Increase in the number of available receptors

Upregulation

Functions of Stomach: (4)

food storage disinfect food chemical digestion pepsin

Protein can be used as a minor source of energy, but it must be converted to glucose via __________

glucogenesis

dietary carbs are converted to _________

glucose

Glucose concentration during exercise is a balance between _________ uptake by the exercising muscles and its release by the ________

glucose liver

Glucose is taken up by muscles and liver and converted to the complex sugar molecule called ________

glycogen

Without oxygen present in Glycolysis, pyruvic acid becomes ____________ ____________.

lactic acid

Glycogen is also stored in the _______, where it is converted back to glucose

liver