Classics 11A: Sports and Spectacle: Final Format

Wrestling

●Matches decided by 3 out of 5 falls or submission ●Unethical practices were common ○Neck oiling ○Finger breaking ●Cheating was punished by flogging ●Ruled by large men due to lack of weight classification

Temple of Apollo at Delphi

--First built (of wood) in 7th century BCE --Reconstructed (in stone) in 6th century and again ca 330 BCE Doric style temple (6x15)--mythological decorative program included arrival of Apollo in Delphi--contains "omphalos"

Tokyo Olympic Scandals

1) Allegations of bribery regarding Tokyo's bid for the Olympics Wired money to people who were deciding the host city→ they WANTED to be the host city 2) Russia was targeting to cyber attack the 2020 Olympic Games in Tokyo... according to the US and Britain

(Civil) Religion and Sports at odds(?): Ethical Dilemmas

1968 Olympics: Tommie Smith and John Carlos raise their arms in Black Power salute-- no shoes worn as sign of impoverished state of black America-- Smith's black scarf was tribute to racial pride-- Carlos' beads were for those who had been lynched or killed-- both were suspended from the Olympics

Olympics and Paralympics relation

1980: The Summer Games in Arnhem, Netherlands was branded as "Olympics for the Disabled." 1983: Disabled sports movement becomes apart of the Olympic movement; Gains International Olympic Committee (IOC) patronage and financial assistance for Games to come; Still called International Games for the Disabled 1 984: The term "Paralympic Games" approved by the IOC (not used until 1988 Paralympics); Close relationship between IOC and ICC; Summer and Winter Olympics and Paralympics Games hosts at same location from here on *** The first paralympic games were wheelchair games held in Rome in 1960→ Took decades for the Paralympic games to establish their name and identity→ started as archery contests for injured veterans→ Ludwig Guttman wanted to make it an international games→ 1960 first Paralympci games → Guttman worked for years trying to establish these games→ The Olympics and Paralympics are now closely tied occuring at the same venues nearly immediately after the Olympics → 1976 was the first year wheelchairs weren't the only disability to compete in the games Ludwig Guttman was the driving force 960-1972 there were only wheelchair games 1976 everyone could compete who had a disability

Torch relay

A flame burned permanently on the altar of the goddess Hestia, and such fires were also lit on the altars of Zeus and Hera, in front of whose temple the Olympic flame is lit today. Like the messengers who proclaimed the sacred Olympic truce, the runners who carry the Olympic flame carry a message of peace on their journey. -------------------------- For the Summer Games, the first Olympic torch relay was in 1936. Reviving the idea of the torch races in Ancient Greece, the Secretary General of the Organising Committee for the Games in Berlin, Carl Diem, proposed that a flame be lit at Olympia and then relayed on foot to Berlin. That year, more than 3,000 athletes from seven countries took part in the relay. For the Winter Games, the first Torch relay was at the 1952 Games in Oslo. It did not begin in Olympia, Greece, but in the Morgedal valley in Norway. It is only since the 1964 Games in Innsbruck that the relay has started in Olympia. A few months before the opening of the Olympic Games, a flame is lit at Olympia, in Greece. --------------------------- The location recalls the link between the Ancient Olympic Games and their modern counterpart. From there, the Flame is carried for a number of weeks to the host city, mainly on foot by runners, but also using other forms of transport. Throughout the Torch relay, the flame announces the Olympic Games and spreads a message of peace and friendship between peoples. The Torch relay ends at the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games. The final runner (or sometimes runners) enters the stadium and lights the cauldron with the Olympic flame. The Games can then begin!

Pentathlon

A test for the all-round athlete 5 events: jumping, javelin, running, and wrestling, held in that order during the course of one afternoon Boys pentathlon introduced at olympia in 628 BCE

what it means to win an ancient Olympic event (what happens after?)

Ancient games prizes: ■ Garland- olives ● From a specific scared olive tree behind the temple of Zeus ○ Cut by a young boy with both parents still living ■ Party ■ Statue ● Hometown or Olympia (outside the temple of Zeus) ■ Able to dine for life at home ■ Sums of money ■ Grand funeral ------------------------ A boy with 2 parents picks the leaves for the victory crown After winning an Olympic event the victor is given a wreath for honor over material award Placement of Victory statues are right in the center of Olympia→ unifying all Greek City States However, when the victor returns home they received cash prizes, free meals, and a victory parade

other sites at Olympia (apodyterion, bouleuterion, hippodrome, etc.)

Athletes (might) sleep in Leonidaion, practice in gymnasium and palaestra (wrestling facility), then prepare in apodyterion (changing room) ○ Olympia was a sanctuary NOT a city ■ Has always been connected to the cult of Zeus ○ Apodyterion- changing room ○ Bouleuterion - assembly house for legislators ○ Hippodrome - horse racing event space ○ Leonidaion- where athletes might sleep ○ Gymnasium- where athletes might practice ○ Palaestra- wrestling facility ○ Krypte- arched ceremonial tunnel ------------------------ Hippodrome: Housed the equestrian events at Olympia→ Southeast and parallel to the stadium Apodyterium: A changing room of officials and Olympic athletes → between the back wall of the Stoa of Echo and the Stadium embankment Bouleuterion: Council house, the place where the athletes would take their oath. An assembly house for local legislatures and other meetings→ Athletes swore sacred oaths here in front of the statues of Zeus Horkios→ another name for Bouleuterion was "council house" Aphesis: Starting gates that held up to 20 chariots → was arranged like a prow of a ship Kampteres: Holes for turning posts → indicate lanes for 20 runners

Panathenaic amphora

Background info: ● Greek prizes evolved ● Prizes of material and symbolic value ● Panathenaic prizes were given to to reward victors and to promote the interests of the state ○ Earn honor and fame About the Panathenaic Amphora: ● Filled with sacred olive oil ○ Significant because olive oil was an export that was uniquely found in Athens (famous) ○ Athena had given athens the gift of the olive tree (according to myth) ○ Given in large quantities -> promotes oil exportation and stimulation of the pottery industry ● Decorated with art ○ Images of a warlike Athena ○ Prize inscription ("one of the prizes of Athens") ■ Athens wanted to ensure its donor-honor ○ Equestrian events ○ Doric columns ○ Combination of images of Athena as the goddess of Athens was a graphic evocation of civic identity and pride ● "Masterpieces of art and communication" ● Panathenaic Amphora was a display of wealth ○ Athens could afford to host the games ● Branded Athens as powerful, divinely favored, and wealthy ------------------------ Giant vases that could hold 10 gallons of olive oil. They were an innovative development as civic, self-declaratory prizes of material and symbolize value → The oil was very valuable. Showed Athens wealth→ you could sell it for a lot of $$

Paralympic Games evolution (group presentation)

Beginning of the Games 1948: - Two teams of paraplegics compete in an archery demonstration at Stoke Mandeville - Date coincided with opening ceremony of the London Olympic Games, 35 miles away - Attempt to capitalize on the Olympic name 1949: - Second incarnation of the games described as the "Grand Festival of Paraplegic Sport" - Located patients to other spinal units around the country to grow the games 1952: - Games become international when a team of four paraplegics from the Netherlands attended the Games 1956: - 18 nations attended the Games with a total of 21 different nations that had competed since 1952 1960: - Stoke Mandeville Games were held a few weeks after the 1960 Games in Rome - 400 athletes from 23 countries - First "paralympic" games 1964: - First appearance of the term "paralympics" at Tokyo games - Debut of wheelchair racing Continuing to grow: In 1968, the Summer Games were held in Israel - They struggled to host their games in the same city as the Olympics, Mexico city, due to financial constraints and access problems with facility Then in 1975, the Stoke Mandeville Games had an altercation with the IOC (International Olympic Committee) over their use of the term "Olympiad" - IOC claims there was misunderstanding after Guttmann gave reason to why they should be aloud to use the term In 1976 the first Winter Stoke Mandeville Games were held in Sweden The 1976, the Summer Games were held in Toronto Canada while the Olympics were held in Montreal - They now included athletes with other disabilities including blind athletes - The name had to shift from the Stoke Mandeville Games to a broader name (Stoke Games were created with a majority of their athletes dealing with spinal injuries)

Amateurism vs. Professionalism

British aristocrats begin the Amateur Athletic Club, in opposition to Brookes' open Olympics British aristocrats thought only amateurs should compete Amature atheltes: mechanics, artistiants, laborers, (fields of work that would make them physically stronger Professional athletes: Their definition of an amateur athlete: men who were "mechanics, artisans, or laborers" were de facto "Professionals," barred from all athletic contests (Young, p. 147) Amateurism was reserved for "gentlemen" 19th Century British views of amateurism & professionalism to Galen: -Athletes were worshipped by kings - But... Can you make a living from being an athlete? - You can't be an athlete forever - Spend too much time practicing - No more income if you get injured - Athletes are "God-like" to kids today - Galen compares athletes to pigs, "at least pigs don't force feed themselves" - Athletes gain wealth - Galen thought they weren't productive members of society

Chariot-races

Chariot-races ○Associated with the passing of the dead into Hades○Took place during the Mycenaean period ○Two types: ■Tethrippon: teams of four horses ■Synoris: teams of two horses

Are sports an appropriate platform to bring to light and/or fight injustices? Why/why not?

Civil religion is a religion not of salvation but of the good society...Civil religious discourse emerges when people and groups define and defend the values that they believe transcend individual interests and contribute to the common good" (Remillard, p.14)

Long Jump

Only type of jumping contest in Greek athletics The greeks used weights called halters

Archaic Period (800-480 BCE): Foreign Invasions

PERSIA: takes over Greek city-states in Asia Minor2 invasions: 1) Darius: ends in 490 BCE: Battle of Marathon 2) Xerxes: defeated in 480/479 after battles of Thermopylae, Salamis, Plataea--sack of Athens in 480 BCE

Pierre Coubertin is heralded as the father of the modern Olympic Games. Was Coubertin truly an Olympic visionary or a master manipulator? Consider the contributions of people such as Panagiotis Soutsos, W.P. Brookes, and Evangelos Zappas in your answer.

Coubertin's extraordinary energies, his taste for cultural symbolism, his social and political connections, and his willingness to exhaust his fortune in pursuit of his ambitions were critical to launching the Olympic movement. As Mandell pointed out, Coubertin had little contact with athletes, but he was superb at convincing bureaucrats and wealthy supporters that the Olympics were a worthy cause. The fact that he was an energetic and optimistic member of the nobility made it hard for them to refuse. He organized banquets and assemblies at which he prodded them to take action. He presented his new Olympic Committee as a strong and growing organization worthy of their support Inspired by the enthusiasm for new archeological discoveries in Olympia, Greece, Pierre suggested the idea of reviving the Olympic Games at the annual USFSA meeting. His speech garnered applause, but little commitment to the idea he was advocating, since he was not the first who had proposed it Baron Pierre de Coubertin, a French educator, is honored as the man who introduced the plan to revive the Olympics. Under his exacting direction, the International Olympic Committee was formed in June of 1894. The Baron de Coubertin was heavily involved in all aspects of the Games' inception and presided personally over the Olympic Committee for some 30 years. He is responsible for writing the Olympic Charter and Protocol, the Athletes' Oath, and the guidelines for the opening and closing ceremonies of the Games. In accordance with his desires, his heart remains interred at Olympia, Greece, in a monument that commemorates the Olympics' renewal. Coubertin - Baron Pierre de Coubertin was a French educator and historian, founder of the International Olympic Committee. He is known as the father of the modern Olympic Games. Soutsos - Panagiotis Soutsos was a Greek poet, novelist and journalist. He planted the ancient olive seed of the modern olympic revival. Soutos wanted to revive the Olympic games to help restore ancient Greece and its glory. Zappas - Evangelis Zappas was a veteran of the Greek War of Independence. He was also a philanthropist. He was a sponsor for the revival of the Olympics in Athens. Brookes - William Penny Brookes was an English doctor and surgeon. He sponsored the Wenlock Olympic Games. He was known for his promotion of physical education which connected him to Coubertin.

Hippias (wrote list to determine date of olympics)

Created an Olympic victor list that was once trusted for chronology. His victor list is now seen as unreliable because we don't know how he got the names of the victors Gathered names from oral traditions and poetry, not from reliable archival lists Hippias gathered names of winners from oral tradition, but his claim that the first Olympics were held in 776 BCE was unfounded

Other Ancient Greek Festivals and Games

Delphi: Pythian Games(near) Corinth: Isthmian GamesNemea: Nemean Games Cycle:July/Aug: Olympic Games (e.g., 480 BCE)July/Aug 479: Nemean GamesApril/May 478: Isthmian GamesJuly/Aug 478: Pythian Games July/Aug 477: Nemean GamesApril/May 476: Isthmian GamesJuly

86 BCE: Delphi adopts athletic program (1st Pythian games)

Delphic Games (16 total events)For men: ●Three footraces ●Pentathlon ●Boxing, wrestling, pankration ●Horseback riding (keles) For boys: ●Three footraces ●Pentathlon (didn't eliminate) ●Boxing Olympic games (13 total events) For men: ●Three footraces ●Pentathlon ●Boxing, wrestling, pankration ●Equestrian: chariot, riding For boys: ●Stadion ●Pentathlon (eliminated) ●Boxing and wrestling

Discus Throwing

Discus-throwing: The Greeks throwing a flat object, and included in ancient Olympic games Discus made of bronze - Discus= 1.5-6.5 kg Stone throwing → Record stone throw was 316 Lb Although stone-throwing bears some similarities to modern shot-putting it was not included in the ancient Olympic Games, whereas discus-throwing was.

Prayer in Sports: Mark Jackson and Doc Rivers

Doc Rivers: during his first season with the Orlando Magic in 1999, the team would take a pregame prayer. Rivers noticed that one of his players, Tariq Abdul-Wahad, was uncomfortable with the prayer because he was Muslim (different style of prayer. Rivers told the team that the all-team prayer needed to stop, but individual prayer would be allowed. Instead Rivers gave his players a minute to close their eyes and pray to whatever god they believed in Mark Jackson: Golden State Warriors minister. Is very open about religion/spirituality with players. Made special effort to take those who wanted to attend Easter service before practice. --------------- Steve Kerr's thoughts on religion: "I'm not an overly religious person, I'm a spiritual person," Kerr said, "and holidays are a great time to reflect and remind each other that regardless of race, color, creed, gender, political preference, religious preference, it's important for everybody to just try to bring some joy to the world, extend some good will, and today's a good reminder of that....We're playing a game today, great competition, our fans are going to be excited, we're so lucky to be in this building, live the lives that we do, and today's a good day to extend a hand and help somebody out there. Thanks." (SF Chronicle, 4/16/17: Easter Sunday)

problems of Olympia site

From the beginning Olympia was a sanctuary, NOT a city Has always been connected to the cult of Zeus ○ Likelihood of sunstroke, given that athletes competed in the blazing hot sun at the hottest time of the year ○ Flies and mosquitos ○ Food-poisoning and infection from a likely contaminated water-supply ○ Risk from being struck by a javelin or discus ----------------------- The first problem of the site of Olympia was its location Olympia was remote and it took athletes a toll on athletes who weren't used to walking long distances For a while the Ancient Greeks struggled with sanitary issues The visitors of Olympia used french like latrines (toilets)which attracted all kinds of bugs and outbreaks There was also a lack of water because of how dry it got in Olympia in the summer

Paralympic training (group presentation)

Full time job: Recognition, funding, and knowledge about Paralympic sporting events have all increased in recent years ★ Paralympic competitors are no longer working regular 9-5 jobs and then competing for fun and leisure when they have the time ★ In terms of commitment and desire, there is no difference between the Paralympics and the Olympics Jimmy Sides Team USA Paralympic Snowboarder- "It's not just five months on the snow and then you go home and kick back and drink mai tais on the beach. We're in the gym every day Monday through Friday in the summer getting strong, eating right, getting enough sleep, staying healthy, staying active to perform." Specialized trainers: Many countries have invested in specialized trainers and resources for their Paralympic athletes Determination: Wheelchair racers still found a way to compete and train during the pandemic ★ Boston Marathon Is 26.2 mile virtual Zoom race *** Athletes train every day Monday-Friday → South Korea's Paralympic team trains in their own center, receive $60 per day and travel around the world to practice and learn from other programs→ Paralympic athletes do the same training as able bodied teams→ Athletes also research which equipment is the lightest so they move faster→ Paralympic skiers test out several different skis that they use in different situations → Sit skiers have to find different ways to hydrate because they can't use the bathroom with all the equipment on

Hellanodikai

Hellanodikai - the judges of the Ancient Olympic Games ○ Eleans were the only judges ○ Most important officials at the games ○ Commenced preparations ten months before the games ○ 'Greek judges' ○ Chosen by lot ○ 10 of them ○ Wore purple robes (royal color) --------------------------- Most important officials at the games Commenced preparations for the games 10 months before its start Their name means "Greek Judges" Normally 10 of them at the Ancient Olympics One was a superior judge, the others were in groups of three and oversaw certain aspects of the games. They oversaw the training the athletes did at Olympia. Had to maintain the standard, legacy, and rules of the games. *** One was the overall supervisor while the rest were divided into 3 groups 1st group was responsible for equestrian events 2nd were in charge of the pentathlon 3rd group was responsible of the remaining events They are known for the impartiality They wore robes of purple to remind them of when King Iphitos was the only judge of the games

Should the Olympics continue to be hosted in various cities around the world, or follow the ancient example and choose one city in which the games will be hosted every four years? Consider the benefits and problems created by hosting an Olympic games. Use examples from both ancient and modern Olympic sites in your answer.

Hosting the Olympic Games is great for a city, right? Or at least good? Anyway, it's not a bad thing—or is it? The truth is that the track record for Olympic host cities is pretty uneven. Many cities have found that welcoming the world's athletes and their fans for two weeks produces far fewer benefits than were anticipated in the heady days that the city first made its bid. Here are some ins and outs of hosting an Olympics and how they contribute to the Games' impact on a city. - Pro 1 The Olympics increase valuable tourism, which can boost local economies Pro 2 The Olympics increase a host country's global trade and stature. Pro 3 The Olympics create a sense of national pride. Con 1 The Olympics are a financial drain on host cities. Con 2 The Olympics force host cities to create expensive infrastructure and buildings that fall into disuse. Con 3 The Olympics displace and burden residents of the host country and city. "These days they require about 35 different athletic venues, they require an Olympic Village that could cost 1 1/2, 2, 3 billion dollars depending on the circumstance. They require a media and television production facility which could easily go for half a billion to a billion dollars. They require a media village. They require ceremonial space and green space. They require transportation amongst all of it and special lanes for the IOC executives, transportation amongst all of the venues." Cities used to make a profit from the games, partly, because they collected a lot of revenue in TV rights. But recently the International Olympic Committee has been taking larger percentages. In the '90s, for instance, it took 4% of revenue. Compared that with the 70% it pocketed from the 2016 Rio Games. The newly built stadia can cost up to $30 million a year to maintain, and they're often on valuable real estate. Most cities don't even know what to use them for after the games. Those facilities fall into decay if they aren't kept up. And that hurts property value

Wrestling

Ideal athlete - Wrestlers must be taller than the average person but well proportioned - A neck that is not too long but not too short - "Well marked arm" means that broad veins are showing - Big, protruding chest - Slightly curved back - Wide shoulders - Slanted ankles - Buttocks not too fat, not too narrow The Greeks liked when people looked athletic/looked like they were expected to - They enforced standards of appearance - They did not stray far from the status quo They care a lot about athletic strength and how age affects that - Useful rather than brutal - Wrestling can make an older person look younger and a younger person can show their potential in wrestling - Compared themselves to the gods and their godlike strengths, also to divine heros (ex: statues of Herakles (pg. 25)) - Strength and success in a sport is a status symbol

Boxing

Ideal athlete: long hand, strong forearms, broad shoulders, long neck; thick wrists would help punches seem stronger → solid hips for balance, big calves are useless (need to be quick on your feet, agile); quads should not touch together, small belly is good for quickness and agility, but large belly makes it harder for the opponent to land punches on the face Boxing was used by Lakedaimonians for fighting practice to defend face without a shield Boxing also "hardened the face" making it less susceptible to injury The importance of war and survival is shown in their practice and reasoning for boxing Before the fight the athletes would learn new techniques that they would use in the fights Boxing match between Amykos and Polydeukes started because of Amykos' unwelcoming attitude towards strangers on his land (Polydeukes won despite Amykos being a giant and Polydeukes made Amykos swear never again to insult strangers)

origins of modern Olympic games

In 1894, Pierre de Coubertin launched his plan to revive the Olympic Games, and in 1896 the first Games of the modern era were held in Athens. ○ Games of the Olympiad (Summer Games) and the Olympic Winter Games ■ First summer games: 1896, Athens ● No women ● 28 sports, 14 countries ■ First winter games: 1924, Chamonix ● 7 sports ■ "Olympiad": once every 4 years ○ Until 1992, summer and winter games were held in the same year --------------------------- D. Young→ Plato's ghost was the one who suggested to hold the modern olympics Unique idea to revive these games Before the birth of Coubertin, Modern Greece and England had Olympic games The Ancient Olympic games were introduced as a religious ceremony in honor of Zeus End of Ancient Games, last games held 390 AD REVIVAL OF GAMES: Greece 1830's revival and first festival in 1859→Zappas Olympics First modern olympic games in 1896 in Athens, Greece Revival of the games 1916, 1940, 1944 --------------------------- The ghost of Plato suggested the revival of the Olympics Before the birth of Coubertin Modern Greece and England had Olympic games A Greek poet named panagiotis Soutsos published poems asking how modern Greece can gain respect in the modern world, he wrote poems that emphasized how the Greeks should bring back the Olympics Soustsos wanted to bring the games back as a step to bring back Ancient Greece Evangelis Zappas read these poems and offered to pay for the Olympics --? The king accepted the idea, but athletes couldnt be found so Greece held an agricultural Olympics in 1859 → Zappas Olympics W.P. Brookes an English doctor, was inspired by these Olympics and would hold annual village games→ he also wanted Olympics Brookes created the National Olympic Games which took place in 1866 in London and brought spectators from all over Britain Brookes and Zappas worked for years trying to promote the Olympics Coubertin then met with Brookes and eventually started working on making the Olympics happen In 1896 the first Modern Olympic Games took place

Isthmian Games (Poseidon)

Isthmian Games, in ancient Greece, a festival of athletic and musical competitions in honour of the sea god Poseidon, held in the spring of the second and fourth years of each Olympiad at his sanctuary on the Isthmus of Corinth. Open to all Greeks, the Isthmian Games were especially popular with Athenians. The victors' prize, originally a crown of dry wild celery, was changed to a pine wreath in Roman times, the pine being sacred to Poseidon ○ 582/580 BCE re(organized) ○ Every 2 years ○ Foundation: ■ Melikertes dies, Sisyphos creates funeral games ■ Theseus creates games in honor of Poseidon because Heracles began games for Zeus ○ Boat race, painting, and writing ○ 3 age categories: men, youth, boys --------------------------- 582/580 BCE Posiedon Held near Corinth in honor of Poseidon during the first and third years of an Olympiad→ The games were an addition to already present cult activity. Poseidon→ Olympian God of the Seas Important announcements were always made at Isthmian Games, in honor of Posiedon - centrally strategic location (11 km east of Corinth) -accessible by sea from east and west - Greeks from all over would be there What foundation myths exist about the Isthmian Games? - Melikertes dies, Sisyphos creates funeral games→ and then those funeral games turned into what we know as the Isthmian games - Theseus creates games in honor of Poseidon, because Herakles had created games for Zeus Cult activity existed for Poseidon at this site from the mid-11th century BCE onward... - Early sanctuary in about 650 BCE, with the first iteration of the stadium built shortly afterward. Later stage stadium built in late 5th century, then again in 4th century, but this hasn't been excavated fully Which events made the Isthmian games unique? - Boat race, painting and writing contests - Others: there were contests like race and equestrian competitions, and something similar to rowing. There was also musical, poetic, and painting competitions Prize: The prize for the victors was a wreath made of pine tree leaves Which events at the Isthmian games were most prominent? - Equestrian events (most popular) Poseidon: god of horses (and the sea, earthquakes) - brother of Zeus - always carried a trident What prizes did competitors win? - Wreaths of pine and later celery --------------- 82/580 BCE: Isthmian Games (re)organized (until 146) What foundation myths exist about the Isthmian Games?○Melikertes dies, Sisyphos creates funeral games ○Theseus creates games in honor of Poseidon, because Herakles had created games for Zeus Cult activity existed for Poseidon at this site from the mid-11th century BCE onward... Which events made the Isthmian games unique? - Boat race, painting and writing contests Which events at the Isthmian games were most prominent?Poseidon: god of horses (and the sea, earthquakes)--brother of Zeus--always carried a trident What prizes did competitors win? Wreaths of pine, later celery

Jamaican and Nigerian bobsled

Jamaican Bobsledding since 1998: ■ 1992,1994, 1998, 2002: Jamaicans compete in the Olympics ■ 2014: Jamaican 2-man bobsled qualifies ● Finishes in 29th place (last) ■ 2016-2017: crowdfunding to hire a new coach ■ 2018: a 2-woman bobsled qualifies (and Anthony Watson) ■ Sandra Kiriasis ■ Feb 21-22: official competition ● Jamaica finishes in 18th place ● Got a bobsled from RedStripe via social media Nigerian Women's Team: ■ First bobsled team from Africa ● GoFundMe ■ First Nigerian team of any kind ■ Part of the largest African delegation (8 countries) at Winter Olympics ----------------------- In 1988 the Jamacians competed in the bobsled event were the first jamacian team to compete in the winter olympics It was Jamaica's first time competing in the winter Olympics In 2018 the Jamacians were once again going to compete in the winter Olympics but didn't have a coach → NO COACH The women's team first ever competed in the 2018 Olympics The Nigerian women's bobsled team was its first ever in the 2018 Olympics and was the first African Country to be represented in bobsled going to be the first african country to be represented in bobsled and it was womens!!! This woman's team was compared to the 1988 Jamacian bobsled team ------------------------ Jamaican Bobsledding since 1988 1992, 1994, 1998, 2002: Jamaicans compete in the Olympics 2014: Jamaican 2-man bobsled qualifies (first time since 2002)--finishes in 29th place (last) 2016-2017: crowdfunding to hire new coach2018: 2-woman bobsled qualifies (and Anthony Watson in the skeleton)--coach: Sandra Kiriasis (Germany) February 21-22, 2018: official competition--Jamaica finishes in 18th place (3:25.94, +3.49 behind 1st-place Germany) WOMEN ●First bobsled team from Africa (funded through GoFundMe campaign) ●November 2017: Nigerians (Seun Adigun (driver), Ngozi Onwumere, Akuoma Omeoga (brakewomen)) qualify for Olympics, first Nigerian team of any kind ●Part of largest African delegation (8 countries) at Winter Olympics ever

Mule-cart race

Known as the apene Lasted only fourteen Olympiads Depicted on Sicilian coins High, box-like seat was peculiar to mule-carts Galen Modern day sports, people don't have a plan B if they get injured because there is no source of income

Euandria

Panathenaic tribal event that was a beauty contest for manliness/contest in manly excellence. The tribes would compete against each other. Tribal contests of "Manly excellence" involved displays of strength, size, and training → the winners would be the first carriers of sacred object at the Panathenaic procession

Pyrrhic dances (PANATHENAIC GAMES)

Panathenaic tribal event. War-like dance. In myth it was invented by Athena to celebrate the defeat of the Giants Groups of dancers would wear shields, helmets, and spears and imitated defensive and offensive movements

Modern Olympic and Paralympic core values

Olympic Core Values: Excellence, Friendship and Respect The primary goal of the Olympic movement is to contribute to building a peaceful and better world by educating youth through sport practised in accordance with Olympism and its values. Paralympic Core Values: Determination, Inspiration, Courage and Equality

Olympism/the Olympic Movement

Olympism: a philosophy of life, exalting and combining in a balanced whole the qualities of the body, will, and mind. ■ Blends sport with culture and education ■ Seeks to create a way of life based on the joy of effort, the educational value of good example, social responsibility and respect for universal fundamental ethical principles Olympic Movement: the concerted, organised, universal and permanent action, carried out under the supreme authority of the IOC, of all individuals and entities who are inspired by the values of Olympism. ■ It covers the five continents. ■ It reaches its peak with the bringing together of the world's athletes at the great sports festival, the Olympic Games. ■ Its symbol is the five interlaced rings. Goal of Olympic Movement: contribute to building a peaceful and better world by educating youth through sport practiced in accordance with Olympism and its values ○ Goal of Olympisim: to place sport at the service of of the harmonious development of humankind, with a view to promoting a peaceful society concerned with the preservation of human dignity ○ Olympic charter is backed by UN resolution ■ Building a peaceful and better world through sport and the Olympic ideal -------------------- A philosophy of life, exalting and combining in a balanced whole the qualities of body, will, and mind. Blending sport with culture and education, olympism seeks to create a way of life based on the joy found in effort, the educational value of good example and respect for universal fundamental ethical principles - Combine sport and education→ fair play *** A movement to build a peaceful and better world by educating youth throygh sport without discrimination and also promotes the ideas friendship, solidarity, and fair play

Pankration

One of the most popular events Ideal athlete: bigger and stronger than opponent (only way to win) Mental characteristics: have to be tough (endure ex: black eyes, bent ankle, several matches a day, etc.) Biting and gauging is prohibited BUT kicking, punching, choking, and groin shots are allowed Athletes are immune to some society rules - if opponet is killed, athlete would not be charged with murder Culture of Greeks: enjoy orchestrated brutality and physical toughness Very few rules except no biting and no gouging Statues were built of the winners, emphasizing how much honor the winners usually received even if the winner died during the competition

Chariot-races

Only the wealthy aristocrat could afford to equip and maintain a chariot and horses for war or hunting Tethrippon: teams of 4 horses, introduced in 680 BCE Synoris: teams of two horses, introduced in 408 BCE All of the races were of gruelling length, ranging from about 4 kilometers for the colts synoris to over 13 kilometers for the open tethrippon

Olympic games

Panhellenic (all-Greek) ○ Olympic Festival lasted for 5 days ○ First modern games in Athens, Greece ■ Spectacles and musical productions, poor facilities, few participating countries Preparations begin (in Elis) ●Hellanodikai appointed ●Eligible athletes begin training (first in hometowns, then Elis)

Coronavirus and Olympics/athletes

Paralympics: Wheelchair racers still found a way to compete and train during the pandemic ★ Boston Marathon Is 26.2 mile virtual Zoom race EX: 18-year-old Sebastian Galleguillo→ who's a member of Argentina's team of deaf swimmers and going for gold, built a pool in his backyard with the help of his father Thousands of athletes are finding creative ways to continue their training programs despite coronavirus restrictions ○ Important to stay in shape while protecting themselves and others OLYMPICS: Pole vaulter, Sandi Morris, built a 120ft runway and a pole vault setup - Pole vaulters built their own runway and set up - Minna Stess made her own state park in her backyard Open water swimmers used full bottles of beer and wine as weights and laid face first on a bench doing strokes and working on strength

Torch Races

Part of the tribal events at the Panathenaic games A relay race in which the winning team had to arrive first with its torch still lit Took place on day 8 of the Greater Panathenaic program. Was a relay race of 10 people. Event did not take place at Olympia. Was adopted as part of the Modern Games. 10 runners per tribe covered over 2500m from the Academy gymnasium to the Acropolis The prize went to the anchor of the relay

Heraean Games (Pausanias)

The Heraean Games, dedicated to goddess Hera, the queen of the Olympian gods and Zeus' wife, was the first official women's athletic competition to be held in the Olympic stadium at Elis. The games, which occurred in the 6th century BC, were probably held in the Olympic year itself, prior to the men's games Athletic events such as foot races, combat sport, equestrian events and a pentathlon (jumping, discuss and javelin throws, foot race, wrestling) featured alongside ritual sacrifices to Zeus and Pelops, the mythical king of Olympia.

sport vs. discipline vs. event

Sport: A sport has to be governed by an International federation to become an olympic sport. The overarching athletic activity that represents a variety of disciples. EX: Swimming at the games is governed by the International swimming federation (FINA) EX: Skating Discipline: An Olympic sport comprises one or several disciplines. A discipline includes one or more events or competition. EX: Water polo and diving are disciplines of swimming EX: Speed skating and figure skating are disciplines for skating Event: A disciple includes one or more events or competitions. Medals and diplomas are given out at this level. An event gives rise to a result for which medals and diplomas are awarded. EX: The 100m Freestyle is a swimming event EX: women's 10m platform dive and the men's 500m speed skating eventthe

Stadion

Sprinting race, 192 meters (one length) SHORT DISTANCE SPRINTERS:

Javelin-throwing

Stronger connections with warfare The object was distance rather than penetration Made from elderwood Throws of 91 meters were possible

temple/oracle at Delphi

Temple of Apollo ■ Reconstructed in stone in the 6th C BCE and again c.a. 330 BCE ■ Doric ■ Contains "omphalas" The Oracle at Delphi ■ Preliminary "fee" ■ Sacrifice, sacred cake ■ Wait in adyton ■ Pythia: priestess FRENZIED prophesies ----------------------- Temple at Delphi:(built before oracle, fully dedicated to Apollo) First built of wood in the 7th century BCE. In the 6th century BCE, it was reconstructed of stone, and then again in 330 BCE. The treasuries were at the bottom of the hill Delphi was an ancient religious sanctuary dedicated to the Greek god Apollo. The Temple of Apollo were where the prophecies of the Oracle Pythia were spoken Oracle at Delphi: (Apollos advice...) People would come from all over to see the oracle at Delphi It was a place to go for advice, had to pay a fee of a sacrifice or sacred cake. The Pythia (priestess) would inhale natural psychedelic gases to get the prophecies. The priestess would speak the prophecies and they would be interpreted. It was believed that the oracle spoke the exact words of Apollo The Oracle of Apollo surpassed the Oracle of Zeus at Olympia

Diaulos and Dolichos

The Diaulos added in 724 BC, followed by the Dolichos in the next Olympiad (720 BC) ●Diaulos was twice the length of the stade-race (~400m) ●Runners had to run up and back the stadium ●The Dolichos was the only long foot-race in the Olympics ●20-24 lengths of the stadium (~4-5km)

Horse-races

Took place in the hippodrome ■Races were run over 6 stades, approximately 1,200 meters More dangerous than today's horse racing ■Jockeys, or paid servants, rode bare-back and without stirrups ■Raced on churned and rutted ground ■Injuries to the chest, the kidneys and reproductive organs Two types: ■Calpe: A race for colts ■Anabates: A race for mares

diet and training of athletes

Training ■ Eligible athletes began training ten months before the games in their hometowns then in Elis (for at least one month) ■ Had to obey every word of the hellanodikai ■ Sometimes accompanied by a father or brother and private trainer ■ Vigorous dancing: all around benefits ■ Ball playing and other 'natural' activities, such as digging and rowing= good general exercise ■ Athletes trained excessively and risked damaging their health Diet: ■ Dried figs, moist cheese, and wheat -> Meat diet ■ White bread with poppy seeds, copious quantities of fish, and other 'fancy food' ■ Beans for bulking gladiators ■ Fruit, veggies, seafood Hippocrates- the father of modern medicine ■ Cleanliness ■ *Moderation in eating and drinking ■ Letting nature take its course ■ Living where the air is good ○ 2 day procession to Olympia --------------------- Vigorous dancing was used for its all around benefits Digging and rowing were also recommended In early years figs, moist cheese, and wheat were favored Pythagoras recommended a meat diet Bread from barley unleavened loaves of unsifted wheat and the meat of oxen, bulls, goats, and deer Fish was recommended Beans for gladiators Fruits and vegetables Sex was seen as a negative for atheletes Carbs, meat, fruit, protein, similar to right now

polis

city-state Archaic Greece Araic Greece: City-states (polis, poleis) "City" in Greek→ City state in Ancient Greece → government centered in town→ citizens lived throughout the territory corporation of citizens who all participated in its government, religious cults, defense, and economic welfare

Diaulos

named after the musical double pipes, consisted of two lengths of the stadium, while L ong-distance runner should have slender legs and strength in the neck and shoulders, since he needed to swing his arms for much greater distance (going slower, standing up taller)

Hoplitodromos

race-in-armour (a hoplite was a heavily armed foot-soldier). This was the last of the running races to be added to the programme in 520 BCE. Competitors wore a helmet and greaves (lower-leg armour) and carried a round shield Powerful neck and shoulders, long waist, good symmetrical build (but not too tall for their proportion) Candidates for diaulos were stronger than those for stadion, but lighter than those in hoplitodromos Candidates for dolichos (longest race) should have light, slender legs like the runners in the stadion. Legs should be balanced with the shoulders; medium-sized muscles to provide strength but not hinder running performance One important idea associated with running a marathon was not focusing on others and just worrying about yourself and looking ahead of your run. A bad runner would fixate on those around him and how they can cheat their way into winning - Individual sport The ability to run long distances was considered more of an impressive feat than the ability to run quickly (distance over speed)

Stade-race or short foot-race:

that determined the length of the stadium at Olympia. This was the most ancient and indeed the only event at the first thirteen Olympiads. The winner of the stade-race had the Olympiad named after him - Starting position is in a squat position, much different than today

Discuss the symbolism inherent in the Panathenaic Amphora. Thinking about its physical attributes and contents, what is the most important message about Athens that this prize would have sent to the rest of Greece (and other countries)? How does this prize compare to the prizes of the crown games?

vases were symbol of status greatness of cities should be viewed by real power Thesis: Athens distributed Panathenaic amphoras as prizes in order to send a message to the rest of Greece (and other countries) that Athens was of the highest status. Background info: ● Greek prizes evolved ● Prizes of material and symbolic value ● Panathenaic prizes were given to to reward victors and to promote the interests of the state ○ Earn honor and fame About the Panathenaic Amphora: ● Filled with sacred olive oil ○ Significant because olive oil was an export that was uniquely found in Athens (famous) ○ Athena had given athens the gift of the olive tree (according to myth) ○ Given in large quantities -> promotes oil exportation and stimulation of the pottery industry ● Decorated with art ○ Images of a warlike Athena ○ Prize inscription ("one of the prizes of Athens") ■ Athens wanted to ensure its donor-honor ○ Equestrian events ○ Doric columns ○ Combination of images of Athena as the goddess of Athens was a graphic evocation of civic identity and pride ● "Masterpieces of art and communication" ● Panathenaic Amphora was a display of wealth ○ Athens could afford to host the games ● Branded Athens as powerful, divinely favored, and wealthy

Apobates

■ "Dismounter" race ■ Day 6 of Panathenaic games ■ Had to race on a chariot, dismount from the chariot, then hop back on ■ Homeric influence (the Iliad) ● War ■ Display of the strength of Athens -------------------------- "Dismounter" race. Participants, wearing armor, began the race on the chariot, jumped off the chariot, then had to run alongside it before jumping back on. This race had many military implications. Agamemnon participated in this event in Homer. Open only to Athenian citizens Panathenaic Games

Panathenaic games

■ Calvary events for Athenian calvarymen offered fewer prizes than open events on Day 7 Day 8: tribal events ● Pyrrhic dances and cyclic choruses ○ Men in full armor ● Euandria- beauty contest for manliness ● Torch relay race ○ Team of 10 runners, 2500m ○ Individual and team prize ● Boat race ● Anthippassia (competitive calvary riding displays) Prizes ● Panathenaic amphora: worth $ ● Olive oil ● Prizes to more than just first place ● Showed Athens' wealth Day 9: the procession ● Pay respects to Athena ○ Give her a peplos(robe) to thank her for her patronage and protection --------------------------- ALL-ATHENIAN GAMES 700ish BCE Panathenaic Festival begins→ 566/565 BCE Greater Panathenaia begins Known as the most prominent "local" or "civic" festival in Greece Annual festival held in honor of Athena The lesser Panathenaic Games were held every year, while the Greater Panathenaic games were held every 4 years. Took place in Athens included a religious procession through the city and up to the Acropolis Would sacrifice 100 cattle and distribution of meat for feasting the presentation of a special robe (peplos) to the cult statue of Athena, and also had contests, prizes of Olive Oil were given out Five of the nine days were devoted to athletic contests→ - Musical and dramatic contests were held days 1-3 -Days 4-5 were for gymnastic events and were open to all Greeks - Day 6 was citizen only equestrian and cavalry events in the Agora - Day 7 was open Chariot and horse races in the Hippodrome - Day 8 was for tribal events and that night the torch race took place - Day 9 included the procession and a feast Gold and silver crowns were given to musical victors Gold and silver crowns were given to musical victors Some special events were the apobates, tethrippon, and tribal events. Non-Athenians were allowed to compete in some, but not all. events. Had events for three age classes as well as team events. 3 age groups: boys, youths, men

the Olympic truce

○ "Laying down of arms" ○ To ensure the host city state (Elis) was not attacked and athletes could travel safely ---------------------- Known as a "Staying of hands" → enforced by Zeus's authority and religious sanctions, fines, and exclusions → did not stop wars but wars didn't stop the games either Wars would be paused while the Olympics took place Got adopted for the modern olympic games (cold war)

Nemean games (Zeus)

○ (Artificially) created in 573 BCE ○ Dedicated to Zeus ○ Infant hero: Opheltes (son of king) ■ Killed by a snake in a celery field -> games held in his honor ○ Sanctuary to Zeus build at the same time as the creation of the games ○ Stadium (and temple) rebuilt in 330-300 BCE complete with 36meter vaulted tunnel entrance and apodyterion (changing room) ■ Macedonian influence ○ 3 age categories: men, youth, boys ○ Gymnic events ○ Shifted locations because of politic --------------------------- Created in 573 BCE, and took place every 2 years Held in Nemea in honor of Zeus, but for ¾ of the game's existence they were held in Argos. Took place during the second and fourth years of each Olympia The Games were founded by the seven Kings of Argos in commemoration of the death of infant Opheletes (infant son of king Lycurgus of Nemea). Opheltes was set down in a patch of wild celery by a nurse and killed by a snake. Therefore, the funeral games were held for him. These funeral games later became the Nemean games. Judges wear black robes, celery crown, grove of cypress trees around site refer to baby hero's funeral Sanctuary to Zeus built at same time as creation of games so there WAS NO PRE-EXISTING CULT prior to the games (like the other games had) Stadium (and temple) rebuilt in 330-300 BCE, complete with 36m vaulted tunnel entrance and apodyterium (changing room) - Macedonian influence - Hellenistic era (323 BCE - 31 BCE) Olympia was a model for these games What events were emphasized most? - Gymnic events (competed naked) - Track and field is an example of a gypic event - Other games: Race, boxing, pentathlon, pankration, wrestling, chariot race, and others. The prize for the victors was a wreath of wild celery Age categories→ 3 age categories - Boys, Youths, and Men "Nemean games took place at the site of Nemea for less than a quarter of their existence"--why? Nemea never held the games after 235 ---------- To which god are the Nemean games dedicated? ●Infant hero: Opheltes ●Sanctuary to Zeus built at same time as creation of Games ○Olympia was clear model ●Stadium (and temple) rebuilt in 330-300 BCE, complete with 36m vaulted tunnel entrance and apodyterion (changing room) ○Macedonian influence ○Hellenistic era (323 BCE - 31 BCE) Gymnic events "Nemean games took place at the site of Nemea for less than a quarter of their existence"

the Parthenon

○ (Athena Parthenos) ○ 447-438 BCE ○ Built by Pericles ○ Doric temple- pinnacle of Doric architecture ○ Public treasury of Athens ○ Inner Frieze depicts the Panathenaic Festival ○ Cult statue ■ Gold, ivory ■ Nearly 12m high ■ Holding winged Nike --------------------------- Temple on the Athenian Acropolis, in Athens Greece → dedicated to Athena → Center of religious life in Athens A Doric style temple built between 447 and 438 BCE by Pericles. The back pediment shows the birth of Athena, the front pediment shows the contest for Athens, and the inner frieze shows a procession of men and women leading animals to sacrifice. Panathenaic Games (athens)

Doping/Russian Doping Scandal

○ 1967 ■ IOC bans performance-enhancing drugs from the Olympics ○ Russia was banned from sending athletes to the Olympics after it was revealed before the 2018 Olympics that the Russian Anti-Doping Agency was enabling athletes to dope ■ 2 investigations took place ■ 43 athletes had their Sochi results disqualified and were banned for life from the Olympics ■ Athletes that did not dope were allowed to compete as neutral "Olympic Athletes from Russia" ------------------------- Russian government gave their athletes drugs Russian athletes were banned from participating in the 2018 Olympics Russian athletes that prove they didn't dope can compete under a neutral flag (wore white and no russian flag) → cheating! Russia might face another ban for the 2021 Olympics because of allegations of manipulating a database to delete tests results If Russia is found guilty they won't be able to compete in any international competitions including the world cup ------ Dec 9, 2019: WADA bans Russia from global sporting events for 4 years ●RUSADA (Russian Anti-Doping Agency) was only reinstated in 2019 after 4 years of suspension due to the scandal ●New sanctions have effectively stripped the agency of its accreditation, due to continued manipulation of lab results ●Clean athletes will still be able to compete without the flag or anthem (like at Pyeongchang) ●Russian officials see the sanctions as Western efforts to hold back Russia ●Dec 19, 2019: Russia appeals ●Nov 2, 2020: CAS (Court of Arbitration for Sport) opens a 4-day hearing on the case between WADA and RUSADA ●ruling not expected for several weeks

ancient Olympic sporting events

○ 1st event: stadion footrace ○ Running races: stadion, diaulos, dolichos ■ Diaulos- 2 lanes ■ Dolichos- go in a circle ■ Triastes- what an athlete was called if he won all 3 at one Olympiad ○ Pentathlon: 5 events: broad jump, discus, javelin, running, wrestling ○ Equestrian events ■ Took place in the hippodrome ■ 2nd day ( same day as pentathlon)- ○ Combat events and hoplite race ■ Hoplite race- race in armor ■ 4th day ■ Pankration- "All powerful" combat ● Brutal free-for-all combining wrestling, bowing, and kicking ● Match ended when one athlete capitulated or was incapacitated Day 1: Running, wrestling, and boxing for boys Day 2: Equestrian events and pentathlon Day 3: Footraces Day 4: Wrestling, boxing, pankration Day 5: Awards and celebration

Juju witchcraft and African football

○ African Traditional Religions (ATR): ■ Oral sources from the core, not written scriptures ■ Community = important ● People who remember and share the same traditions ■ Guidance by ancestral spirits toward moral order (respect for elders, harmony with nature), security, and prosperity ■ Offerings made to ancestors at major life events ■ Belief in a supreme being (connection between people and their environment) followed by belief in spirit (non-human or ancestral) beings/divinities ■ Spiritual leaders ● Traditional healers --------------------------- Summarization: Colonization lead to African cultures blending with Western; Africans blended religious beliefs into football adopted from western civilization Africans adopted western culture juju Juju's main focus is on the spiritual empowering of a person or group of people by way of a spiritual advisor influencing the outcome of events; using football as an example, because both teams may have their own spiritual advisors, juju must also be used to defend/combat against the preparations of the enemy team Spiritual advisors→ wanted to keep it going so they don't get dishonored in the afterlife (ancestors) the ones to tell what to do Many references point to the use of natural methods to empower people; natural methods may include the use of herbs, oils, and animal parts in rituals Applies to more than just traditional sports; for example, dance contests, economic activities, etc. Modern: In our own culture today some athletes and spectators are superstitious/ carry out certain prayers/rituals before every game Michael Jordan- wore his UNC shorts under his uniform in every game Juju is meant to supplement physical preparation and strength. Juju alone cannot win games. If you don't believe that you will succeed you won't be able to fully devote yourself physically You can get distracted if you aren't mentally prepared so if you aren't in the right headspace you won't be successful Running EX: Included the use of animal parts, herbs, they would take animal bones and rub them on the runners. They believed that it would make the runners faster Religion integrated into sports→ juju being integrated into football to make them better→ the GOAL is to win the football game They didn't think it could make a HUGE impact,

Zanes

○ At Olympia ○ Statues that athletes or city-states were forced to build if they acted without integrity (cheated) ------------------------ Bronze statues of Zeus in Olympia. Paid for by the fines imposed on athletes who cheated at the Olympic Games (violated the rules). Inscriptions included the name of the offender and a warning against cheating. These statues lined the walk into the arena.

contest for Athens

○ Athena had to battle Poseidon to become the Patron goddess of Athens ○ Athen's: Athena's city --------------------------- Athena and Poseidon bribed the Athenians for control of the city. Poseidon offered a salt water spring, and Athena planted an olive tree. Athena won, and there is still an olive tree at the Acropolis in Athens.

Athena/Minerva

○ Born from Zeus ○ Goddess of war, wisdom, weaving, and wile --------------------------- Goddess of wisdom and daughter of Zeus The Panathenaic games were devoted to her Athens was known as Athena's city

Professional athletes at the Olympics (or not)

○ British aristocrats began the Amateur Athletic Club ■ Opposition to Brooke's open Olympics ■ Amateur athletes: men who were "mechanics, artisans, or laborers" were de facto "professionals," barred from all athletic contests ■ Amateurism was reserved for "gentlemen" ----------------------- Before 1986 it was only amateurs... Athletes were not allowed to accept endorsements or prizes and professionals were seen as superior and had an unfair advantage to amateurs Professional athletes began competing in the Olympics in 1986 (switched from amature athletes to professional athletes) because the best athletes in the world are professional NBA players started competing in 1992 creating dream teams NHL Players started competing in 1998 NHL players did not compete in the 2018 Olympics because of disrupting of the NHL's regular season Many athletes and fans were very upset by this and as a result players will compete in 2022→ allowed again now!

Pyeongchang and the effects of Olympic hosting

○ Cost of the games ■ Projected cost in 2011: $7-$8bil (US) ■ Actual cost: approximately $12.9bil ($14 tril won, paid for by Korean local and national government, chaebols) --------------------------- Some people were upset with how 2018 Winter Olympics organizers handled the dangerous South Korea winds that impacted -- and later postponed -- weekend skiing, suggesting money held a higher priority than safety. It cost about $12.9 billion for the South Korean county, located just about 100 miles from Seoul, to host this year's Winter Olympics. The original estimates for Pyeongchang's costs ranged between $7 and $8 billion, meaning the 2018 events required at least $4 billion more than was anticipated when the area won the bid for the Games in 2011. A good chunk of those funds, per Money Talks News, went toward transportation from the capital to Pyeongchang: The money was spent on building six new venues and refurbishing six others in the area, according to Curbed. To get athletes and spectators to the area, there is a brand new $3.7 billion express train running from Seoul to Pyeongchang. *** Took place in a mountainous region of South Korea less than 100km from the border of North Korea→ Threats of massive military response of the US or any of its allies were threatened → South Korea hoped the Olympics would bring tourism and help develop this underdeveloped province→ Budget went 4B over Similar to the Olympia site, transportation was a huge factor in the Pyeongchang Olympics

Temple to Zeus at Olympia

○ Doric style ○ Built 472-4456 BCE ○ Monumental cult state by Pheidias ○ West pediment: battle of Greeks, centaurs (half man, half horse) ■ Civilization vs barbarism ○ East pediment: chariot race between Pelops, Onimaos for Hippodameia ○ Metopes: 12 labors of Heracles ○ Played a big part in festival to Zeus ----------------------- Doric Style, huge, took 10 years to build, Built by Libon, religious center Took 10 years to build Designed by Libon who came from Elis Had 34 columns, 100 water-spouts in the shape of a lions head, rained water from the roof, a statue of Zeus rested inside One of the 7 wonders of the ancient world ----------------------------- ●Doric style (like Hera's from c. 625-600 BCE) ●built 472-456 BCE ●monumental cult statue by Pheidias ●west pediment: battle of Greeks, centaurs (half man, half horse) ●east pediment: chariot race between Pelops, Oinomaos for Hippodameia ●metopes: 12 Labors of Heracles (Hercules) ●played big part in festival to Zeus

sports and civil religion

○ Ethical dilemmas ○ 1968 Olympics: Tommie Smith and John Carlos raised their arms in Black Power salute ■ No shoes worn as a sign of impoverished state of black America ■ Smith's black scarf was tribute to racial pride ■ Carlos' beads were for those who had been lynched or killed ■ Both were suspended from the Olympics ○ Wojdan Ali Seraj Abdulrahim Shahrkhani ■ 2012 Olympics: female Judo competitor from Saudi Arabia ● Saudi Arabia had kept women off its Olympic team for years - mat have been banned from future Olympics had they not let Shahrkhani and the runner Sarah Attar compete in London ----------------------- Civil Religion and Sports: 1968 Olympics: Tommie Smith and John Carlos raise their arms in Black Power salute - No shoes worn as a sign of impoverished state of black America - Smith's black scarf was tribute to racial pride - Carlos' beads were for those who had been lynched or killed - Both were suspended from the Olympics Looking for something to add meaning to your life, that's what sports can do too EX: People are more inclined to listen to sports, they have a platform where people are more willing to listen and understand, give Tommie smith and John Carlos example (Olympics) *** Are sports an appropriate platform to bring light to social injustice "Civil religion is a religion not of salvation but of the good society...Civil religious discourse emerges when people and groups define and defend the values that they believe transcend individual interests and contribute to the common good" (Remillard, p.14)

Pythian games (Apollo)

○ Every 4 years took place at Delphi buit into mount parnassus(religious) ○ Beginning of games: ■ While trying to find a site for his temple, Apollo killed a great serpent known as Pytho ("rot") ■ Established musical contests in honor of acheivement ○ Cult of Apollo Pythios originated c. 1000-800 BCE ○ Village in Delphi existed as early as 860 BCE ○ Evidence of early music contests in 8th C BCE (lyre) ○ Site of Delphi: built into Mount Parnassus ○ 586 BCE: Delphi adopts athletic programs (1st Pythian Games) ■ 16 events ■ Winners of games (582-onward) received crowns of laurel -------------------------- 582 BCE (official start) Pythian games were in honor of Apollo Apollo is an athletic, Greek young man in his prime, known as an archer with no beard - He is the god of the sun, music, poetry, healing. → Apollo saw Delphi as the perfect spot for the establishment of his sanctuary While trying to find a site for his temple, Apollo killed a serpent known as a python (snake) → in honor of this achievement he established musical contests in honor of the achievement Had three foot races, pentathlon, boxing/wrestling/pankration, and horseback riding for men. Boys could participate in three footraces, pentathlon, and boxing. From 582 and on, prizes were a crown of laurels. Prior to that, prizes were material. At first, there were only musical contests but later sports and horsing competitions were added. ******Thomas info: Cult of Apollo Pythios originated c 1000-800 BCE Village in Delphi existed as early as 860 BCE Evidence of early musical contests in 8th century BCE (kithara/Iyre singing) Site of Delphi: build into Mount Parnassus→ - Theater (2nd Century BCE) - Temple (later 4th century BCE) - Stone seating provided by Herodes Atticus (2nd century CE (COMMON ERA)); monumental gateway with three arches also added in the 2nd cent. Temple of Apollo at Delphi - First built (of wood) in 7th century BCE - Reconstructed (in stone) in 6th century and again ca 330 BCE - Doric style temple → mythological decorative program included arrival of Apollo in Delphi - contains "omphalos" 586 BCE: Delphi adopts athletic program (1st Pythian games) - Delphic Games (16 total events) - For men: Three foot races Pentathlon Boxing, wrestling, pankration Horseback riding (keles) - For boys: Three foot races Pentathlon (didn't eliminate) Boxing VERSUS→ Olympic games (13 total events) - For men: Three foot races Pentathlon Boxing, wrestling, pankration Equestrian: chariot, riding - For boys: Stadion Pentathlon (eliminated) Boxing and wrestling Winner of games (582-onward) received crowns of laurel DON'T REST ON YOUR LAURELS (586 and earlier: material prizes) 590: Delphi became a city-state How did the Pythian games end up distinguishing themselves from the games at Olympia? Retained musical events, offering more boys' events, adopting some foals' events before Olympia (foals are horses up to 1 year old: colt for males, filly for females) ------------ Why/where did the Pythian Games begin? ●While trying to find a site for his temple, Apollo killed a great serpent known as Pytho "rot" ●Established musical contests in honor of achievement ●Cult of Apollo Pythios originated c.1000-800 BCE ●Village in Delphi existed as early as 860 BCE ●Evidence of early musical contests in 8th century BCE (kithara/lyre singing)

Pierre de Coubertin (of France)

○ Founded the International Olympic Committee in Paris, 1894 ○ Held the first modern Olympics in Athens in 1896 ■ Wanted to rekindle the competitive spirit of the ancient Olympics ■ Development of mind and body --------------------------- Founder of the International Olympic Committee, and its second president. He is known as the father of the modern Olympic Games. (IOC) Most credit for the Olympic games French historian, face of modern games French nobleman known for being the father of the Modern Olympic Games→ wanted to bring back the Olympics to help boost morale of his nation after the French were defeated in the Franco-Prussian War in the 1870's He founded the International Olympic Committee in 1894. His first Modern games took place in Athens, Greece in 1896

Poseidon

○ God of horses (and the sea, and earthquakes) ○ Brother of Zeus ○ Always carried a trident ------------------------- God of the Sea and horses The Isthmian games were devoted to him and had a Temple devoted to him Horse races were big at the Isthmian games

Apollo

○ God of sun, music, poetry, healing ○ Epitome of male beauty and strength ○ Known as an excellent archer ------------------------- God of music, poetry, and archery The Pythian games were devoted to him The games were held in Apollo's home Delphi Musical contests were big in the Pythian games because of Apollo

Parallels in ancient accounts about the origins

○ Heracles founded games (or was involved) ○ Goals of peace, truce ○ Early version of games (before and slightly after the Trojan War ○ Time of discontinuity ○ Refounding or reorganization of the gamesaround 884 or 776 by 1-3 kings of different city-states ○ Plague (b/c gods are angry) ○ Divine intervention ○ Elis, Pisa (city-states) ○ Heroes/kings competing

Muscular Christianity

○ Idea that if you are physically fit, that can transfer over to your mental being and your devotion to religion ■ Early 1800s in England ■ End of 19th Century: YMCA ------------------- Muscular Christianiy→ Spiritually equipped Using sports as a way of honoring God. Respecting your body as a temple that should be used to honor God Healthy body, healthy spirit! Movement that started in the 1800's and was made popular by Billy Graham

the marathon

○ Olympic marathon race was invented for the Games of 1896 in Athens ○ Inspiration was a feat of long-distance running associated with the Battle of Marathon against the Persians in 490 ○ The messenger of Marathon (heroic soldier) ran c. 25 miles to Athens to deliver the message, "Rejoice! We have won," and he dropped dead --------------------------- Known as an extremely modern event It was invented for the 1896 Games in Athens. Inspired by the Battle of Marathon. In 490 BC, Pheidippides ran 260 km of rugged terrain in 2 days in order to request help from Sparta. Was not an ancient Olympic event.

eligibility of athletes

○ Only Greek males ○ Boys had to be members of a Greek state, belong to a tribe, have a father and a family, and be free and not illegitimate ○ No females, foreigners, or slaves

Panhellenic/crown games

○ Panhellenic Games: Pythian Games, Isthmian Games, Nemean Games, Olympic Games ○ Crown of olive at Olympia, a crown of pine at Isthmia, a crown of wild celery at Nemea, the laurel-berries sacred to Apollo at Delphi, and the oil of the olive at Panathenaia --------------------------- Additional games to the Olympics→ Pythian, Isthmian and Nemean games Olympics were one of the 4 games Olympics were the largest of the 4 and the other 3 games were arranged around them - Ancient Olympics - Pythian Games - Isthmian Games - Nemean Games Pythian games were every 4 years when the Nemean and Isthmian games were every 2 years Panhellenic Cycle: - July/Aug: Olympic Games (e.g., 480 BCE) - July/Aug 479: Nemean Games - April/May 478: Isthmian Games - July/Aug 478: Pythian Games - July/Aug 477: Nemean Games - April/May 476: Isthmian Games - July/Aug 476: Olympic Games The 4 games included crowns, truces, envoys, multiple cults and complicated myths of origin

origins of ancient Olympic games

○ Panhellenic- All Greek (and only Greek) ○ A spectacle ○ Political (the various meanings of victory) ■ Responsible for unifying city-states ○ Violent ○ Potentially scandalous (cheating, abuse, bribery, etc) Traditional Assumptions about origin of the games: ■ Hercules had labors -> diverted rivers to clean stables -> thanked his father Zeus by holding games ■ Started in 776 BCE (Archaic Period) in Olympia ● Hippias' victory list- lists this date as the first games ■ Occured every 4 years ■ In honor of Zeus (supreme god) ■ People would come from all over solely to compete for glory and honor ■ Modern Olympics are derived in every way from the ancient Olympics Started in 776 BCE [Archaic Period] in Olympia, occurred every 4 years (Hippias lists this date as first games) ●In honor of Zeus (the supreme god of all the Greek gods) ●People would come from all over to compete solely for glory and honor ●The modern Olympics are derived in every way from the ancient Olympics (sports, traditions, etc.) Facts/probabilities: ●Olympic games likely started during pre-written historical era ●There are a variety of literary sources, none of which date earlier than the 5th century BCE (450 and later) ●Each source gives a different story ●Reliability of any source is questionable (where do they get their information from?) ●Lots of scandals, corruption, brutality, abuses Likely possibilities for the origins of the Olympics: ■ Began as very small-scale ● Cult games ■ Elisa vs Pisa (city-states) ■ Archaic period in Olympia ■ End of the 8th century (725-700) ■ 680: adding new events, expanding -------------------------- There are multiple beliefs on how and when the Ancient Olympics began Pindar says Herkales of Thebes, established games in Pisa as a celebration of his labor and conflict with King Augeas honoring his father Zeus Another theory was that Hercules revived the games and Pelops was the true founder of the games Cambridge scholars believed that the games started as a ritual involving marriage between a goddess and the athletic victor L. Dress suggested that mother-goddess cults at Olympia inspired games for woman to dance and spread to male events K. Meuli argued the games began as funeral games G. Nagy sees the athletic competitions as ritual gifts honoring the struggles of the Homeric heroes E.N. Gardiner suggested that cult gatherings led to athletic competition U. Sinn believes the Olympics didn't take place until the development of the cult Zeus in 700

stadium at Olympia

○ Several locations ○ Final capacity: 24,000? 40,000? (30,000 at nemea to as high as 45,000 at olympoa) --------------------------- Almost all contests took place in the studio EXCEPT equestrian events→ was a simple running track with grass embankments for spectators Holes for turning posts suggest there was space for up to 20 runners. There was not permanent seating except for the officials.

Zen Buddhism

●Goes back to awakening of Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha) ●Mindful practice of meditation (Zazen) as way of vigilance and self-discovery ●Experience of living from moment to moment, in here and now ●Meditation is attitude of spiritual awakening which provides impetus for daily actions (eating, sleeping, etc) ●Not a theory, dogma, or belief but rather a practical experience ●Shows people how to think (or how not to think), not what to believe in ●One must sit down, stop moving, and let go of thoughts, focusing only on posture and breathing ●The ego must melt away in order for one to merge with the universe

essence/functions of modern religion

○ Sport as a function of religion ■ Gives people a purpose ○ Set of organized beliefs ■ Certain goals ○ Values ○ Transcendent forces ○ Brings people together ○ Ritual ○ Hope/faith ○ "Any cultural phenomenon that provides a powerful mechanism for making meaning could be understood to function as a religion" (Alpert, p. 10) --------------------------- A religion is a belief system Function of religion: role it plays in society Function: Religion promotes belonging to something and brings people together like what sports do Spectators→ congregation Priests→ athletes Essence: The belief of religion is less related to sports Religion causes conflict within groups like how sports do Share this one common thing → ex: we root for this team, religion you share the same belief Thomas Notes: Function: what it does (Religion)→"Any cultural phenomenon that provides a powerful mechanism for making meaning could be understood to function as a religion" Essence: what it is (religion) → "The story of religion and sports in America, then, starts with bodies in motion. It continues as these bodies become inscribed with sacred meaning, each mark bearing the traces of a given population's most cherished values" Last Chance U example→ willing to put aside their differences after East Mississippi beat them and pray afterwards. Football was FOR religion, coach said "you are here because your meant to be" Ancient olympics were in honor of Zeus, worshipping the most supreme Greek God by playing sports, in Last Chance U we see that as well. The reason they are playing their sport is for religion Guiding forces to go where you want to accomplish Religion is that for them, driving them to what they want to do You need communal and guidance to get you there

Zeus/Jupiter

○ Supreme god -------------------------- God of the sky, lightning and thunder Olympic games and the Nemean games were devoted to him

Paralympic Games

○ Vision: "To Enable Paralympic Athletes to Achieve Sporting Excellence and Inspire and Excite the world" ○ 'Para'- beside or alongside (Greek preposition) ○ Take place after the Olympics ○ 1948: Sir Ludwig Guttmann organized a competition for WWII veterans with spinal cord injuries ■ Stoke Mandeville Hospital ■ Archery competition= first games ■ Only summer games for 10+ years ■ 4 years later, competitors from Holland joined the competitions and the games became international ○ Olympic-style games for people with disabilities were introduced in Rome in 1960 (400 athletes from 23 different countries) ○ First Paralympic Winter Games: Sweden, 1976 ○ Classification: ■ Does the athlete have an eligible impairment for this sport? ■ Does the athlete's eligible impairment meet the minimum disability criteria of the sport? ■ Which sport class describes the athlete's activity limitation most accurately? Paralympic scandals ○ Salt Lake City Winter Paralympics in 2002: German cross country skier Thomas Oelsner gave a positive result after winning two gold medals ■ Suspended for 2 years from all IPC events ○ 2008 Games in Beijing: three powerlifters and a German basketball player were banned after testing positive for banned substances ○ 2014 Winter Paralympics in Sochi: IPC found evidence that the Disappearing Positive Methodology was in operation ○ *2002 Summer Paralympics in Sydney: ■ Carlos Ribagorda (Spanish journalist) ■ Intellectual Disability ■ Spanish Paralympic Committee (CPE) failed to conduct proper tests ● 10/12 teammates fraudulent ■ Overall ID ban until 2009

Zen and archery in Japan

○ Zen Buddhism ■ Goes back to the awakening of Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha) ■ Mindful practice of meditation (Zazen) as a way of vigilance and self-discovery ■ Living moment to moment, here and now ■ Meditation- attitude of spiritual awakening which provides impetus for daily actions ● Not a theory, dogma, or belief -> practical experience ● Let go of ego ● Shows people how to think -------------------------- Summarization: Initially influenced by various religions such as Confucianism and Buddhism (through China), later Zen terminology was used to explain ideas around the spirituality of archery and its practices (never primarily associated with Zen Buddhism) Later was universally (but perhaps falsely) accepted that archery has deep connections with Zen through Herrigel, who attempted to understand Zen and mysticism through archery Two types of archery - kyujutsu (art of the bow) and kyudo (way of the bow) - Kyudo is more emphasized and commonly used Kyudo (the way of the bow) → emphasizes the spiritual importance over the physical side It was believed shoot successfully required a pure spirit and willingness to accept responsibility for failure "The Zen approach to archery was to become one with the experience, to reach a state of shooting the arrow with 'effortless effort'" (pg 65) - Goal of zen: not a theory, a lived experience Herrigal's book explained how archery allowed him to enter a mystical realm Breathing and letting go of one's ego is important to making a good shot Real Zen archery also involves monastics, meditation, tradition, and enlightenment Integrated archery into their school system so they can teach people about Zen and spirituality Zen integrated into archery→ the GOAL is to win the archery contest Modern: Nowadays, people pray in their own ways and have their own superstitions, but during this time it seemed as if everyone did zen and everyone did Juju. - In general, in these ancient cultures, sports had a more significant connection to spirituality and was heavily influenced by religion. Spirituality was a priority for athletes in Japan because Buddhism was so present in all parts of their life. Whereas in our culture, spirituality/religion isn't as impactful at large and therefore is a priority for all athletes. Modern EX: Some Football coaches did certain things before every game and performed rituals, and Phil Jackson would meditate frequently with his team More recently, mental preparation has been valued just as important to physical preparation. Athletes are focusing on things like visualization, meditation, etc. that are similar to Zen You have to forget about everything else, you have to hit the shot. -------

Mule-cart race

○Known as the apene ○Lasted only fourteen Olympiads ○Depicted on Sicilian coins (& one victor is celebrated in one of Pindar's Odes) ○High, box-like seat was peculiar to mule-carts

Pentathlon

●Added in 708 BC Contained 5 events: ○Discus-throwing ○Javelin-throwing ○Long-jump ○Running ○Wrestling

Classical Period (480-323 BCE): civil unrest

●Delian League (founded 478 BCE, headed by Athens) ●Peloponnesian League (founded 6th cent. BCE, headed by Sparta) ●Peloponnesian Wars: 2 rounds ○Athens vs. Sparta○460-445 ("First Peloponnesian War") ○30 years Truce signed in 445 ○431-404 BCE (won by Sparta) ●Ultimate winner: Persians

Running

●Foot races took place in the stadium ●Runners had to turn around when they reached the end of the stadium. Collisions and cheating were common here ●False starts were punished by flogging ●Stade-race, diaulos, dolichos ●Hoplitodromia ●No marathon

paralympics

●Friendship, Excellence, Respect (Olympic values) ●Determination, Inspiration, Courage, Equality (Paralympic values) ●Paralympic Vision: Make for an inclusive world through Para sport. ●Paralympic Mission: To lead the Paralympic Movement, oversee the delivery of the Paralympic Games and support members to enable Para athletes to achieve sporting excellence.

Boxing

●Lack of weight classes led to exceptionally brutal boxing ●Most blows directly to the head ○Often led to disfigured boxers ○Scars, cauliflower ears, and broken noses ●Gloves meant to protect boxers hands, not opponent ●Matches decided by knockout or raising an index figure

African Traditional Religions (ATR)

●Not so much a tradition of faith as a cosmology or lived tradition, through rituals, ceremonies, and lived practices ●Oral sources form the core, not written scriptures ●Community is important--people who remember and share the same traditions ●Guidance by ancestral spirits towards moral order (respect for elders, harmony with nature), security, and prosperity ●Offerings made to ancestors at major life events ●Belief in supreme being (connection between people and their environment), followed by belief in spirit (non-human or ancestral) beings/divinities ○worshippers do not feel worthy enough to worship supreme being directly, so they will ask ancestors or other divinities to do so on their behalf, as intermediaries ●Spiritual leaders aid the spiritual and religious survival of community ○some are traditional healers, who have undergone strict training and learned how to use herbs for healing and other mystical skillsfqu

Pankration

●One of the most popular events ●Relatively lawless hand to hand combat ○Biting and gauging prohibited ○Kicking, punching, choking, and groin shots allowed ●Winning occurred through incapacitation or surrender ●Sostratos was famous for bending a breaking fingers ●Pankration is believed to have caused some deaths

Long-Jump

●Only type of jumping contest in Greek athletics ●Athletes used a type of weight shaped like a flat-iron called halteres ●Every event was intended as a form of training for warfare ○Useful for crossing obstacles like a ravine or stream ●High-jump was ignored because it needs more skill than strength and requires special apparatus and a soft landing

Stade-Race

●The stade-race was the oldest of the Olympic events ●Determined the size of the stadium ●Competitors ran the length of the stadium (~200m) ●The winner of the stade-race got the Olympiad named after them

Discus/Javelin-Throwing

●Thrown for distance ●Discus made of bronze, 1.5 - 6.5kg (3-14lbs) ●Athletes did not spin around when throwing the discus ●Javelins made of wood, designed to be light ●Thrown using an ankyle wound around the shaft ●Short run up or standing still

Hoplite Race / Hoplitodromia

●Up to 25 runners competed ●Each wore a helmet and greaves, and carried a round shield ●The race was two lengths of the stadium (~400m)

Greek Sanctuaries (Temples)

●existed since at least 10th c. BCE ●original materials: wood, mudbrick ●stone ●column formula: 2x-1 or 2x+1 (4x7, 6x11, 8x17) ●3 styles: Doric, Ionic, Corinthian