CLINICAL CHEMISTRY

One International Unit of enzyme activity catalyzes the transformation of what amount of substrate to the product in one minute under defined conditions? a. 1 nmole b. 1 mole v. 1 umole d. 1 mmole

1 umole

Which of the following are caused by random error? 1. R:4s 2. 4:1s 3. 1:2s 4. 1:3s 5. 10:x 6. 2:2s a. 2, 3, 5 b. 1, 3, 4 v. 1, 4, 6 d. 1, 2, 3, 6

1, 3, 4

Which of the following is true regarding chemical inhibition test for ALP isoenzymes? 1. Phenylalanine inhibits placental, intestinal and Regan isoenzymes of ALP 2. Levamisole inhibits liver and bone isoenzymes 3. Urea inhibits bone ALP 4. L-leucine inhibits Nagao isoenzymes a. 1,2,3 and 4 b. 2 only v. 1,2 and 3 d. 1 and 2

1,2,3 and 4

Whole blood tends to give approximately ______ glucose readings than plasma or serum. a. 10-15% higher b. 5-10% higher v. 10-15% lower d. 5-10% lower

10-15% higher

What is the appropriate fasting procedure when a lipid study of triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL, and LDL tests are ordered? a. 10 hours; water, smoking, tea is allowed b. 16 hours; water, smoking, tea is allowed v. 8 hours; nothing but water allowed d. 12 hours; nothing but water allowed

12 hours; nothing but water allowed

What is the wavelength range visible to the naked eye? a. 380 - 720nm b. <400nm v. >850nm d. 200 - 1000nm

200 - 1000nm

What is the wavelength range visible to the naked eye? a. 200 - 1000nm b. 380 - 720nm v. >850nm d. <400nm

200 - 1000nm

What amount Na2SO4 is needed to make 100 mL of 5% solution? a. 20g b. 5 g v. 3.3 moles d. 0.05g

5 g

The need to reevaluate the treatment regimen for diabetes is necessary when the glycated hemoglobin is greater than: a. 6% b. 8% v. 4% d. 2%

8%

The activity of alkaline phosphatase is optimal at the following pH: a. 6.0 b. 3.2 v. 9.6 d. 8.0

9.6

Which of the following enzymes shows the greatest specificity for hepatocellular liver damage? a. Lactate dehydrogenase b. Aspartate aminotransferase v. Alkaline phosphatase d. Alanine aminotransferase

Alanine aminotransferase

What hormone plays a role in controlling the reabsorption of sodium in the tubules? a. Cortisol b. Aldosterone v. Cortisone d. Estriol

Aldosterone

Which of the following is the major mineralocorticoid? a. Cortisol b. Aldosterone v. Testosterone d. Corticosterine

Aldosterone

The major protein in VLDL Apo a. A-II Apo b. B-48 v. Apo B-100 d. Apo C-II

Apo B-100

Most widely used method for total protein measurement. a. Biuret Method b. Kjeldahl Method v. Folin-Ciocalteu Method d. Serum Protein Electrophoresis

Biuret Method

Most widely used method for total protein measurement. a. Kjeldahl Method b. Serum Protein Electrophoresis v. Biuret Method d. Folin-Ciocalteu Method

Biuret Method

Which of the following sets of tests would be the most useful in diagnosing an acute myocardial infarction? a. LD, CK-MB, Troponin b. LD, Troponin, Myoglobin v. AST, LD, CK-MB d. CK-MB, Troponin, Myoglobin

CK-MB, Troponin, Myoglobin

Which reagent is used in the Jendrassik-Grof method to solubilize unconjugated bilirubin? a. N-butanol b. 50% methanol v. Acetic Acid d. Caffeine

Caffeine

A photomultiplier tube may be described by all of the following, EXCEPT: a. Rapid response time b. Amplifies current significantly v. Must be shielded from stray light d. Cannot be used with a chopper

Cannot be used with a chopper

What feature distinguishes a double beam spectrophotometer from a single beam spectrophotometer? a. Has two beam splitters b. Has two light sources v. Has two detectors d. Compare samples and reagent blank absorbances simultaneously

Compare samples and reagent blank absorbances simultaneously

One of the following is the first step of the reaction occurring with CK: a. G-6-P + NADP+ - (G-6-PDH) 6-PG + NADPH + H+ b. Creatine phosphate + ADP - (CK) - (Mg++) creatine + ADP v. ATP + glucose - (HK) - (Mg++) ADP + G-6-P d. None of the above

Creatine phosphate + ADP - (CK) - (Mg++) creatine + ADP

An endogenous substance assayed to assess the Glomerular filtration rate may be described as being filtered by the glomeruli, not reabsorbed by the tubules when plasma levels become elevated. What is this frequently assayed substance? a. Creatinine b. Uric acid v. Inulin d. Urea

Creatinine

A serum sample drawn in the emergency room from a 42-year old man yielded the following laboratory results: ANALYTES PATIENT REFERENCE RANGE CK: 185 U/L 15-160 U/L AST: 123 U/L 0-48 U/L CK MB: 6 U/L 2-12 U/L Which of the following conditions might account for these values? a. Cerebrovascular accident b. Pulmonary infarction v. Crush injury to the thigh d. Early acute hepatitis

Crush injury to the thigh

For every 1-degree Celsius increase in temperature above 37 degrees Celsius, pO2 and pCO2 changed, respectively. a. Increase by 7% and decrease by 3% b. Decrease by 3% and decrease by 7% v. Increase by 7% and increase by 7% d. Decrease by 7% and increase by 3%

Decrease by 7% and increase by 3%

Hypoparathyroidism may be expected to cause: a. Increased parathyroid hormone secretion b. Decreased parathyroid hormone secretion v. Decreased renal excretion of calcium d. Decreased blood calcium

Decreased blood calcium

Which of the following components determines the wavelength of light that will pass through the sample cuvette in a spectrophotometer? a. Potentiometer b. Detector v. Monochromator d. Light source

Detector

The following results were obtained on a patient following ingestion of 75 grams of glucose as part of the oral glucose tolerance test. Times specimen collected Serum glucose level (mg/dL) Fasting 124 30 minutes 185 60 minutes 220 90 minutes 195 120 minutes 170 Based on the preceding information, how would this patient be classified? a. Gestational diabetes b. Diabetic v. Normal d. Hypoglycemic

Diabetic

In flame emission photometry, the concentration of the analyte is directly proportional to the amount of light a. Absorbed by the flame b. Emitted by the flame v. Emitted by the analyte d. Absorbed by the analyte

Emitted by the analyte

Periodic monitoring of glucose is requested to avoid diabetic complications. The tests include: a. OGTT and fructosamine b. FBS and HBA1C v. Microalbuminuria and HBA1C d. FBS and OGTT

FBS and HBA1C

Sources of ultraviolet can be found in: a. Heat lamps b. All of the choices v. Lasers d. None of the choices e. Germicidal lamps used in BSC

Germicidal lamps used in BSC

What enzyme catalyzes the oxidation of glucose to glucolactone? a. Glucose oxidase b. Glucose dehydrogenase v. Mutarotase d. Glucose hexokinase

Glucose dehydrogenase

Determine the disorder using the laboratory tests below: T3: Increased T4: Increased TSH: Decreased a. Primary hypothyroidism b. Neonatal hypothyroidism v. Hashimoto thyroiditis d. Grave's disease e. None of the choices

Grave's disease

Apolipoprotein A is the primary protein component of: a. HDL b. LDL v. VLDL d. Chylomicrons

HDL

Which of the following lamps may be described as containing argon and having the element of interest coated on its cathode? a. Deuterium lamp b. Hollow cathode lamp v. Quartz - halogen lamp d. Tungsten lamp

Hollow cathode lamp

Acidosis can be caused by the following: I. Hypercalcemia II. Hyperkalemia III. Hypochloremia IV. Hypocalcemia a. None of the choices b. II, III only v. I, II only d. I, II, III only e. IV only

I, II only

Type/s of extinguisher/s used for Class A fires: I. Dry chemical II. Pressurized water III. Carbon dioxide IV. Halon a. IV only b. None of the choices v. I, II only d. I, II, III only e. II only f. III only

I, II only

The fire tetrahedron consists of: I. Fuel II. Oxygen III. Heat IV. Uninhibited reaction a. None of the choices b. I, II, III, IV v. I, II only d. II, III only e. I, III only

I, II, III, IV

All of the following are true regarding albumin except: I. It is not an indicator of nutritional status. II. It is manufactured in the liver. III. It is sensitive and highly prognostic marker in case of cancer. IV. Lowest levels are seen in active nephrotic syndrome. a. I, III only b. II, III only v. III only d. I, II, III only e. II, IV only f. None of the choices g. IV only h. I only I. II, III only

I, III only

Determine the state, given the following laboratory findings: pH: 7.42 HCO3: 34 mEq/L pCO2: 50 mmHg I. Metabolic II. Respiratory III. Alkalosis IV. Acidosis V. Compensated VI. Uncompensated a. I, III. V b. I, III, VI v. I, IV, VI d. None of the choices e. II, III, VI f. I, IV only

I, III. V

Determine the state, given the following laboratory findings: pH: 7.42 HCO3: 34 mEq/L pCO2: 50 mmHg I. Metabolic II. Respiratory III. Alkalosis IV. Acidosis V. Compensated VI. Uncompensated a. II, III, VI b. I, III. V v. I, III, VI d. None of the choices e. I, IV only I, IV, VI

I, III. V

The earliest cardiac marker/s: I. Troponin T II. Troponin I III. Myoglobin IV. Creatine Kinase a. II only b. I only v. III only d. None of the choices e. I, II, III IV f. I, II, III only

III only

The most toxic form/s of arsenic: I. Tryparsamide II. Sodium arsenate III. Arsine gas IV. Carbarsone a. I, II, III, IV b. III only v. None of the choices d. II only e. I, IV only

III only

Determine the order of draw, from first to last: I. Sodium fluoride tube II. EDTA tube III. Blood culture tube IV. Coagulation test tube a. II. I, III, IV b. I, II, III, IV v. None of the choices d. III, I, IV, II e. III, IV, II, I f. Not applicable to extract blood.

III, IV, II, I

All is/are polypeptide hormone/s except: I. Somatostatin II. Prolactin III. FSH IV. Oxytocin V. TSH VI. HCG a. I, II only b. I only v. III, V, VI d. II, IV, V e. I, V only f. I, III, VI g. None of the choices

III, V, VI

It is considered as a negative acute phase reactant: I. Collagen II. Troponin I III. Chlylomicrons IV. Albumin V. Chromatin a. None of the choices b. I, II, III, IV only v. IV only d. V only e. I, III only f. II, III, V only g. I, V only h. I only

IV only

The following analyte/s is/are considered photosensitive except: I. Folate II. Bilirubin III. Porphyrins IV. HBA1C V. Vitamin A VI. Beta-carotene a. V, VI only b. None of the choices v. II only d. III, IV only e. I, III, IV, V, VI only f. IV only g. II, III, IV, V only h. I, II, III, IV, V, VI

IV only

All is/are steroid hormone/s except: I. Cortisol II. Aldosterone III. Estradiol IV. Epinephrine V. Progesterone VI. Testosterone VII. Thyroxine a. III, V only VI only b. I, II, III, IV, V only v. III only d. None of the choices e. I, II only f. IV, VII

IV, VII

This term describes the disturbed insulin effect on cells such as adipocytes, skeletal muscle cells, and hepatocytes. In simplified terms, glucose uptake by these insulin-dependent cells is reduced. As compensation, a rise in insulin secretion with hyperinsulinemia ensues. a. Insulin resistance b. Glucose mediated insulin secretion v. Impaired glucose tolerance d. Progressive hyperglycemia

Insulin resistance

This type of quality control evaluates long-term accuracy. a. Interlab QC b. Intralab QC v. Internal QC d. Both A and C

Interlab QC

Refrigeration or freezing of specimens for LD analysis should be avoided due to degradation of which of the following isoenzyme fractions? a. LD2 and LD3 b. LD1 and LD2 v. LD3 and LD4 d. LD4 and LD5

LD4 and LD5

The simplest approach for quantification of cholesterol is the one-step direct method: a. Liebermann-Burchardt procedure b. van Handel and Zilversmith method v. Abell-Kendall Method d. Hantzch condensation

Liebermann-Burchardt procedure

Determine the abnormal state, given the following laboratory findings: pH: 7.20 HCO3: 40 mEq/L pCO2: 38 mmHg a. Respiratory Alkalosis b. Metabolic Alkalosis v. Respiratory Acidosis d. Metabolic Acidosis

Metabolic Acidosis

High serum total protein but low albumin is usually seen in a. Multiple myeloma b. Nephrotic syndrome v. Hepatic cirrhosis d. Glumerulonephritis

Multiple myeloma

An increase in lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes (LD1 and LD2) with a flipped pattern is indicative of: a. Nephritis b. Hepatic disease v. Myocardial infarction d. Pulmonary infarction

Myocardial infarction

A phlebotomist will be collecting a specimen from an infant, what must the phlebotomist do? I. Collect blood right away, then double-check if the labeled specimen corresponds with the requisition form before leaving. II. Solely verbally ask the infant for his/her full name. III. Endorse the extraction immediately to the immediate senior med tech. IV. Cancel the extraction procedure. a. I, III only b. II, III only v. None of the choices d. I only e. II, III, IV only

None of the choices

Example/s of Class C fire/s is/are: I. Fire caused by switches II. Fire caused by cloth III. Fire cause by oils and paints a. I, II only b. III only v. None of the choices d. I, II, III e. II only

None of the choices

Specimen considerations for blood gas analysis include the following except: I. Excess heparin causes upward shifting of blood pH. II. Increase time of standing before testing will decrease blood pH cause by glycolysis. III. Upon prolonged standing, pCO2 will decrease. a. I, II only b. None of the choices v. I only d. III only e. I, II, III

None of the choices

The following is/are functions of electrolytes except: I. Important factors in coenzyme activation II. For myocardial rhythm and contractility III. For the production and use of ATP from glucose IV. For volume and osmotic regulation a. None of the choices b. III only II, IV only ou Answered v. I, II, III, only d. I, III only

None of the choices

Which of the following tissues does not secrete steroid hormones? a. Adrenal cortex b. Ovaries v. Testes d. Pituitary gland

Pituitary gland

Which among the following liver conditions shows an increase in conjugated bilirubin and ALP, manifest with anti-mitochondrial antibodies, and shows a characteristic lipoprotein X on electrophoresis. a. Hepatic tumors b. Primary biliary cirrhosis v. Hematochromatosis d. Alcoholic fatty liver

Primary biliary cirrhosis

The serum TSH level is decreased in: a. Primary hypothyroidism b. Euthyroid sick syndrome v. Primary hyperthyroidism d. Secondary hyperthyroidism

Primary hyperthyroidism

All of the following program refer to an intralab (internal) quality control EXCEPT: a. It is important for the daily monitoring of accuracy and precision in analytical methods. b. Detects both random and systematic method. v. Proficiency testing programs to participating laboratories. d. It involves the analyses if control samples together with the patient specimen.

Proficiency testing programs to participating laboratories.

In the proper use of extinguishers, PASS stands for: a. Pull trigger, Aim nozzle, Squeeze pin, Sweep nozzle b. Pull pin, Aim nozzle, Squeeze trigger, Sweep nozzle v. None of the choices d. Pull nozzle, Aim pin, Squeeze trigger, Sweep nozzle e. Pull pin, Aim nozzle, Sweep nozzle, Squeeze trigger

Pull pin, Aim nozzle, Squeeze trigger, Sweep nozzle

TRUE of gas chromatography a. Reference for drug testing b. Neither Both v. The test sample should be volatilized

Reference for drug testing

The most heat stable ALP isoenzyme is: a. Regan b. Nagao v. Placental d. Intestinal

Regan

When the Jaffe reaction is employed as a kinetic assay to quantify serum creatinine, which of the following is used in the analysis? a. Somogyi-Nelson filtrate b. Trichloroacetic acid filtrate v. Folin-Wu filtrate d. Serum sample used directly

Serum sample used directly

A diffraction grating or quartz prism is found in: a. Spectrophotometer b. Fluorospectrometer v. Colorimeter d. Electron meters

Spectrophotometer

Red is: a. The invisible light wavelength b. The shortest wavelength in the visible range v. The longest wavelength in the variable range d. The longest wavelength not detected without UV filter

The longest wavelength in the variable range

Determine the the disorder using the laboratory tests below: T3: Increased T4: Increased TSH: Increased a. Primary hypothyroidism b. Hashimoto thyroiditis v. Grave's disease d. Thyroid hormone resistance e. None of the choices

Thyroid hormone resistance

Which of these light sources is used in atomic absorption spectrophotometer? a. Xenon lamp b. Flame v. Tungsten lamp d. Cathode lamp

Tungsten lamp

Which of the following are examples of nonionizing radiation? a. Neutron Radiation b. Gamma rays and Xrays v. Ultraviolet and microwaves d. Alpha and Beta radiation

Ultraviolet and microwaves

It is the second most abundant anion in the ECF. I. Chloride II. Calcium III. Magnesium IV. Bicarbonate V. Phosphate a. I only b. IV only v. II only d. III only e. None of the choices f. I, V only g. V only

V only

All are false about horizontal centrifuge, except: a. Speed of 9000 x g b. Vertical position when not in use. v. Faster than angle-head centrifuge. d. Remixing is not possible.

Vertical position when not in use

If the aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) serum levels are increased 50-fold over the reference range, what would be the most consistent diagnosis? a. Viral hepatitis b. Cirrhosis v. Carcinoma of the liver Extrahepatic cholestasis

Viral hepatitis

The whole blood fasting blood glucose level is ___________________ than serum or plasma glucose. a. 10-15% lower b. 5-10% higher c. 10-15% higher d. 5-10%lower

a. 10-15% lower

Two control observations consecutively exceeding the same + 2s or -2s. a. 22s; random error b. R4s; systematic error c. 22s; systematic error d. R4s; random error

a. 22s; random error

A solution of calcium chloride contains 3 grams per 100 mL. What % is this solution? a. 3.0 b. 6.0 c. 12.0 d. 1.5

a. 3.0

In OGTT, a load of 75g of glucose (WHO recommendation) is ingested within: a. 5 minutes b. 30 minutes v. 20 minutes d. 10 minutes

a. 5 minutes

All of the following are true regarding T3 uptake except: I. It is increased in hypothyroidism. II. It measures the available binding sites of the thyroxine-binding carbohydrates, most notably thyroxine binding globulin. (TBG) III. It is decreased in chronic liver disease. IV. It is directly proportionally related to TBG. a. I, II, III, IV b. I, II, III only c. II only d. I, III only e. IV only f. None of the choices

a. I, II, III, IV

BUN is determined electrochemically by coupling the urease reaction to measurement of: a. The timed rate of increase in conductivity b. Potential with urea-selective electrode c. The oxidation of ammonia d. Carbon dioxide

a. The timed rate of increase in conductivity

The concentration of albumin is inversely proportional to the severity of the liver disease. a. True b. False

a. True

Ethanol cause _____ through accumulation of ____ and lactate and also through the direct generation of hydrogen ions as alcohol is oxidized. a. alkalosis-proteins b. vomiting-creatinine v. acidosis-lipids d. None of the choices e. acidosis-ketones

acidosis-ketones

Which of the following statements is true regarding enzymology? 1. One IU or international unit is equal to 1 micromole of substrate per second 2. One katal unit is equal to 1 mole of substrate per second 3. IU is the conventional unit for expressing enzyme activity 4. Katal unit is the SI unit for expressing enzyme activity a. 1,2,3 and 4 b. 2,3 and 4 c. 1,2 and 4 d. 1,2 and 3

b. 2,3 and 4

It shows the relative concentration of a solution. a. Density b. Dilution c. Molarity d. Osmolarity

b. Dilution

All of the following are considered emergency situation, except: a. Marked Hyperkalemia b. Glycosuria v. Diabetic Coma d. Diabetic Ketoacidosis

b. Glycosuria

All of the following are true except: I. Endocrine system is a network of glands with ducts that secretes hormones directly into the blood. II. Negative feedback system is a system which an increased in the product results to decreased activity of the system and production rate. III. Hormones serve as chemical signals produced by specialized cells secreted into the blood stream carried to all tissues at the same time. IV. Anterior pituitary is also known as neurohypohysis. a. III only b. I, III, IV c. IV only II d. None of the choices e. II, III, IV f. I, II, III

b. I, III, IV

All of the following pairs of electrode- blood gas analysis correspond with each other except: I. pO2 - Clark electrode II. pCO2 - Calomel electrode III. pH- Silver-Silver Chloride electrode a. III only b. II only v. None of the choices d. I, II only e. I only f. I, II, III

b. II only

Elevation of only the unconjugated bilirubin fraction of bilirubin mat be associated with: 1. Hemolytic anemia 2. Newborns 3. Hepatitis 4. Bile Duct Obstruction a. 1,3 b. 1, 2, 3 c. 1, 2 d. 1,2,3,4

c. 1, 2

Which of the following centrifuge will allow rapid separation of plasma or serum from cells? a. Cytocentrifuge b. Horizontal Head Centrifuge c. Angle-head Centrifuge d. All of the choices are correct.

c. Angle-head Centrifuge

The best method of analysis for serum PTH involves using antibodies that detect: a. The amino terminal fragment of PTH b. The carboxy terminal end of PTH c. Both the amino terminal fragment and intact PTH d. All fragments of PTH as well as intact hormone

c. Both the amino terminal fragment and intact PTH

Sample/s of choice for lead intoxication test: I. Whole blood II. Serum III. Plasma IV. Buffy coat V. Sweat a. I, III only b. None of the choices c. I only d. I, II, III, IV, V e. II only f. I, II, III, g. IV only

c. I only

An elevated level of which of the following hormones will inhibit pituitary secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)? a. Aldosterone b. 17-Beta-Estradiol c. Progesterone d. Cortisol

d. Cortisol

A serum sample drawn in the emergency room from a 42-year old man yielded the following laboratory results: ANALYTES PATIENT REFERENCE RANGE CK: 185 U/L 15-160 U/L AST: 123 U/L 0-48 U/L CK MB: 6 U/L 2-12 U/L Which of the following conditions might account for these values? a. Cerebrovascular accident b. Early acute hepatitis c. Pulmonary infarction d. Crush injury to the thigh

d. Crush injury to the thigh

Characterized by impaired cellular uptake of bilirubin resulting to elevated levels of indirect bilirubin. a. Crigler-Najjar Syndrome b. Lucey-Driscoll Syndrome c. Dubin-Jonson Syndrome d. Gilbert's Syndrome

d. Gilbert's Syndrome

Electrolyte imbalance/s that can be seen in respiratory alkalosis is/are: I. Hypokalemia II. Hyperkalemia III. Hypocholeremia a. I, II only b. III only c. II only d. I only e. None of the choices

d. I only

When LDH acts upon lactic acid, one of the following is produced: a. Aspartic acid b. Alanine c. Oxaloacetic acid d. Pyruvic acid

d. Pyruvic acid

ALT and AST are determined by: a. Whiteborn method b. Clark and Collip method c. Bessey-Lowry method d. Reitman and Frankel method

d. Reitman and Frankel method

All of the following are true except: I. Compensation of metabolic acidosis is through the lungs. II. Syringe and needle for arterial blood collection, for gas analysis must be post-heparinized. III. In acid balance disorders, lungs can compensate in long term and complete. a. III only b. None of the choices c. I, II d. I, II, III e. II only f. II, III

f. II, III

All of the following pair/s of electrolyte - method of measurement corresponds with each other except: I. Sodium- Albanese Lein II. Potassium - Lockhead and Purcell III. Chloride- Schales and Schales IV. Calcium - Fiske Subbarow a. III only b. None of the choices c. I, II, III, IV d. II only e. II, IV only f. IV only

f. IV only

To avoid misidentification, a phlebotomist must do the following except: I. The patient should verbally state his/her nickname. II. The phlebotomist should check the patient's ID band. III. The patient should compare the labeled specimen with the phlebotomist's hand, before leaving. a. I only b. I, II only v. I, III only d. None of the choices e. I, II, III

v. I, III only