CLP3144 EXAM 1 REAL

For example, Dalton's 1618 edition of Common Law states that

"it is lawful for the parents, kinsmen or other friends of a man that is mad, or frantic... to take him and put him into a house, to bind or chain him, and to beat him with rods, and to do any other forcible act to reclaim him, or to keep him so he shall do no hurt"

Yet even those who reject an extreme cultural-relativist position recognize that culture and gender have a number of influences on the expression of abnormal behaviors and on the way those behaviors are treated.

1. cultural and gender can influence the way people express symptoms. 2. can influence people's willingness to admit to certain types of behaviors or feelings. 3. can influence the types of treatments deemed acceptable of helpful for people exhibiting abnormal behaviors.

Identical twins have _____ of their genes in common.

100%

In the United States, which of the following age groups is more likely to have had a major depressive episode in the past year?

18-29

Some studies estimate that as much as _____% of the population meets the DSM-5 criteria for intermittent explosion disorder.

20

Approximately _____% of individuals diagnosed with childhood-onset conduct disorder are also diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder as adults.

35

_____ cycles of mania and depression within a year lead to a diagnosis of rapid cycling bipolar I disorder.

4 or more

Epidemiological studies have indicated that antisocial personality disorder is one of the most common personality disorders, with approximately _____ of the general population being diagnosed with the disorder at some time in their lives.

4 percent

Family history studies reveal that the heritability of panic disorder is _____.

43 to 48 percent

Approximately _____% of individuals diagnosed with childhood-onset conduct disorder are chronically unemployed, have a history of unstable relationships, and frequently engage in impulsive physical aggression or abuse their spouse.

50

Approximately _____% of individuals diagnosed with childhood-onset conduct disorder engages in criminal behavior and drug abuse as teens.

50

Twin studies find that the concordance rate for antisocial behaviors is nearly _____ in MZ twins.

50 percent

When treating a patient with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), approximately how many sessions are necessary?

6 to 12 sessions

As many as _____ percent of people who experience a first episode of depression will experience subsequent episodes.

75

As many as _____ of people who experience a first episode of depression will experience subsequent episodes.

75%

As many as _____ of people with antisocial personality disorder also abuse alcohol and illicit drugs.

80 percent

Almost _____ of people with a specific phobia never seek treatment.

90 percent

A PsyD differs from a PhD in psychology in what way?

A PsyD emphasizes clinical training more than research training.

Mesmer was viewed as which of the following by a scientific review committee that included Benjamin Franklin?

A charlatan

Which of the following statements is true of mood disorders?

A diagnosis of cyclothymic disorder requires that the person alternates between cycles of hypomania and moderate depression.

A common belief is that a mental illness implies that an individual has which of the following?

A disease

Which of the following is the greatest risk factor for suicide in older adults?

A history of psychological problems

Which of the following is the greatest risk factor for suicide in older adults? a. The loss of a loved one b. A history of psychological problems

A history of psychological problems

The physician Hippocrates (460-377 bce) described a case of a common phobia:

A man could not walk alongside a cliff, pass over a bridge, or jump over even a shallow ditch without feeling unable to control his limbs and having his vision impaired.

A phenomenon in which a large number of people engage in unusual behaviors that appear to have a psychological origin is called which of the following?

A psychic epidemic

In Viking times, Birger started acting irrationally, claiming to hear voices and have visions. What would have been the most likely course of action to cure him?

A shaman or healer would have been called in to perform an exorcism.

Which of the following best defines a theory?

A theory is a set of ideas that provides a framework for asking questions about a phenomenon and for gathering and interpreting information about that phenomenon.

To which of the following does psychoanalysis refer?

A theory of personality and psychopathology A method of investigating the mind A form of treatment for psychopathology

What is the Unified Protocol?

A third-wave approach to therapy with a focus on integrating techniques

Which of the following theories is based on the assumptions that humans have an innate capacity for goodness and for living a full life? A. Humanistic B. Psychodynamic C. Cognitive D. Behavioral

A. Humanistic

Which of the following statements is true of light therapy?

A. It may help reduce seasonal affective disorder by resetting circadian rhythms.

Which of the following is a criticism leveled against the biological approach to abnormality? A. It often ignores the fact that environmental and psychological processes can affect biological functioning. B. It argues that people prefer to deal with the issues in their lives that are contributing to their psychological problems rather than turn to drugs. C. It seems to erase any blame or responsibility that might be put upon the sufferer of a disorder. D. It forces people who suffer disorders to simply accept that they have a disease and obtain the appropriate treatment.

A. It often ignores the fact that environmental and psychological processes can affect biological functioning.

Which of the following is the most common method of suicide among women?

A. Poisoning

Which of the following statements is true of humanistic theories? A. Some therapists believe that client-centered therapy may be appropriate for people who are moderately distressed but not for those who are seriously distressed. B. Self-help groups and peer counseling programs have found humanistic theories to be not as effective as the cognitive approach. C. Several researchers have been able to replicate the findings of humanistic therapies through scientific testing. D. The emphasis given to pathology and external forces in humanistic therapies makes the approach very pessimistic.

A. Some therapists believe that client-centered therapy may be appropriate for people who are moderately distressed but not for those who are seriously distressed.

Which of the following statements is true of suicide?

A. Suicide attempts are much more common than completed suicides.

Which of the following statements is true of subcortical structures? A. The thalamus directs incoming information from sense receptors to the cerebrum. B. The hypothalamus is a large structure just above the thalamus that regulates instinctive behaviors. C. The hippocampus is a part of the limbic system that plays a central role in emotions such as fear. D. The amygdala is a structure of the limbic system that plays a role in memory.

A. The thalamus directs incoming information from sense receptors to the cerebrum.

Which of the following statements is true about the diathesis-stress model of the development of disorders? A. The vulnerability can be biological, psychological, or social, and a stressor causes the disorder to manifest. B. An individual experiences a minimal amount of psychological and social stress that creates an atmosphere for the emergence of a disorder. C. Biological factors and psychological factors interact and create social stressors that influence the disorder. D. Psychological and social vulnerability are loosely associated with the disorder and biological factors are the main contributors to the disorder.

A. The vulnerability can be biological, psychological, or social, and a stressor causes the disorder to manifest.

What are the goals of cognitive-behavioral therapy in treating depression?

A. To change negative and hopeless patterns of thinking while helping the individual develop more effective life skills

Anti-epileptics may work by restoring the balance between the neurotransmitter systems in the _____.

A. amygdala

Luke is seeking treatment for his depression. His therapist tells him that his treatment will be short-term, will entail identifying the circumstances that precipitate his depressive symptoms, and will involve learning new skills necessary to interact effectively with his environment. Luke is most likely undergoing _____.

A. behavior therapy

Several studies suggest that dysregulation of the _____ system contributes to bipolar disorder.

A. dopamine

Most people who are suicidal never seek treatment because they:

A. fear the stigma associated with suicide.

The reformulated learned helplessness theory focuses on people who habitually explain negative events by causes that are:

A. internal, stable, and global.

In _____ therapy, therapists look for four types of problems in depressed individuals: grief, role transitions, role disputes, and skill deficits.

A. interpersonal

One view that focuses on the process of thinking, rather than the content of thinking, as a contributor to depression is called the _____.

A. ruminative response styles theory

Oppositional defiant disorder has a high rate of comorbitiy with which of the following disorders?

ADHD

In many cultures, women who are aggressive and who do not want children are at risk of being labeled as which of the following?

Abnormal

Which of the following is true about the genetic factors of depression?

Abnormalities on the serotonin transporter gene could affect the stability of individuals' moods.

Which of the following has been implicated in bipolar disorder?

Abnormality in the activation of the striatum of the basal ganglia

bipolar disorder brain

Abnormality in the activation of the striatum of the basal ganglia

Which of the following is a heritable risk factor for PTSD?

Abnormally low cortisol levels

What should you do if you suspect that a person you know is suicidal?

Acknowledge the person's feelings in a nonjudgmental way

Which of the following disorders consists of emotional and behavioral symptoms such as depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, or antisocial behaviors that occur within three months of the experience of a stressor?

Adjustment disorder

Which of the following statements is true about cross-cultural and gender differences in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms?

African Americans have higher rates of PTSD compared to whites, Hispanics, and Asian Americans.

Which of the following people conceptualized a theory of self-efficacy beliefs?

Albert Bandura

The psychologist who argued that people prone to psychological disorders are plagued by irrational negative assumptions about themselves and the world was which of the following people?

Albert Ellis

_____ argued that people prone to psychological disorders are plagued by irrational negative assumptions about themselves and the world.

Albert Ellis

Children with oppositional defiant disorder show abnormalities in what areas of the brain?

Amygdala

Early Greeks and Romans saw abnormality as which of the following?

An affliction from the gods

Which of the following brain abnormalities have been implicated in depression?

An enlargement of and increased activity in the amygdala.

Tristan's peers described his as being resentful of others, touchy, and having a short fuse. These are characteristics for oppositional defiant disorder under which category of criteria?

Angry/irritable mood

Freud's theory of phobias is detailed in a 150-page case history of a little boy named Hans. In his study, little Hans's behavior was representative of which phobia?

Animal-type phobias

Which of the following statements is true of the biological treatments for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?

Antidepressant drugs affecting serotonin levels help reduce symptoms of OCD

Which of the following disorders most commonly occurs with persistent depressive disorder?

Anxiety disorders

Deliberately annoying peers, blaming others for your mistakes and refusing to do what your mom asks are all examples of what category of criteria for oppositional defiant disorder?

Argumentative/defiant behaviors

The DSM-5 criterion for conduct disorder involves several categories of behaviors. Which of the following is NOT a category of criteria?

Argumentative/defiant behaviors

he DSM-5 criterion for conduct disorder involves several categories of behaviors. Which of the following is NOT a category of criteria?

Argumentative/defiant behaviors

An alternative to the hypothesis that trephination was used to drive evil spirits away was that it was used for which of the following reasons?

As a means of removing blood clots and for other medical purposes

Which of the following is NOT an example of a behavior learned through operant conditioning? A. An adolescent washing the car hoping to get a curfew extension. B. A person jumping back at the sight of a snake. C. A prison inmate receiving tokens for good behavior. D. An animal staying still to avoid an electric shock.

B. A person jumping back at the sight of a snake.

Which of the following people would be at the greatest risk for suicide?

B. An 87-year-old European American male

Which of the following statements is true about the different treatments for mood disorders?

B. Behavioral, cognitive-behavioral, interpersonal, and drug therapies appear to be about equally effective in treating most people with depression.

In the context of cross-cultural treatment, which of the following statements is true? A. Evidence suggests that women, but not men, do better in therapy with a therapist of the same gender. B. Both women and men tend to report that they prefer a therapist of the same gender. C. Certain treatments are more effective among certain cultural/ethnic groups than others. D. People from ethnic minority groups in the U.S. are less likely than European Americans to drop out of psychosocial therapy.

B. Both women and men tend to report that they prefer a therapist of the same gender.

Which of the following is NOT considered an essential component of client-centered therapy (CCT)? A. Genuineness of communication B. Conditional positive regard C. Empathic understanding D. Unconditional positive regard

B. Conditional positive regard

Which of the following psychological factors has NOT been implicated in bipolar disorder?

B. Enmeshed families

Stewart has been warned by his psychiatrist not to miss any of his medication-check appointments. The drug he is taking can be lethal if not monitored regularly. Which of the following drugs is Stewart most likely taking?

B. Lithium

According to the sociocultural approach, which of the following factors increases an individual's susceptibility to mental health problems? A. Inability to attend college to obtain a higher degree due to financial problems B. Living in a country that has been ravaged by war or struck by natural disaster C. Social norms and policies that are liberal in their approach to minority groups D. Growing up in neighborhoods where there is strong cohesion among neighbors

B. Living in a country that has been ravaged by war or struck by natural disaster

Which of the following statements is true about psychodynamic theories? A. It is possible to scientifically test their fundamental assumptions. B. Psychodynamic theories are unaffordable for many people owing to its long-term, intensive nature. C. Most people prefer the unstructured nature of traditional psychodynamic therapy. D. Psychodynamic theories explain normal and abnormal behavior with separate, distinct processes.

B. Psychodynamic theories are unaffordable for many people owing to its long-term, intensive nature

Which of the following is NOT true about behavior genetics? A. Behavior genetics is the study of the genetics of personality and abnormality. B. Research in behavior genetics focuses primarily on twin studies. C. Most disorders result from polygenic processes according to behavior genetics. D. Behavior geneticists investigate the heritability of behaviors and behavioral tendencies.

B. Research in behavior genetics focuses primarily on twin studies.

After working for a company for 25 years, Anna loses her job on account of company cutbacks. She has had difficulty finding a job largely because of her age. She is deeply depressed. According to Émile Durkheim, Anna is most likely at risk of committing _____ suicide.

B. anomic

The reformulated learned helplessness theory focuses on:

B. causal attributions or an explanation of why an event happened.

In _____ therapy, patients with bipolar disorder and their families are educated about bipolar disorder and trained in communication and problem-solving skills.

B. family-focused

Native American healing processes:

B. focus on the physiology, psychology, and religious practices of the individual.

Sara feels as though every aspect of her life is dismal. She has a pessimistic attitude toward her family, friends, and important events in her life. She views everything on the dark side, and she does not believe that positive thinking is useful in her situation. Sara is most likely exhibiting _____.

B. hopelessness depression

Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy (ISRT) for people with bipolar disorder combines _____ techniques with _____ techniques to help patients maintain regular routines of eating, sleeping, and activity, as well as stability in their personal relationships.

B. interpersonal therapy; behavioral

Women are _____ likely than men to attempt suicide and _____ likely than men to complete suicide.

B. more; less

People who tend to hold dysfunctional assumptions often react to situations with all of the following EXCEPT: A. irrational thoughts. B. rational behaviors. C. negative emotions. D. irrational behaviors.

B. rational behaviors.

All of the following are limitations of behavioral theories EXCEPT that: A. it is unclear how behavioral principles could account for some disorders, such as schizophrenia. B. the development of normal and abnormal behaviors has been scientifically tested by behavioral theory hypotheses. C. the complexity of human behaviors and the environmental experiences cannot be captured in laboratory studies. D. behavioral theories do not recognize free will in people's behavior.

B. the development of normal and abnormal behaviors has been scientifically tested by behavioral theory hypotheses.

One of the most infamous early mental hospitals in London was nicknamed

Bedlam

_____ targets family communication and problem-solving, beliefs of parents and adolescents that impede communication, and systemic barriers to problem-solving.

Behavioral family systems therapy

Which of the following statements is true about the different treatments for mood disorders? a. Drug therapy has been found to be more effective in treating people with chronic depression than when used in combination with psychotherapy. b. Behavioral, cognitive-behavioral, interpersonal, and drug therapies appear to be about equally effective in treating most people with depression.

Behavioral, cognitive-behavioral, interpersonal, and drug therapies appear to be about equally effective in treating most people with depression.

_____ emphasizes the consequences of reinforcement and punishment on behavior.

Behaviorism

Who among the following maintained that abnormal behavior was caused by excessive blood in the brain?

Benjamin Rush

Jacob has been diagnosed with panic disorder without agoraphobia. He was taking his medication regularly until recently. Since discontinuing his medication, he is experiencing severe withdrawal symptoms and rebound of anxiety symptoms. Which medication was Jacob most likely taking?

Benzodiazepines

Which of the following suppresses the central nervous system and influences functioning in the GABA, norepinephrine, and serotonin neurotransmitter systems?

Benzodiazepines

Which of the following physicians showed that they could induce symptoms of hysteria through hypnosis?

Bernheim and Liebault

What percentage of children diagnosed with conduct disorder are eventually diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder as adults?

Between 35 and 40 percent

According to Hippocrates, abnormal behavior could be attributed to imbalances in the four basic humors of the body. Which of the following courses of treatment was used to restore the balance?

Bleeding the patient

Beginning in the eleventh century, abnormality began to be seen as caused by which of the following?

Both witchcraft and Satanism

What is true with regard to gender differences in oppositional defiant disorder?

Boys with oppositional defiant disorder are more likely to be physically aggressive

Which of the following is true with regard to gender differences in oppositional defiant disorder?

Boys with oppositional defiant disorder are more likely to be physically aggressive

Which of the following affects norepinephrine and dopamine systems, has been useful in treating psychomotor retardation, and appears to overcome the sexual dysfunction side effects of SSRIs?

Bupropion

In what ways does managed care address some of the problems of deinstitutionalization? (Select all that apply.)

By helping to coordinate care offered by other providers By helping patients to find appropriate care By ensuring that patients have access to appropriate care

Which of the following is NOT believed to be a reason to trigger nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI)? t

C. As a trial for suicide

Which of the following explanations has been given for the age-based variation in the risk for depression?

C. Changing social values

Which of the following is NOT a goal of cognitive therapy? A. Assist clients in identifying their irrational and maladaptive thoughts. B. Teach clients to consider alternative ways of thinking. C. Discourage clients from challenging their irrational or maladaptive thoughts. D. Encourage clients to face their worst fears and recognize ways of coping.

C. Discourage clients from challenging their irrational or maladaptive thoughts.

Which of the following is correct regarding chromosomes? A. At conception, the fertilized embryo has 48 chromosomes, 24 from the female egg and 24 from the male sperm. B. The mother of an embryo always contributes a Y chromosome and the father always contributes an X chromosome. C. Down syndrome results when chromosome 21 is present in triplicate. D. Chromosomes have no relationship to deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).

C. Down syndrome results when chromosome 21 is present in triplicate.

In the treatment of mood disorders, which of the following is the first phase of behavior therapy?

C. Functional analysis

Which of the following statements is true about systematic desensitization therapy? A. It requires the client to first develop a hierarchy of feared stimuli and then learn appropriate responses to each of these stimuli, starting with the most feared stimulus. B. It is an immediate and direct method for extinguishing anxiety responses to stimuli and maladaptive behavior. C. It generally produces better results when the client is asked to experience the stimuli directly, that is, using the in vivo exposure method. D. It is often combined with operant conditioning to develop a conditioned avoidance response.

C. It generally produces better results when the client is asked to experience the stimuli directly, that is, using the in vivo exposure method.

Which of the following statements is true about cross-cultural treatment? A. Ethnic matching is an important predictor of how long clients remain in therapy. B. A therapist must be from the same culture as the client to fully understand the client. C. Matching the race or ethnicity of the therapist and the client does not necessarily lead to a better outcome. D. It has been proven that therapists from the same ethnic or racial group as the client share the same value system.

C. Matching the race or ethnicity of the therapist and the client does not necessarily lead to a better outcome.

Which of the following is true of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)?

C. People who undergo unilateral ECT experience memory problems.

Which of the following best describes a problem associated with understanding suicide through research?

C. Suicide is relatively rare, thereby making it difficult to study scientifically.

Luke is seeking treatment for his depression. His therapist begins by helping him discover the negative automatic thoughts that he habitually exhibits and how these thoughts are connected to his depression. Luke is encouraged to challenge these thoughts and his therapist helps him to develop skills such as assertiveness to help him cope better in his daily life. The therapy Luke is most likely receiving is _____ therapy.

C. cognitive-behavioral

The medication most consistently shown to reduce the risk of suicide is _____.

C. lithium

Broad-based suicide prevention or education programs do not tend to be very helpful and might even do harm because they:

C. make suicide appear quite common, which may cause students to believe that it is an understandable response to stress.

Martha was distraught when she discovered her husband had been involved with another woman and the relationship produced a child. She constantly tries to understand why her husband cheated on her, thinking thoughts such as "I'm so stupid for not realizing what was going on," and, "I should have been more attentive to his needs." Which type of cognition is Martha most likely exhibiting?

Causal attributions

_____ was so impressed by the evidence that hysteria had psychological roots that he became a leading researcher of the psychological causes of abnormal behavior.

Charcot

Which of the following statements is true regarding the cognitive factors involved in conduct disorder?

Children with conduct disorder tend to consider a narrow range of responses to perceived provocation by others.

Ivan P. Pavlov, a Russian neurophysiologist, developed a process known as which of the following?

Classical conditioning

What are the core principles of the behavioral approach?

Classical conditioning and operant conditioning

_____ was developed by Carl Rogers.

Client-centered therapy

Which of the following must have a PhD or PsyD in psychology and a specialization in treating and researching psychological problems?

Clinical psychologists

In the 1970s, psychology shifted its focus substantially to the study of which of the following?

Cognitions

A therapy developed by Aaron Beck that focused on the irrational thoughts of people with psychological problems was called which of the following?

Cognitive therapy

From which theoretical perspective are most psychotherapies for conduct disorder derived?

Cognitive-behavioral

Which of the following treatments is most effective in preventing relapse in clients with panic disorders?

Cognitive-behavioral therapies

After deinstituionalization, which of the following community-based programs were instituted? (Select all that apply.)

Community mental health centers Day treatment centers Halfway houses

The movement that was launched in 1963 by President John Kennedy was called which of the following?

Community mental health movement

The early laws regarding confinement of the mentally ill in Europe were which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

Concerned with protection of the ill person's relatives The same as in the United States Concerned with the protection of the public

Which behavioral disorder among adolescents and children is characterized by a chronic pattern of unconcern for the basic rights of others?

Conduct disorder

Which of the following is an example of an obsession?

Constantly thinking about cleanliness and contamination

Tracy always seemed to "forget" to do her weekly chores, despite many reminders by her mom and dad. Her parents decided to pay her $2 for each chore she completed by Sunday night each week. Which type of schedule did Tracy's parents put her on?

Continuous reinforcement schedule

There appears to be increasing evidence that there is no "dividing line" between normal and abnormal behavior. What is the name for this psychological perspective?

Continuum model of abnormality

The view that there are not universal standards or rules for labeling behavior as abnormal is called which of the following?

Cultural relativism

____ have strong norms for what is acceptable behavior for men versus women.

Cultures

When ingested, which of the following substances slows the reuptake process of norepinephrine? A. Cocaine and heroin B. Heroin and marijuana C. Marijuana and amphetamines D. Amphetamines and cocaine

D. Amphetamines and cocaine

Which of the following is the greatest limitation of the cognitive theories? A. Cognitive theories may seem comfortable or familiar to laypersons. B. Cognitive theories seem attractive because they focus on an individual's thinking processes. C. Cognitive theories are least likely to explain unwanted emotions, thoughts, and behaviors. D. Cognitive theories have had difficulty proving that maladaptive cognitions precede and cause disorders rather than being the symptoms or consequences of the disorders.

D. Cognitive theories have had difficulty proving that maladaptive cognitions precede and cause disorders rather than being the symptoms or consequences of the disorders.

_____ therapy was developed to treat people with borderline personality disorder, who frequently attempt suicide.

D. Dialectical behavior

Which of the following statements is true about the newer methods of brain stimulation?.

D. In vagus nerve stimulation, a small electronic device is implanted under the patient's skin in the left chest wall.

Which of the following is a valid criticism leveled against the sociocultural approach? A. It argues that it is not enough to look only at what is going on within individuals or their immediate surroundings. B. It blames the victim and places responsibility for psychopathology within the individual. C. It relieves society of its responsibility to change the social conditions that put individuals at risk for psychopathology. D. It only provides a vague understanding about the exact ways in which social and cultural forces lead to psychological disturbance in individuals.

D. It only provides a vague understanding about the exact ways in which social and cultural forces lead to psychological disturbance in individuals.

Which of the following is NOT true about the interactions between genes and the environment? A. Genetic factors can influence the kinds of environments we choose. B. The environment can act as a catalyst for a genetic tendency. C. Environmental conditions can affect the expression of genes. D. Personalities and interests are not reinforced by the environments we choose.

D. Personalities and interests are not reinforced by the environments we choose.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the different approaches to abnormality and the continuum model? A. People who favor a sociocultural approach generally embrace the continuum model because they view psychological disorders as vastly different from normal functioning. B. People who take a biological approach have traditionally accepted a continuum model of abnormality. C. People who adopt a psychological approach have moved away from a continuum model of psychopathology in recent years. D. Proponents of the sociocultural approach tend to view abnormal behaviors as understandable consequences of social stresses in people's lives.

D. Proponents of the sociocultural approach tend to view abnormal behaviors as understandable consequences of social stresses in people's lives.

Which of the following statements is indicative of culturally sensitive approach therapists may use when treating clients? A. Persuading clients from cultures that value respect for authority to generate ideas about what is causing their symptoms B. Strengthening the socio-economic and class differences that exist in the client-therapist relationship C. Forcing clients from cultures that value emotional restraint to express themselves and disclose all their personal concerns D. Recognizing that certain cultures focus on the collective and that the identity of the individual is not seen apart from the group

D. Recognizing that certain cultures focus on the collective and that the identity of the individual is not seen apart from the group

Mae sits and ruminates about her life daily. She has no motivation to make changes in the areas of her life that are bothering her. She spends a great deal of time focusing on how badly she feels. According to cognitive theorists, which theory is most likely to apply to this situation?

D. Ruminative response styles theory

Which of the following statements is true about different drug therapies? A. Phenothiazines, also known as atypical antipsychotics, are used to reduce hallucinations and delusions, and do not induce dangerous side effects. B. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are the most frequently used antidepressants which target both serotonin and norepinephrine. C. Tricyclic antidepressants and the monoamine oxidase inhibitors are the newer classes of antidepressants. D. SSRIs and SNRIs produce common side effects such as nausea, diarrhea, headaches, daytime sedation, sexual dysfunction, and agitation.

D. SSRIs and SNRIs produce common side effects such as nausea, diarrhea, headaches, daytime sedation, sexual dysfunction, and agitation.

Which of the following statements is true of prevention programs? A. Primary prevention strategies focus on detecting a disorder in its earliest stages. B. Secondary prevention focuses on people who already have a disorder and focus on prevention of relapse. C. Tertiary prevention strategies for preventing drug abuse might include changing neighborhood characteristics that contribute to drug use. D. Secondary prevention often involves screening for early signs of a disorder and then administering an intervention to prevent the development of a full-blown disorder.

D. Secondary prevention often involves screening for early signs of a disorder and then administering an intervention to prevent the development of a full-blown disorder.

Which of the following neurotransmitters plays an important role in regulating emotional well-being and aggressive impulses? A. Dopamine B. Norepinephrine C. Acetylcholine D. Serotonin

D. Serotonin

Which of the following is true of suicide in older adults?

D. Suicide rates among older people are highest in the first year following the loss of a loved one

Which among the following is NOT a common component of successful therapies? A. Encouraging clients to confront painful emotions and become less sensitive to them B. Providing clients with explanations or interpretations of why they are suffering C. Establishing a positive client-therapist relationship D. Supplementing existing treatment with drug therapy

D. Supplementing existing treatment with drug therapy

Which of the following statements is true of gender differences in vulnerability to depression?

D. The differences in the responses of men and women to stress may be due to social norms.

Which of the following best describes the nature-nurture question of abnormality? A. The nature-nurture question relies heavily on biological perspectives to address abnormal behaviors. B. The nature-nurture question views abnormal behaviors exclusively from a sociological perspective. C. The nature-nurture question integrates biological, psychological, and social approaches to abnormal behaviors. D. The nature-nurture question rejects the idea that abnormality has multiple causes.

D. The nature-nurture question rejects the idea that abnormality has multiple causes.

Which of the following statements is true of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)? A. A current of 70 to 150 volts is passed through the brain for five seconds. B. Patients are conscious when the brain seizure is induced. C. Patients typically have a convulsion, which usually lasts 3 minutes or more. D. The side effects of ECT involve confusion and memory loss.

D. The side effects of ECT involve confusion and memory loss.

According to Émile Durkheim, _____ suicide is committed by people who believe that taking their own life will benefit society.

D. altruistic

Jacob has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. He feels alienated and isolated since his institutionalization. He also feels as though no one really cares about him. He has been contemplating suicide. Durkheim's theory would classify this thinking as _____ suicide.

D. egoistic

The biological approach to abnormality focuses on all of the following causes of abnormality EXCEPT: A. brain dysfunction. B. genetic abnormalities. C. biochemical imbalance. D. poor physiological responses.

D. poor physiological responses.

Terrence's father abandoned him and his mother when he was 6 years old. When asked about his father, he says that his father died. Although his father has tried to contact him, Terrence insists that his father is dead. Which of the following Freudian processes would best explain Terrence's behavior?

Defense mechanisms

As advocated by the patients' rights movement, which of the following processes aimed to integrate mental patients into the community?

Deinstitutionalization

Which of the following are inappropriate terms for psychological abnormality that have been used to oversimplify or shame people with mental illnesses? (Select all that apply.)

Demented,Kooky,Crazy,Bonkers

The conditions patients were exposed to at most of the early asylums could be described as which of the following?

Deplorable

Which of the following is true according to the cognitive theories of depression?

Depressed people show a bias toward negative thinking.

A child diagnosed with intermittent explosion disorder is most likely to perform which of the following behaviors?

Destroy Property

_____ therapy focuses on difficulties in managing negative emotions and in controlling impulsive behaviors

Dialectical behavior

_____ focuses on difficulties in managing negative emotions and in controlling impulsive behaviors.

Dialectical behavior therapy

Rachel teaches the second grade and suspects that two students in her class have behavioral problems. Although she works fervently to keep the class running smoothly, the students' behaviors continually disrupt the learning environment. When the two students blurt out the answers before being called upon, push others in line, or constantly get out of their seats, other students become distracted and irritated. According to which criterion will these students' behaviors most likely be considered abnormal?

Distress

One of America's strongest advocates for the humane treatment of the mentally ill was _____.

Dorothea Dix

Sandy was born with a small nose, protruding lips and tongue, and chromosome 21 was present in triplicate. Sandy was most likely born with _____.

Down syndrome

Constantly thinking that you are Satan and that you should be punished makes it almost impossible to go to school or have a job. This is an example of which of the four Ds of abnormality?

Dysfunction

What are "the four Ds" of abnormality?

Dysfunction, distress, deviance, and dangerousness

According to the text, which of the following stressful events has been consistently linked to increased vulnerability to suicide?

Economic hardship

The basis for the modern classification systems of psychological disorders came out of the work of which of the following psychiatrists?

Emil Kraepelin

Currently, mental disorders are viewed as a collection of problems in which of the following areas? (Select all that apply.)

Emotional responding, Thinking, Social behavior

_____ is the study of heritable changes in the expression of genes without change in the gene sequence.

Epigenetics

Hippocrates classified abnormal behavior into which set of categories?

Epilepsy, mania, melancholia, and brain fever

Psychiatric historians have argued that many persons accused of witchcraft in the Middle Ages may have been which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

Experiencing delusional behavior Experiencing hallucinations Mentally ill

As babies, children who develop conduct disorder tend to have been _____, at least as reported by their parents.

Extremely rational

True or false: An advantage of understanding cultural relativism is that it advocates for imposing one's own cultural understanding of what is considered normal and abnormal over someone else's.

False

True or false: In popular culture there are not many words to describe abnormal behavior.

False

True or false: Some historians suggest trephination may have been used as an adjunct to holistic medicine, such as acupuncture.

False

True or false: The practice of trephination included drilling holes in the skull to allow blood flow to reach various parts of the brain.

False

Marriage and family therapists focus on helping which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

Families Couples Children

Julie has been diagnosed with ornithophobia—the fear of birds. For her treatment, her therapist makes her sit in a room filled with caged birds for several hours. Which behavioral treatment in being used in this situation

Flooding

Julie has been diagnosed with ornithophobia—the fear of birds. For her treatment, her therapist makes her sit in a room filled with caged birds for several hours. Which behavioral treatment in being used in this situation?

Flooding

_____ cycles of mania and depression within a year lead to a diagnosis of rapid cycling bipolar disorder.

Four or more

Our understanding of prehistoric people's conceptions of abnormality is based on which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

Fragments of bones, Ancient tools, Artwork

The psychoanalytic approach to personality and treatment of psychopathology was developed by _____.

Freud

Who were the authors of On the Psychical Mechanisms of Hysterical Phenomena published in 1893?

Freud and Breuer

One of the most important discoveries underpinning modern biological theories of abnormality was the discovery of the cause of which of the following?

General paresis

Licensed mental health counselors typically have attained which education level?

Graduate training in counseling

Which of the following offered people with long-term mental health problems the opportunity to live in a structured, supportive environment as they tried to reestablish a job and ties to family and friends?

Halfway houses

Which of the following steps did Pinel take in his treatment of patients? (Select all that apply.)

He provided comfortable sleeping quarters. He ordered that patients be allowed to walk freely around the asylum. He provided patients with clean and sunny rooms.

Which of the following represent contributions Dorothea Dix made to the improvement of conditions for people with mental illnesses? (Select all that apply.)

Her lobbying efforts led to the cleanup of mental hospitals. Her lobbying efforts led to the training of mental health professionals. Her efforts led to the establishment of over 30 mental hospitals.

The Catholic Church originally established the Inquisition to rid the Earth of which of the following?

Heretics

Hippocrates theorized that mental illness was caused by an imbalance of four fluids called _____.

Humors

Which Greek term is used today to refer to physiological symptoms that are probably the result of psychological processes?

Hysteria

Mesmer focused on the treatment of which type of psychological disorders?

Hysterical disorders

To be diagnosed with major depressive disorder, you must display these symptoms

If a person experiences depressed mood or loss of interest in usual activities, and at least four other depressive symptoms for at least two weeks, and these symptoms are severe enough to interfere with the person's ability to function in everyday life, the person meets the criteria for

Which of the following statements are true about the ancient Chinese concept of yin and yang? (Select all that apply.)

If yin and yang were in balance, the individual was healthy. The human body contained a negative force (yin) and positive force (yang)

Which of the following statements is true of acute stress disorder

In acute stress disorder, dissociative symptoms are common, including detachment, derealization, and depersonalization.

Important breakthroughs in drug treatments for some of the major forms of abnormality were made at which time?

In the mid-twentieth century

In vagus nerve stimulation, a small electronic device is implanted -------------------

In vagus nerve stimulation, a small electronic device is implanted under the patient's skin in the left chest wall.

Mesmer's treatment of hysterical disorders involved which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

Inducing a powerful magnetic field that would cause symptoms to disappear Realigning the person's magnetic fluids

_____ emerged out of modern psychodynamic theories of psychopathology and shifted focus from the unconscious conflicts of the individual to the client's pattern of relationships with important people in his or her life.

Interpersonal therapy

The Chinese belief in "vital air" had which effect on people?

It encouraged people to live in an orderly and harmonious way.

Why is the depression that goes along with grief over the death of a loved one not considered clinical depression?

It is a normal and expected response to the event.

Which of the following statements is true about "taijin-kyofusho"?

It is in line with the Japanese emphasis on deference to others.

Ashanti crawled around on the ground barking like a dog. Taking cultural variations into account, how might this behavior be described?

It may be normal depending on the context in which it occurred.

Which of the following best describes the managed care system?

It seeks to organize health care and coordinate services for existing medical problems and prevent future problems.

The Russian physiologist whose discovery of conditioned responses made a tremendous impact on psychology was _____.

Ivan Pavlov

Which individual argued that hysteria was caused by degeneration in the brain?

Jean Charcot

Which two individuals argued that persons accused of witchcraft were mentally ill, and consequently had their writings banned by the Catholic Church in the sixteenth century?

Johann Weyer and Reginald Scot

Pavlov's discoveries inspired which of the following people to study important human behaviors such as phobias?

John B. Watson

_____ can cause diabetes, hypothyroidism, and kidney dysfunction and can contribute to birth defects if taken during the first trimester of pregnancy.

Lithium

One of the abnormal genes seen in children with conduct disorders is the _____ gene, which regulates the neurotransmitters dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine.

MAOA

Belinda has been warned not to mix her antidepressant medication with certain over-the-counter drugs. She has also been told to watch her consumption of aged cheese, red wine, and beer. Belinda's is most likely taking _____.

MAOI's

Mesmer believed that people have which of the following substances in the body that must be distributed in a particular pattern to maintain health?

Magnetic fluid

Which of the following is true of the difference between persistent depressive disorder and major depressive disorder?

Major depressive disorder is more severe and less chronic than persistent depressive disorder.

What is a key difference between adaptive fear responses and maladaptive anxiety responses?

Maladaptive responses are out of proportion to the threat, whereas adaptive responses are appropriate to the situation.

A collection of methods for coordinating care that ranges from simple monitoring to total control over what care can be provided and paid for is called which of the following?

Managed care

Which of the following statements about panic disorder is true?

Many people with panic disorder feel ashamed of it and try to hide it from others.

_____ specialize in helping, couples, parents, and children overcome problems that are interfering with their well-being.

Marriage and family therapists

Teresa of Avila claimed that the mass hysteria she witnessed at a convent was the result of which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

Melancholy A weak imagination Drowsiness

Which criterion for abnormality implies that the presence of a disease is causing given behavior?

Mental Illness

Drake has a fear of dogs. As part of his therapy, Drake must first observe his therapist petting a dog and then, when instructed, must do the same. Which behavioral treatment is most likely being used in this situation?

Modeling

Which of the following groups has the second highest suicide rate in the United States?

Native americans

Which of the following neurotransmitters has been linked to the impulse of aggressive behavior in people diagnosed with intermittent explosion disorder?

Neuroimaging studies show abnormalities in the functioning of the anterior cingulate, an area of the brain involved in responding to emotional stimuli.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the biological factors involved in conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder?

Neuroimaging studies show abnormalities in the functioning of the anterior cingulate, an area of the brain involved in responding to emotional stimuli.

Jerry, who can't sit still for a minute, sees his classmate, Mike, getting a sticker for sitting quietly in his seat. Jerry decides to stop fidgeting and begins to sit still in the hope of getting as sticker for his sticker collection. Which behavioral theory is in effect here?

Observational learning

The idea that behaviors followed by positive consequences are more likely to be repeated was called which of the following?

Operant conditioning

Which of the following behavioral theories has been useful in explaining the reinforcement of phobias?

Operant conditioning

Sarah's mother, Stephanie, was not at home much when Sarah was very young, so Sarah's 12-year-old brother took care of her most of the time. Now that Sarah is approaching adulthood, she chain-smokes and drinks alcohol excessively. She has a difficult time forming close relationships since she is very jealous and never believes anyone really loves her. Sarah most likely had difficulty in which psychosexual stage of development according to Freudian theory?

Oral

Clinical social workers focus on helping people with psychological problems do which of the following?

Overcome social conditions contributing to their problems

Which of the following is true about the integrated model of panic disorder?

Panic disorders seem to develop as a result of a biological vulnerability to a hypersensitive fight-or-flight response.

Which of the following factors may account for the higher rate of conduct disturbances in boys than in girls?

Parents are more likely to physically punish boys severely than girls.

Which of the following parenting styles is likely to increase a child's vulnerability to conduct disorder?

Parents who physically abuse their children

What is true of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)?

People who undergo unilateral ECT still experience memory problems.

Which of the following statements about depression is true?

People with depression often do not seek treatment, as they expect to overcome their symptoms on their own.

Which of the following is associated with the increased rates of suicide among African American men?

Perception of economic conditions

In a sense, the Dodge and Pettit model of aggressive thinking model essentially has several steps. Which best reflects the order of thinking?

Perception, attribution, response search, response selection, action

_____ was a class of drugs discovered in the twentieth century that reduced hallucinations and delusions, and made it possible for many people who had been institutionalized for years to be released from asylums and hospitals.

Phenothiazines

Which leader of the moral treatment movement believed that many forms of abnormality could be cured by restoring the dignity and tranquility of patients?

Philippe Pinel

Who initiated the practice of allowing patients freedom to walk around the asylum?

Philippe Pinel

In the early Middle Ages, insanity was believed to have been caused by which of the following?

Physical injury or severe emotional shock

Philippe ...believed that many forms of abnormality could be cured by restoring patients' dignity and tranquility.

Pinel

Which of the following ancient Greeks argued that madness arose when the rational mind was overcome by impulse, passion, or appetite?

Plato

Which of the following statements about the early Greeks and Romans are true? (Select all that apply.)

Plato and Socrates said that some forms of abnormal behavior were divine and that the persons afflicted could have prophetic gifts. Most Greek and Roman citizens saw abnormal behavior as an affliction from the gods. Physicians rejected supernatural explanations of abnormal behavior.

Which of the following disorders is most common among adults over age 65? r

Post-traumatic stress disorder

Raine et al. found reductions in the volume of the _____ in both women and men with antisocial personality disorder.

Prefrontal cortex

Studies have found that antisocial adults have abnormal levels of functioning in the:

Prefrontal cortex

What area of the brain is responsible for executive functions?

Prefrontal cortex

In managed care, who is typically responsible for first identifying mental health problems?

Primary care provider

_____ have a degree in nursing and often work on inpatient psychiatric wards in hospitals, delivering medical care and certain forms of psychotherapy.

Psychiatric nurses

Which of the following mental health experts has an MD degree?

Psychiatrists

Which of the following is defined today as a phenomenon in which large numbers of people engage in unusual behaviors that appear to have a psychological origin?

Psychic epidemic

Which of the following is the study of the unconscious?

Psychoanalysis

Which of the following statements is true about the difference between classical psychoanalysis and more modern psychodynamic therapy?

Psychoanalysis typically involves three or four sessions per week over a period of many years, but modern psychodynamic therapy can be as short-term as 12 weeks.

Maria and her parents recently moved to a new state because her mother received a job transfer. Maria has had difficulty adjusting to her new school, and has been suffering from loss of appetite, irritability, and lack of interest in her usual activities. Assuming that Maria's behavior meets the criteria for abnormal behavior, which of the following would most likely be the best approach to explaining Maria's behavior?

Psychological approach

Which of the following are the three theories of treatment of abnormal behavior that advanced greatly in the early twentieth century?

Psychological theory Biological theory Social theory

Which of the following statements is true regarding treatment for antisocial personality disorder?

Psychotherapy tends to focus on controlling anger and impulsive behaviors, developing coping strategies, and increasing empathy.

The early laws in Europe and the United States allowed which of the following behaviors in treating the mentally ill? (Select all that apply.)

Relatives could put the patient in a house and bind or chain him. Relatives could do any forcible act to reclaim the patient. Relatives could beat the patient with rods.

Which of the following is true regarding treatments for antisocial personality disorder?

Research has indicated that norepinephrine can help to control impulsive and aggressive responses

Which of the following treatments did the mental hygiene movement advocate? (Select all that apply.)

Rest and relaxation A serene and physically appealing environment Prayers and incantations

The Viennese psychiatrist credited with discovering a connection between paresis and syphilis was _____.

Richard Krafft-Ebing

Mae sits and ruminates about her life daily. She has no motivation to make changes in the areas of her life that are bothering her. She spends a great deal of time focusing on how badly she feels. According to cognitive theorists, which theory is most likely to apply to this situation?

Ruminative response styles theory

One of the founders of American psychiatry, Benjamin ..., believed that abnormal behavior was caused by excessive blood in the brain.

Rush

Venlafaxine and Duloxetine are the generic names of two _____.

SNRI's

When people first begin taking a(n) _____, they sometimes report feeling "jittery" or having a feeling of "crawling out of one's skin."

SSRI

Gerald has been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). He has been taking his medicine regularly, but has begun to experience side effects such as constipation and drowsiness. Which drug is he most likely taking for his symptoms?

SSRIs

Which of the following biological treatments has been successful in dealing with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms such as nightmares, irritability, and sleep problems?

SSRIs and benzodiazepines

Which of the following statements is true regarding drug therapies for intermittent explosion disorder?

SSRIs, norepinepherine reuptake inhibitors and mood stabilizers have reduced aggression in individuals with this disorder.

_____ relates to people's beliefs about their ability to execute the behaviors necessary to control important events

Self-efficacy

William Tuke's asylum focused on restoring which of the following in patients?

Self-restraint

Suzanne has been diagnosed with conduct disorder. Her therapist has been teaching her to talk to herself when she is faced with difficult situations. By repeating phrases that help to calm her down and control her impulsive behaviors, she learns to avoid reacting negatively to situations. Which technique is Suzanne's therapist using?

Self-talk

Which of the following neurotransmitters has been linked to poor impulse control and aggression in people diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder?

Serotonin

Which of the following neurotransmitters plays an important role in regulating emotional well-being and aggressive impulses?

Serotonin

Prior to the eleventh century, which of the following was most often seen as the cause of bizarre behavior?

Severe emotional shock

Which of the following statements about Dorothea Dix is true?

She found the treatment of the mentally ill in America dehumanizing, and set out on a quest to improve their condition by lobbying in different states to get laws passed.

Which psychoanalytic theorist is noted for his study of the unconscious?

Sigmund Freud

Alyssa's depression became so severe that she stopped attending work and is at risk of being let go from her job. Which characteristic of abnormal behavior best fits Alyssa's symptom?

Significantly interferes with social or occupational functioning

Which of the following is an improper pairing?

Skinner/psychoanalytic perspective

Which of the following statements is true about social phobia?

Social phobia often co-occurs with mood disorders, other anxiety disorders, and avoidant personality disorder.

Opponents of cultural relativism claim which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

Societies have labeled individuals or groups as abnormal in order to justify controlling them. Dangers arise when cultural norms are allowed to dictate what is normal and abnormal.

Which historical figures both argued that some forms of madness were divine and could be the source of great literary and prophetic gifts

Socrates and Plato

Pavlov developed methods and theories for understanding behavior in terms of which of the following?

Stimuli and responses

Which of the following is true of suicide in older adults? a. European American males over the age 65 are at the highest risk for suicide. b. Suicide rates among older people are highest in the first year following the loss of a loved one.

Suicide rates among older people are highest in the first year following the loss of a loved one.

According to which historical theory of abnormal behavior were psychological illnesses and conditions thought to be the result of demons trapped inside a person's head, and the best way to treat the problem was to cut a hole in the skull to let the spirits out?

Supernatural

Ancient beliefs about the causes of abnormal behavior centered around what type of explanation?

Supernatural

Historians believe that prehistoric people had a concept of insanity rooted in which of the following?

Supernatural beliefs

Which of the following improperly pairs a historical perspective on abnormal behavior with an abnormality?

Supernatural theories/chronic stress

When Kathryn was visiting her grandmother one summer, a snake crawled on the front porch. Since then, Kathryn has been dreadfully afraid of snakes. Which technique would a behavioral therapist most likely use in this situation?

Systematic desensitization

What phenomenon, seen in Italy in the fourteenth century, was attributed to a tarantula bite, causing people to jump around, dance wildly, tear at their clothes, and beat each other with whips?

Tarantism

According to the DSM-5, which of the following is an appropriate diagnostic criterion for disruptive mood dysregulation disorder?

Temper outbursts must occur at least three times per week for at least 12 months.

Hippocrates, the father of medicine, argued which of the following? Select all that apply.

That abnormal behavior was caused by an imbalance of the body's four basic humors That abnormal behavior was like other diseases of the body

Which of the following statements best characterizes the sentiments of the American public during the nineteenth century toward mental health patients and institutions?

The American public declined to offer support due to their prejudices against immigrants and the failure rate of moral treatment, so the funding dwindled.

In 1563, Johann Weyer published

The Deception of Dreams, in which he argued that those accused of being witches were suffering from melancholy (depression) and senility.

patients in Paris (Grob, 1994). In 1796, the Quaker William Tuke (1732-1822) opened an asylum in England, called

The Retreat, in direct response to the brutal treatment he saw being delivered at other facilities to people with abnormal behavior.

Margaret is a 27-year-old soccer mom who never misses her daughter's games. Her friends argue that her behavior is embarrassing, and she is making a fool of herself when she repeatedly yells and jumps to her feet. Margaret insists that no one is paying attention to her behavior and states, "It's a soccer game—people are expected to get excited!" Which of the following should determine whether Margaret's behavior is abnormal?

The context in which it is performed

Which of the following statements is true of gender differences in vulnerability to depression?

The differences in the responses of men and women to stress may be due to social norms.

Which of the following is true of bipolar disorder?

The length of individual episodes of bipolar disorder varies greatly from one person to the next.

_____ may cause memories of the traumatic event to be planted more firmly in memory.

The overexposure of the brain to neurochemicals

Which of the following statements is true of suicide in adolescents and children

The spike in adolescent suicide rates since 2004 have been attributed by some experts to the FDA warning regarding the use of SSRIs by youth.

Which of the following statements is true of suicide in adolescents and children? a. Rates of suicide among children and teenagers have more than doubled since 1994. b. The spike in adolescent suicide rates since 2004 have been attributed by some experts to the FDA warning regarding the use of SSRIs by youth.

The spike in adolescent suicide rates since 2004 have been attributed by some experts to the FDA warning regarding the use of SSRIs by youth.

Which of the following bodily changes occurs when the hypothalamus activates the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

The spleen releases more red blood cells to help carry oxygen.

Which of the following is true about a widespread response to individuals who were considered mad in ancient times?

The state could take rights away from people declared mad and could award the property of insane people to their relatives.

The cures Mesmer effected in his psychiatric patients were attributed at the time to which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

The suggestion that the patient's ailments would disappear The trancelike state induced in his patients The realignment of magnetic fluids through Mesmer's own powerful magnetic force

Which of the following statements is true about the various structures of the brain? A. The pons control arousal and attention to stimuli. B. The medulla is important for attentiveness and the timing of sleep. C. The cerebellum helps control breathing and reflexes. D. The superior colliculus and inferior colliculus relay sensory information and control movement

The superior colliculus and inferior colliculus relay sensory information and control movement.

Which of the following is true of cognitive theorists' perspective on social anxiety disorder?

They argue that people with social anxiety disorders tend to focus on the negative aspects of social situations.

According to cognitive theory, which of the following statements is true about people diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)?

They believe that worrying can help them avoid bad events by motivating them to engage in problem solving.

Which of the following statements is true of tricyclic antidepressants?

They can cause cardiac arrhythmia in people with heart problems

Which of the following statements are true of Charcot, Bernheim, and Liebault? (Select all that apply.)

They did a great deal to advance psychological perspectives on abnormality. They could both induce and remove the symptoms of hysteria using hypnosis. They became leading researchers of the psychological causes of abnormal behavior.

Which of the following statements is true about individuals with seasonal affective disorder (SAD)?

They do not experience mood changes as a result of psychosocial events, such as regularly being unemployed during the winter.

Which of the following are true of psychiatrists? Select all that apply.

They have specialized training in treating psychological disorders. They have an MD degree. They have been trained to conduct psychotherapies.

Which of the following is true of psychic epidemics?

They now under study from a social psychology perspective.

_____ noted that, throughout history, societies have labeled individuals and groups abnormal in order to justify controlling or silencing them.

Thomas Szasz

The idea that behaviors followed by positive consequences are more likely to be repeated was proposed by which of the following teams?

Thorndike and Skinner

Cognitions are which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

Thought processes that influence behaviors and emotion Internal thought processes that mediate the relationship between stimulus and response

What are the goals of cognitive-behavioral therapy in treating depression?

To change negative and hopeless patterns of thinking while helping the individual develop more effective life skills

The goals of managed care are which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

To coordinate services for an existing medical problem To prevent future medical problems

Which of the following statements is true regarding drug therapies for conduct disorder?

Traditional antipsychotic medications, such as Haldol and Mellaril, have been used to treat children with conduct disorder, with some success.

Which of the following anticonvulsants tends to produce the fewest side effects?

Valproate

Which of the following statements is true regarding psychopathy?

When they need to, people with psychopathy can be gracious and cheerful.

Which of the following statements is true of the mental illness criterion for abnormality?

When we give a person's psychological symptoms a diagnosis, it is simply a label for that set of symptoms.

Which of the following statements are true about how abnormal behaviors were viewed in the Middle Ages? (Select all that apply.)

While laypeople probably did believe in demons and curses as causes of abnormal behavior, physicians and government officials did not. Severe emotional shock and physical illness were most often seen as the cause of abnormal behaviors. It was a time of backward thinking dominated by an obsession with supernatural forces.

Brain pathology as an explanation for psychological disorders was systematically argued by _____.

Wilhelm Griesinger

Which of the following is true about the prevalence of bipolar disorder?

Women and men are equally likely to develop bipolar disorder.

Which of the following statements is true of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?

Women are at greater risk of developing PTSD than men.

According to the ancient Chinese, illness, including insanity, resulted when which of the following occurred?

Yin and yang were not in balance.

Teresa of Avila,

a Spanish nun who was later canonized, explained that the mass hysteria that had broken out among a group of nuns was not the work of the devil but was the result of infirmities or sickness. She argued that these nuns were comas enfermas, or "as if sick." She sought out natural causes for the nuns' strange behaviors and concluded that they were due to melancholy, a weak imagination, or drowsiness and sleepiness

Janelle is terrified of needles and the sight of blood. When she was younger, she had to have several stitches because of a bicycle accident. The cut on her forehead was deep and bled profusely. At the sight of blood, Janelle feels her blood pressure and heart rate drop, and on one occasion, she even fainted. Janelle is most likely suffering from _____.

a blood-injection-injury type phobia

In Watson's experiment with Little Albert, the unconditioned stimulus was ______.

a loud noise

Bradley was 12 years old when lightning struck his home. Now he becomes very anxious every time the sky darkens. If a storm begins, he exhibits panic symptoms and frantically searches for an area in the house where he feels safe. Bradley is most likely suffering from _____.

a natural environment type phobia

Susan is deathly afraid of the wind since she and her family survived Hurricane Ike. She gets very worried and panicky when the sky gets dark and the wind begins to blow. Susan is most likely experiencing:

a natural environment type phobia.

When June was 7 years old, she and her mother were stuck in an elevator. Several other people were in the elevator as well. The elevator became hot and stuffy, and breathing became difficult. June remembers experiencing shortness of breath, palpitations, and dizziness. Now June refuses to ride elevators. When she is with other people, she makes excuses to use the stairs. June is probably suffering from _____.

a situational type phobia

Ted Bundy was found guilty of abducting, raping and murdering young women. He was determined to be a serial killer as well as _____.

a sociopath

Systematic desensitization

a treatment for phobias in which the patient is exposed to progressively more anxiety-provoking stimuli and taught relaxation techniques.

In Watson's experiment with Little Albert, the conditioned stimulus was _____.

a white rat

Which of the following statements is true of light therapy? a. It may help reduce seasonal affective disorder by resetting circadian rhythms. b. It works by increasing levels of melatonin, secreted by the pineal gland. c. It may decrease serotonin levels, thereby also reducing depression. d. It is effective only in people with mild cases of seasonal affective disorder.

a. It may help reduce seasonal affective disorder by resetting circadian rhythms.

Which of the following applies to generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)? a. People with GAD often feel tired due to chronic muscle tension and sleep loss. b. GAD most commonly begins in late adolescence or early adulthood. c. GAD has a lifetime prevalence of about 25 percent in women and men. d. Other anxiety disorders generally do not co-occur with GAD.

a. People with GAD often feel tired due to chronic muscle tension and sleep loss.

Which of the following is an example of a compulsion? a. Repeatedly checking the locks on all doors b. Constantly worrying about cleanliness and contamination c. Spending hours thinking about the orderliness of the house d. Fearing incessantly about the welfare of loved ones

a. Repeatedly checking the locks on all doors

What are the goals of cognitive-behavioral therapy in treating depression? a. To change negative and hopeless patterns of thinking while helping the individual develop more effective life skills b. To change negative behaviors and help clients change their negative perceptions about taking medication c. To develop a rapport between the therapist and client in order to help the client feel more secure in her or his environment d. To remove reinforcers and implement punishers to extinguish the client's negative thinking and beliefs about her or his depressive symptoms

a. To change negative and hopeless patterns of thinking while helping the individual develop more effective life skills

The agitation some people experience while taking an SSRI may contribute to an increase in suicidal thoughts and behavior. This risk may be greatest for: a. children and adolescents. b. adolescents and the elderly. c. children and the elderly. d. adults and adolescents.

a. children and adolescents.

People with depression tend to show: a. chronic hyperactivity in the HPA axis. b. low activity in the HPA axis. c. normal activity in the HPA axis. d. no activity in the HPA axis.

a. chronic hyperactivity in the HPA axis.

The reformulated learned helplessness theory focuses on people who habitually explain negative events by causes that are: a. internal, stable, and global. b. specific, routine, internal. c. external, specific, and global. stable, external, routine.

a. internal, stable, and global.

In _____ therapy, therapists look for four types of problems in depressed individuals: grief, role transitions, role disputes, and skill deficits. a. interpersonal b. psychodynamic c. cognitive-behavioral d. behavior

a. interpersonal

People with bipolar II disorder experience episodes that meet the criteria for major depression, but have: a. milder episodes of mania known as hypomania. b. stronger episodes of mania known as hypermania. c. milder symptoms of psychomotor retardation. d. stronger symptoms of psychomotor agitation.

a. milder episodes of mania known as hypomania.

Cultural norms play a heavy role in defining ... behavior.

abnormal

Benjamin Rush (1745-1813), one of the founders of American psychiatry, believed that

abnormal behavior was caused by excessive blood in the brain and prescribed bleeding the patient, or drawing huge amounts of blood from the body.

Two months ago, Mark's mother passed away unexpectedly. Since her death, he has been unable to function at school, has lost interest in extracurricular activities, and gets agitated easily. Mark may be exhibiting the symptoms of _____.

adjustment disorder

The cerebral cortex is responsible for:

advanced thinking processes

Which of the following cultures has the lowest rates of depression among most age groups?

african americans

In the DSM-5, conduct disorder is now required to be specified based on:

age of onset.

Luc bullies other kids, initiates fights, and has date raped his girlfriend. These behaviors are all criteria for conduct disorder under _____.

aggression towards people and animals

Lucas bullies other kids, initiates fights, and has date raped his girlfriend. These behaviors are all criteria for conduct disorder under _____.

aggression towards people and animals

Yet opponents of cultural relativism argue that dangers arise when cultural norms are?

allowed to dictate what is normal or abnormal

The effects of overactivity in the _____ may bias people toward aversive or emotionally arousing information.

amygdala

Tina and her parents live on a farm where field mice are very common. One night, a mouse crawled on Tina while she was sleeping. The experience frightened Tina so badly that she now avoids any situation where she might come across a mouse. She always checks her bed carefully each night. Tina is most likely exhibiting behaviors related to _____.

an animal-type phobia

Lena is extremely opinionated and overcontrolling. She is often stingy with her money and is obsessed with neatness and order. According to Freudian theory, Lena is most likely fixated at which psychosexual stage of development?

anal

A loss of interest or pleasure in previously enjoyed activities is called _____.

anhedonia

Antisocial personality disorder is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT:

anhedonia—a generalized lack of interest in anything in life.

A person who experiences major changes in his or her relationship to society may experience severe social role disorientation. According to Durkheim's theory of suicide, this person may be at risk of committing _____ suicide.

anomic

A person who experiences major changes in their relationship to society may experience severe social role disorientation. According to Durkheim's theory of suicide, this person may be at risk of committing _____.

anomic suicide

After working for a company for 25 years, Anna loses her job on account of company cutbacks. She has had difficulty finding a job largely because of her age. She has become deeply depressed. According to Émile Durkheim, Anna is most likely at risk of committing _____.

anomic suicide

In the context of emotional responses, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) plays an important role in _____.

anxiety

Sally believes that the bodily symptoms she experiences during a panic attack have harmful consequences. This is known as _____.

anxiety sensitivity

The combination of major depression and anxiety is so common that the authors of the DSM-5 introduced the subtype of _____.

anxious distress

Which of the following would be most useful in treating blood-injection-injury phobias?

applied tension technique

Individuals with antisocial tendencies:

are capable of ending their delinquent acts permanently.

People diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD):

are often excessively worried about almost all situations.

According to Freudian theory, defense mechanisms:

are used by the ego to disguise or transform unconscious wishes.

Teresa of Avila used the term comas enfermas to describe the behavior she witnessed in nuns. This term means the nuns were acting ______.

as if sick

People in Latino cultures report a syndrome known as _____, which might include trembling, heart palpitations, a sense of heat in the chest rising into the head, difficulty moving limbs, loss of consciousness, memory loss, paresthesia, chest tightness, dyspnea, dizziness, and faintness.

ataque de nervios

The agitation and risky behavior accompanying mania in youth are difficult to distinguish from the symptoms of _____.

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Mauricio is in a bar with his friends when someone bumps into the stool his girlfriend is sitting on. He perceives this as a direct affront to his machismo and that the other man wants to fight. According to Dodge and Pettit, he is having and issue with his:

attribution or interpretation

In the United States, which of the following age groups is more likely to have had a major depressive episode in the past year? a. 10- to 17-year-olds b. 18- to 29-year-olds c. 30- to 42-year-olds d. 43- to 52-year-olds

b. 18- to 29-year-olds

Which of the following has been implicated in bipolar disorder? a. Abnormality in the size and functioning of the hippocampus b. Abnormality in the activation of the striatum of the basal ganglia c. Abnormality in the grey matter of the prefrontal cortex d. Abnormality in the functioning in the anterior cingulate

b. Abnormality in the activation of the striatum of the basal ganglia

Which of the following cultures has the lowest rates of depression among most age groups? a. Hispanic b. African American c. European American d. Native American

b. African American

Which of the following suppresses the central nervous system and influences functioning in the GABA, norepinephrine, and serotonin neurotransmitter systems? a. Tricyclic antidepressants b. Benzodiazepines c. MAOIs d. SSRIs

b. Benzodiazepines

Which of the following is true of bipolar disorder? a. Most people who develop bipolar disorder do so in early to late adulthood. b. Biological factors may be more responsible for bipolar disorder than for depressive disorder. c. People with bipolar disorder are less likely to abuse substances than those with other disorders. d. The prevalence of bipolar disorder is higher than that of depression.

b. Biological factors may be more responsible for bipolar disorder than for depressive disorder.

Which of the following phobias is more likely to run in families? a. Natural environment type phobias b. Blood-injection-injury type phobias c. Situational type phobias d. Animal-type phobias

b. Blood-injection-injury type phobias

Which of the following psychological factors has NOT been implicated in bipolar disorder? a. Sensitivity to reward b. Enmeshed families c. Changes in bodily rhythms d. Stressful events

b. Enmeshed families

Which of the following cognitive variables has predicted suicide more consistently? a. Retrograde amnesia b. Hopelessness c. Perceptual inconsistencies d. Deficits in intellectual functioning

b. Hopelessness

What is a key difference between adaptive fear responses and maladaptive anxiety responses? a. Maladaptive responses subside once the threat ends, whereas adaptive fear persists after the threat passes. b. Maladaptive responses are out of proportion to the threat, whereas adaptive responses are appropriate to the situation. c. Adaptive responses lead people take extreme steps to protect themselves, whereas maladaptive responses lead individuals to take risks. d. Adaptive responses can lead to anticipatory anxiety, whereas maladaptive responses can lead to generalized anxiety disorder.

b. Maladaptive responses are out of proportion to the threat, whereas adaptive responses are appropriate to the situation.

Which of the following groups has the second highest suicide rate in the United States? a. European Americans b. Native Americans c. African Americans d. Latin Americans

b. Native Americans

Which of the following is a true statement about obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)? a. People with OCD do not know that their thoughts and behaviors are irrational. b. Obsessive thoughts are distressing to people with OCD. c. Children with OCD often confide in their parents about their obsessive-compulsive habits. d. The prevalence of OCD seems to differ greatly across countries that have been studied.

b. Obsessive thoughts are distressing to people with OCD.

Which of the following behavioral theories has been useful in explaining the reinforcement of phobias? a. Observational learning b. Operant conditioning c. Social-cognitive learning d. Social learning

b. Operant conditioning

Which of the following is true about the integrated model of panic disorder? a. Many people who experience panic disorders have recurrent panic attacks because of structural damage to the brain. b. Panic disorders seem to develop as a result of a biological vulnerability to a hypersensitive fight-or-flight response. c. People will not typically develop a panic disorder if they engage in constant catastrophizing cognitions about their physiological symptoms. d. Avoidance of situations that evoke panic attacks remains isolated to those specific situations, and has no occasion to generalize to other situations.

b. Panic disorders seem to develop as a result of a biological vulnerability to a hypersensitive fight-or-flight response.

Which of the following is true of bipolar disorder? a. Only about 10 percent of people with bipolar disorder have multiple cycles during their lifetimes. b. The length of individual episodes of bipolar disorder varies greatly from one person to the next. c. Most people with bipolar disorder swing from mania to depression and back again within a day. d. A relatively common pattern in bipolar disorder is for episodes to get longer but less frequent over time.

b. The length of individual episodes of bipolar disorder varies greatly from one person to the next.

Ruth is afraid of being in large open spaces. She is especially worried that she will not be able to leave the area if she begins to panic. Ruth is most likely experiencing _____. a. social phobia b. agoraphobia c. acute distress disorder d. claustrophobia

b. agoraphobia

The effects of overactivity in the _____ may bias people toward aversive or emotionally arousing information. a. anterior cingulate b. amygdala c. hippocampus d. prefrontal cortex

b. amygdala

People diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD): a. know their anxiety is provoked by uncontrollable circumstances. b. are often excessively worried about almost all situations. c. only worry about the safety and security of their family members. d. see their anxiety and worry as part of their personality.

b. are often excessively worried about almost all situations.

The reformulated learned helplessness theory focuses on: a. behavioral components, such as reinforcement and punishment. b. causal attributions, explanations of why events happened. c. maladaptive behaviors and their impact on depression. d. the impact of family as a factor in maladaptive cognitions.

b. causal attributions, explanations of why events happened.

Chronic elevated levels of cortisol in the hippocampus may: a. promote the development of new neurons in the hippocampus. b. cause chronic arousal of the body's stress response. c. further an individual's memory and fear-related learning. d. lead to chronic atrophy of areas of the brain associated with anhedonia.

b. cause chronic arousal of the body's stress response.

Janie's house was broken into and the perpetrator brutally attacked her. Since the attack, she has been overly cautious and watchful. The smallest noise startles her. If someone looks at her "strangely," she becomes very anxious. Janie is most likely: a. experiencing emotional numbness and detachment. correct b. exhibiting hypervigilance and chronic arousal. c. reexperiencing the trauma. d. demonstrating deluded thinking.

b. exhibiting hypervigilance and chronic arousal.

In exposure and response prevention therapy, repeated exposure to the content of the obsession: a. stabilizes the client's anxiety about the obsession. b. extinguishes the client's anxiety about the obsession. c. reinforces the client's anxiety about the obsession. d. builds up the client's anxiety about the obsession.

b. extinguishes the client's anxiety about the obsession.

The process where bodily cues that occur at the beginning of panic attacks become conditioned stimuli signaling new attacks is known as: a. classical conditioning. b. interoceptive conditioning. c. operant conditioning. d. observational learning.

b. interoceptive conditioning.

Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy (ISRT) for people with bipolar disorder combines _____ techniques with _____ techniques to help patients maintain regular routines of eating, sleeping, and activity, as well as stability in their personal relationships. a. psychodynamic; cognitive b. interpersonal therapy; behavioral c. cognitive; interpersonal therapy d. behavioral; psychodynamic

b. interpersonal therapy; behavioral

People with panic disorder show dysregulation of norepinephrine systems in an area of the brainstem called the: a. basal tencephalon. b. locus ceruleus. c. nucleus prepositus hypoglossi. d. reticular formation.

b. locus ceruleus.

June has been avoiding riding elevators since she was 7 years old. When she is with other people, she makes excuses to use the stairs and feels relief upon avoiding elevator rides. June's fear of elevators is being maintained by _____. a. positive reinforcement b. negative reinforcement c. partial reinforcement d. absolute reinforcement

b. negative reinforcement

If a person experiences depressed mood plus two other symptoms of depression for at least two years, and during the two years has not been without depressive symptoms for more than two months, the person is most likely to be diagnosed with _____. a. postpartum depression b. persistent depressive disorder c. major depression d. seasonal affective disorder

b. persistent depressive disorder

The diagnosis of depression in older adults is complicated because: a. most older adults tend to exaggerate their symptoms. b. their symptoms often occur in the context of medical illnesses. c. most claims made by the elderly are just cries for attention. d. the elderly tend to be in a state of denial regarding their mental health.

b. their symptoms often occur in the context of medical illnesses.

The Middle Ages (around 400-1400 ce) are often described as a time of

backward thinking dominated by an obsession with supernatural forces, yet even within Europe supernatural theories of abnormal behavior did not dominate until the late Middle Ages, between the eleventh and fifteenth centuries (Neugebauer, 1979).

Oppositional defiant disorder differs from conduct disorder in that in oppositional defiant disorder children tend to:

be chronically negativistic

Cognitive therapy, which focused on the irrational thoughts of people with psychological problems, was developed by Aaron .... (Remember to type only one word per blank.)

beck

Tobias's therapist has been working with his parents to develop a system of reinforcement and punishment to control his aggressive behaviors. His therapist is taking a _____ approach.

behavioral

The law of effect suggests that:

behaviors followed by a reward are strengthened.

Family systems therapy challenges the family's:

belief that an individual family member is the source of the problem.

The _____ drugs such as Xanax, Librium, Valium, and Serax provide short-term relief from anxiety symptoms but have side effects and addictiveness that preclude long-term use.

benzodiazepine

A major class of anxiety-reducing drugs, _____, appears to reduce the symptoms of anxiety without interfering substantially with an individual's ability to function in daily life. Their most frequent use is as sleeping pills.

benzodiazepines

Belinda has been warned not to mix her antidepressant medication with certain over-the-counter drugs. She has also been told to watch her consumption of aged cheese, red wine, and beer. Belinda's is most likely taking _____.

benzodiazepines

depression brain abnormalities

bigger or more active amygdala

Basic knowledge of the anatomy, physiology, neurology, and chemistry of the body led to an increasing focus on the causes of abnormality.

biological

Rapid advancement in anatomy, physiology, neurology, and chemistry in the late nineteenth century led to increasing focus on _____ causes of abnormality.

biological

Rapid advancement in anatomy, physiology, neurology, and chemistry in the late nineteenth century led to the advancement of _____ perspectives in abnormal behavior.

biological

Which of the following theories have been integrated into a model to explain the factors associated with panic disorders?

biological and cognitive

A child diagnosed with oppositional defiant disorder is most likely to:

blame others for their own mistakes.

Benjamin Rush treated psychiatric problems by ... the patient.

bleeding

Which of the following phobias is more likely to run in families?

blood-injection-injury type phobias

Freud collaborated with Josef ... on the 1893 paper that would prove to be the foundation stone in the development of psychoanalysis.

breuer

Which of the following is true about the genetic factors of depression? a. First-degree relatives of people with depression are no more likely to have depression themselves. b. Twin studies of major depression find lower concordance rates for monozygotic twins than for dizygotic twins. c. Abnormalities on the serotonin transporter gene could affect the stability of individuals' moods. d. It has been proven that genetics plays a greater role in this disorder for women than for men.

c. Abnormalities on the serotonin transporter gene could affect the stability of individuals' moods.

What should you do if you suspect that a person you know is suicidal? a. Leave the person alone for a while so he or she may "cool off" b. Promise that things will get better with time c. Acknowledge the person's feelings in a nonjudgmental way d. Ask indirect questions about whether the person has a plan for suicide

c. Acknowledge the person's feelings in a nonjudgmental way

Which of the following statements is true of the biological treatments for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)? a. Benzodiazepines are useful in most cases. b. Patients generally do not relapse once they discontinue medication. c. Antidepressant drugs affecting serotonin levels help reduce symptoms of OCD. d. Controlled studies suggest that placebos are more effective than antidepressant medication.

c. Antidepressant drugs affecting serotonin levels help reduce symptoms of OCD.

Jacob has been diagnosed with panic disorder without agoraphobia. He was taking his medication regularly until recently. Since discontinuing his medication, he is experiencing severe withdrawal symptoms and rebound of anxiety symptoms. Which medication was Jacob most likely taking? a. SSRIs b. Tricyclic antidepressants c. Benzodiazepines d. Phenothiazines

c. Benzodiazepines

Which of the following statements is true of drug treatments for depression? a. Drugs have fast emerging effects on intracellular processes in the neurotransmitter systems. b. Medications appear to work better for treating mild-to-moderate depression rather than severe and chronic depression. c. Discontinuing antidepressant use during the first 6 to 9 months after symptoms subside seems to double the risk of relapse in severe depression. d. All of the different antidepressant drugs currently available reduce depression in only about 15 to 20 percent of the people who take them.

c. Discontinuing antidepressant use during the first 6 to 9 months after symptoms subside seems to double the risk of relapse in severe depression.

According to the text, which of the following stressful events has been consistently linked to increased vulnerability to suicide? a. Failure on an exam b. A huge argument with a loved one c. Economic hardship d. Being stranded in an airport for more than one day

c. Economic hardship

Which of the following is true of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)? a. Today, ECT is administered to both sides of the brain. b. These days, ECT is administered to only the left side of the brain. c. People who undergo unilateral ECT still experience memory problems. d. The relapse rate among people who have undergone ECT is moderate to low.

c. People who undergo unilateral ECT still experience memory problems.

Which of the following is NOT believed to be a factor in nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI)? a. Emotional regulation b. Influencing the social environment c. Self-punishment d. Drawing support and sympathy from others

c. Self-punishment

Which of the following is true of the brain areas of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) sufferers? a. The amygdala appears to be less responsive to emotional stimuli. b. The medial prefrontal cortex tends to be unregulated. c. The hippocampus may shrink due to overexposure to neurotransmitters and hormones. d. The medial prefrontal cortex is more active in the case of severe symptoms of PTSD.

c. The hippocampus may shrink due to overexposure to neurotransmitters and hormones.

What differentiates flooding from systematic desensitization? a. The effectiveness of the treatment b. The use of relaxation techniques c. The intensity of exposure to the feared stimuli d. The therapist's level of participation

c. The intensity of exposure to the feared stimuli

Which of the following bodily changes occurs when the hypothalamus activates the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system? a. The liver reduces the amount of glucose it releases to the muscles. b. Saliva and mucus dry up, decreasing the size of the air passages to the lungs. c. The spleen releases more red blood cells to help carry oxygen. d. The body's metabolism decreases in order to conserve energy for physical action.

c. The spleen releases more red blood cells to help carry oxygen.

Which of the following is true of cognitive theorists' perspectives on social anxiety disorder? a. They view social anxiety disorder as merely a behavioral problem with no cognitive factors contributing to the behavior. b. They suggest that social anxiety disorders are rooted in early childhood experiences. c. They argue that people with social anxiety disorders tend to focus on the negative aspects of social situations. d. They posit that people with social anxiety disorders externalize their anxiety of the social situation and make others uncomfortable.

c. They argue that people with social anxiety disorders tend to focus on the negative aspects of social situations.

Judith worries daily about whether her husband made it safely to work, how her children are getting on in school, what she should cook for dinner, and if the family will be satisfied with the meal she prepares. Judith is sluggish most of the time, and has trouble concentrating on positive things. Judith is most likely suffering from: a. obsessive-compulsive disorder. b. social phobia. c. generalized anxiety disorder. d. adjustment disorder.

c. generalized anxiety disorder.

Virginia is very aware of her bodily cues that signal a panic attack. This heightened awareness is known as _____. a. conditioned avoidance response b. introjective awareness c. interoceptive awareness d. anxiety sensitivity

c. interoceptive awareness

In the brain, dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin are found in large quantities in the _____. a. hypothalamus b. hippocampus c. limbic system d. amygdala

c. limbic system

When they are not exposed to trauma reminders, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) sufferers tend to have resting levels of cortisol that are: a. somewhat higher than those of people without PTSD. b. much higher than those of people without PTSD. c. lower than those of people without PTSD. d. similar to those of people without PTSD.

c. lower than those of people without PTSD.

Anna is terrified of speaking in public. She always finds an excuse to avoid public speaking or gets someone to speak for her. Once Anna had a full-blown panic attack when her boss called on her unexpectedly to speak at a meeting. Anna is most likely exhibiting symptoms of: a. a situational type phobia. b. an animal-type phobia. c. social anxiety disorder. d. a natural environment type phobia.

c. social anxiety disorder.

Which of the following statements is true of tricyclic antidepressants?

cardiac arrhythmia in those with heart problems

Individuals suffering from depression with _____ features show strange behaviors ranging from a complete lack of movement to excited agitation.

catatonic

Individuals suffering from depression with _____ show strange behaviors ranging from a complete lack of movement to excited agitation.

catatonic features

According to biological theories of obsessive-compulsive disorder, impulses are carried to a part of the basal ganglia called the _____, which allows the strongest of the impulses to flow through to the thalamus.

caudate nucleus

Leila was distraught when she discovered her husband had been involved with another woman and had a child with the other woman. She constantly tries to understand why her husband cheated on her, thinking thoughts such as "I am so stupid for not realizing what was going on" and "I should have been more attentive to his needs" What type of cognition is Leila most likely exhibiting?

causal attribution

Chronic elevated levels of cortisol in the hippocampus may:

cause chronic arousal of the body's stress response.

Ancient Egyptians and Greeks held that a woman's uterus:

causes psychological abnormalities by dislodging and wandering inside the body.

The outer layer of the cerebrum is called the _____.

cerebral cortex

Which of the following explanations has been given for the age-based variation in the risk for depression?

changing social values

Which of the following is least likely to cause post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?

child birth

Armando showed behavioral problems in preschool, and they only seem to have gotten worse as he has gotten older. Now that he is in fourth grade, it has become increasingly problematic. His pediatrician suspects that he has a:

childhood-onset conduct disorder.

Pete showed behavioral problems in preschool, and they seem to have gotten worse as he grew older. Now that he is in fourth grade, his behavior has become increasingly problematic. His pediatrician suspects that he has a:

childhood-onset conduct disorder.

Family systems therapies may be particularly appropriate in the treatment of _____.

children

The agitation some people experience while taking an SSRI may contribute to an increase in suicidal thoughts and behavior. This risk may be greatest for:

children and adolescents.

People with depression tend to show:

chronic hyperactivity in the HPA axis.

Pavlov's theory of learning focused on _____.

classical conditioning

The first Act for Regulating Madhouses in England was passed in 1774, with the intention of

cleaning up the deplorable conditions in hospitals and madhouses and protecting people from being unjustly jailed for insanity. This act provided for the licensing and inspection of madhouses and required that a physician, a surgeon, or an apothecary sign a certificate before a patient could be admitted.

Dr. Mosley is the acting director of the Midway Behavioral Clinic. However, he still sees patients on a regular basis. His patients must have referrals for their medication. Dr. Mosley is most likely a _____.

clinical psychologist

Individuals dealing with psychological problems related to being unemployed would mostly likely seek assistance from a _____.

clinical social worker

The thought processes that influence behavior and emotion are called _____.

cognitions

Jonas's therapist has been working with him on identifying triggers for explosive outbursts and appraising situations in ways that don't provoke aggression. His therapist is taking a _____ approach.

cognitive behavioral

The most common treatment for intermittent explosive disorder is:

cognitive behavioral

Aaron Beck's concept of the negative cognitive triad led to one of the most widely used and successful therapies for depression, which is _____ therapy.

cognitive-behavioral

Terrence has been seeing a therapist for his recurrent panic attacks. His therapist teaches him relaxation techniques to help him gain control over his anxiety symptoms. Terrence is also taught to identify the thoughts that are intrusive and aggravate his symptoms. He is encouraged to note these thoughts in a daily journal. Terrence's therapist is most likely using _____ to treat his panic disorder.

cognitive-behavioral therapies

In _____, individuals can practice their feared behaviors in front of others while the therapist coaches them in the use of relaxation techniques.

cognitive-behavioral therapy in a group setting

Cognitive techniques are often combined with behavioral techniques, in what is known as _____.

cognitive-behavioral therapy.

Carl Jung referred to the wisdom accumulated by a society over hundreds of years of human existence that is stored in the memories of individuals as the _____.

collective unconscious

Emotion-focused approaches:

combine behavioral and cognitive therapy with mindfulness practices of Zen Buddhism.

Lithium is:

commonly used in the treatment of bipolar disorder

The ... mental health movement attempted to provide coordinated mental health services to people in community mental health centers.

community

_____ are repetitive behaviors or mental acts that an individual feels he or she must perform.

compulsions

Jessica had a car accident while crossing an icy bridge. She now maps out her routes to avoid traveling over bridges. This avoidance helps to reduce her anxiety. In this example, Jessica has developed a(n) _____.

conditioned avoidance response

Limited prosocial emotions like, lack of remorse or guilt for ones actions, lack of empathy and lack of concern for performance at school or work, are a specifier for _____ disorder in the DSM-5.

conduct disorder

Dodge and Pettit developed a model of how aggressive children process information differently from others. They argue that aggressive children are more likely to:

consider a wide variety of possible reactions to others behaviors.

A psychologist who applies a sociocultural approach to anxiety disorders would:

consider the way cultural values or the social environment affect anxiety.

The notion that there is no clearly defined line between normal and abnormal behavior is known as the ... model of abnormality.

continuum

The hypothalamus activates the adrenal-cortical system by releasing _____, which signals the pituitary gland to secrete _____, the body's "major stress hormone."

corticotropin-release factor; adrenocorticotropic hormone

Which of the following hormones is often used as a measure of stress?

cortisol

_____ have a higher-than-normal prevalence of mania and depression.

creative artists

In some parts of the world, corporal punishment is a traditional child rearing practice, whereas the practice is frowned upon in other places. In the context of abnormality, this is reflective of _____.

cultural relativism

Theorists who argue that behaviors can only be abnormal relative to cultural norms, are proponents of:

cultural relativism.

Hispanics in the southwestern United States and in Mexico suffering from psychological problems may consult folk healers, known as:

curanderos

Which of the following is true of the difference between cyclothymic disorder and bipolar disorder?

cyclothymic disorder is less severe and more chronic than bipolar disorder

As many as _____ of people who experience a first episode of depression will experience subsequent episodes. a. 10 percent b. 25 percent c. 50 percent d. 75 percent

d. 75 percent

Which of the following brain abnormalities have been implicated in depression? a. An increase in the volume of gray matter in the prefrontal cortex. b. Higher levels of brain-wave activity on the left side of the prefrontal cortex. c. Greater volume and lower metabolic activity in the hippocampus. d. An enlargement of and increased activity in the amygdala.

d. An enlargement of and increased activity in the amygdala.

_____ was developed to treat people with borderline personality disorder, who frequently attempt suicide. a. Electroconvulsive therapy b. Rational emotive therapy c. Stress management therapy d. Dialectical behavior therapy

d. Dialectical behavior therapy

Which of the following statements is true about the newer methods of brain stimulation? a. Patients who receive repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation treatments must be anesthetized. b. Vagus nerve stimulation results in reduced activity in the hypothalamus and amygdala. c. In deep brain stimulation, each treatment involves stimulation of several areas of the brain while the patient is anesthetized. d. In vagus nerve stimulation, a small electronic device is implanted under the patient's skin in the left chest wall.

d. In vagus nerve stimulation, a small electronic device is implanted under the patient's skin in the left chest wall.

Which of the following is true of the difference between persistent depressive disorder and major depressive disorder? a. Major depressive disorder is less severe and more chronic than persistent depressive disorder. b. Major depressive disorder is less severe and less chronic than persistent depressive disorder. c. Major depressive disorder is more severe and more chronic than persistent depressive disorder. d. Major depressive disorder is more severe and less chronic than persistent depressive disorder.

d. Major depressive disorder is more severe and less chronic than persistent depressive disorder.

Mae sits and ruminates about her life daily. She has no motivation to make changes in the areas of her life that are bothering her. She spends a great deal of time focusing on how badly she feels. According to cognitive theorists, which theory is most likely to apply to this situation? a. Rational-emotive b. Negative cognitive triad c. Learned helplessness theory d. Ruminative response styles theory

d. Ruminative response styles theory

Venlafaxine and Duloxetine are the generic names of two _____. a. tricyclic antidepressants b. MAOIs c. SSRIs d. SNRIs

d. SNRIs

Which of the following is true of suicide in older adults? a. European American males over the age 65 are at the highest risk for suicide. b. Older people are less successful than younger people when they attempt suicide. c. Most older people who attempt suicide do not fully intend to die. d. Suicide rates among older people are highest in the first year following the loss of a loved one.

d. Suicide rates among older people are highest in the first year following the loss of a loved one.

Which of the following statements is true of suicide in adolescents and children? a. Homosexual and bisexual adolescents have lower rates of suicide attempts compared to heterosexual adolescents. b. Hispanic females have the lowest rates of suicidal thoughts owing to the cultural value of familism, which ensures individuals of their family's support. c. Rates of suicide among children and teenagers have more than doubled since 1994. d. The spike in adolescent suicide rates since 2004 have been attributed by some experts to the FDA warning regarding the use of SSRIs by youth.

d. The spike in adolescent suicide rates since 2004 have been attributed by some experts to the FDA warning regarding the use of SSRIs by youth.

Suicide may become more common in adolescence than in childhood for all of the following reasons EXCEPT: a. adolescents have higher rates of several types of psychopathology that are tied to suicide. b. adolescents are more sophisticated than children in their thinking and can contemplate suicide more clearly. c. adolescents simply have readier access to the means to commit suicide than do children. d. adolescents are generally more prone to impulsive behaviors, whereas children tend to be more cautious.

d. adolescents are generally more prone to impulsive behaviors, whereas children tend to be more cautious.

Sally believes that the bodily symptoms she experiences during a panic attack have harmful consequences. This is known as _____. a. existential anxiety b. neurotic anxiety c. simple anxiety d. anxiety sensitivity

d. anxiety sensitivity

The amygdala plays an important role in: a. short-term memory, planning, and problem solving. b. emotional expression and social behavior. c. memory and in fear-related learning. d. directing attention to emotionally salient stimuli.

d. directing attention to emotionally salient stimuli.

The personality characteristic that seems to predict suicide best is _____. a. introversion b. neuroticism c. aggression d. impulsivity

d. impulsivity

According to cognitive-behavioral theories of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), compulsions develop largely through _____. a. interoceptive conditioning b. observational learning c. classical conditioning d. operant conditioning

d. operant conditioning

The idea that people learn to fear or avoid selected objects or situations that are vestiges of evolutionary history, and individuals are biologically prepared to quickly associate fear responses with certain objects is called _____. a. traditional classical conditioning b. evolutionary classical conditioning c. biological classical conditioning d. prepared classical conditioning

d. prepared classical conditioning

The statement "often, the link between the obsession and the compulsion is the result of 'magical thinking'" means that the person with OCD believes that repeating a behavior a certain number of times will: a. give them extraordinary abilities. b. reduce their levels of anxiety. c. benefit the society at large. d. ward off danger to themselves or others.

d. ward off danger to themselves or others.

Malachi has broken into someone's car, cons others, and has shoplifted several times before. These behaviors are all criteria for conduct disorder under _____.

deceitfulness or theft

By 1960, as part of the patients' rights movement, patients' rights advocates argued that mental patients can recover more fully or live more satisfying lives if they are integrated into the community, with the support of community-based treatment facilities—a process known as _____.

deinstitutionalization

In severe cases of depression, individuals experience _____ that refers to beliefs with no basis in reality and _____, which refers to seeing, hearing, or feeling things that are not real.

delusions, hallucinations

According to behavioral theories of depression,

depressive behaviors often are reinforced by the sympathy and attention they bring about in other people.

according to the behavioral theory of depression:

depressive behaviors often are reinforced by the sympathy and attention they bring about in other people.

Mark has difficulty managing his stress. His physician suspects that he has a dysregulated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. It is likely that Mark may later be diagnosed with a(n):

depressive disorder

In the context of cultural relativism, when the slave trade was active in the United States, slaves who tried to escape bondage could be diagnosed with a mental disease that was said to have caused them to:

desire freedom from their masters.

_____ was developed to treat people with borderline personality disorder, who frequently attempt suicide.

dialectical therapy

The amygdala plays an important role in:

directing attention to emotionally salient stimuli.

Which of the following statements is true of drug treatments for depression?

discontinuing anti depressant use during the first six to nine months after symptoms subside seems to double the risk of relapse in severe depression.

Lucy is concerned because her family pays little or no attention to each other. They seem to constantly go their own ways, and have little interest in even having a meal together. According to family systems theory, Lucy's family is a(n) _____.

disengaged family

Two types of psychosocial intervention are effective in reducing conduct problems. One targets _________________ and the other _______________.

diverse behaviors with the use of multiple treatment components; facilitates proper child-rearing practices

Dorothea ...was a schoolteacher from Massachusetts who devoted her life to improving the treatment of people with mental illnesses. (Remember to type only one word per blank.)

dix

Several studies suggest that dysregulation of the _____ system contributes to bipolar disorder.

dopamine

Families whose members engage in antisocial behaviors may experience a:

downward social drift

Jamie is constantly saying, "I have no control over my emotions, and cannot help feeling certain feelings." This is an example of _____.

dysfunctional global assumptions

The age of onset for intermittent explosion disorder is:

early adulthood

The object relations perspective suggests that:

early interpersonal relationships influence an individual's self-concept and personality development.

Which of the following stressful events has been most consistently linked to increased vulnerability to suicide?

econ hardship

According to one study, suicide rates among African American males in the United States were highest in communities where

economic inequalities were greatest.

According to research, suicide rates among African American males in the United States were highest in communities where:

economic inequalities were greatest.

Which structure seeks to gratify our wishes and needs in ways that are within the rules of society for their appropriate expression?

ego

Research suggests that many young girls who develop eating disorders are members of _____.

enmeshed families

Psychic ... are the phenomena in which large numbers of people engage in unusual behaviors that appear to have a psychological origin.

epidemic

Frankie has never been convinced that his parents love him unconditionally. He continues to do things to gain their approval. From an interpersonal perspective, Frankie is most likely engaging in _____.

excessive reassurance seeking

Janie's house was broken into and the perpetrator brutally attacked her. Since the attack, she has been overly cautious and watchful. The smallest noise startles her. If someone looks at her "strangely," she becomes very anxious. Janie is most likely:

exhibiting hyper vigilance and chronic arousal

The supernatural perspective on abnormality most supported _____ as an approach to treatment.

exorcism

When a patient experiences catharsis, it means that the person has:

experienced a release of emotions.

Janie's house was broken into and the perpetrator brutally attacked her. Since the attack, she has withdrawn from family and friends. Janie is most likely:

experiencing emotional numbness and detachment

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a consequence of:

experiencing extreme stressors

A key assumption behind acceptance and commitment therapy is that _____, that is, avoidance of painful thoughts, memories, and feelings, is at the heart of many mental health problems.

experiential avoidance

_____ involves repeatedly exposing the client to the focus of an obsession and preventing compulsive responses to the resulting anxiety.

exposure and response prevention therapy

When a learned behavior is eliminated, the process is called _____.

extinction

In exposure and response prevention therapy, repeated exposure to the content of the obsession:

extinguishes the client's anxiety about the obsession

claustrophobia

extreme or irrational fear of confined places.

In _____, patients with bipolar disorder and their families are educated about bipolar disorder and trained in communication and problem-solving skills.

family-focused therapy

_____ refers to a set of physical and psychological responses that help us fight threats or flee from them.

fight-or-flight responses

Behavioral theorists:

focus on the influence of reinforcement and punishment in producing behavior.

During Dora's visit to the psychologist, the therapist allows her to talk about any subject without interruptions. This technique is called _____.

free association

Learned helplessness theory suggests that:

frequent stressful events can make people believe their situation is uncontrollable.

The disease, _____, has been characterized as one of the single most important discoveries underpinning modern biological theories of abnormality.

general paresis

Judith worries daily about whether her husband made it safely to work, how her children are getting on in school, what she should cook for dinner, and if the family will be satisfied with the meal she prepares. Judith is sluggish most of the time and has trouble concentrating on positive things. Judith is most likely suffering from:

generalized anxiety disorder

Judith worries daily about whether her husband made it safely to work, how her children are getting on in school, what she should cook for dinner, and if the family will be satisfied with the meal she prepares. Judith is sluggish most of the time, and has trouble concentrating on positive things. Judith is most likely suffering from:

generalized anxiety disorder.

Lance is a shy 13-year-old boy who often goes to his older sister for dating advice. Lance is most likely in which stage of psychosexual development?

genital

In terms of conduct disorder, _____.

girls tend to show high rates of depression as adolescents and adults

The broad beliefs we have about ourselves, our relationships, and the world, can be either positive and helpful to us, or negative and destructive. These broad beliefs are called _____.

global assumptions

Chronic excessive exposure to cortisol:

has an inhibiting effect on receptors for the monoamine neurotransmitters.

People with antisocial personality disorder:

have a low tolerance for frustration and often act impetuously.

Many children with antisocial tendencies:

have experienced harsh and inconsistent parenting and physical abuse.

In the treatment of depression, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs):

have positive effects on co-occurring symptoms.

In the treatment of depression, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs):

have positive effects on many co-occurring symptoms.

The supernatural theories

have viewed abnormal behavior as a result of divine intervention, curses, demonic possession, and personal sin.

The psychological theories

have viewed abnormal behavior as a result of traumas, such as bereavement, or of chronic stress.

The biological theories

have viewed abnormal behavior as similar to physical diseases, caused by the breakdown of systems in the body.

Which of the following environmental, social, and psychological factors increases an individual's vulnerability to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?

having experienced the traumatic event first-hand

The stated goal of humanistic therapy is to:

help clients discover their greatest potential through self-exploration.

All of the following statements are true regarding people with antisocial personality disorder EXCEPT:

high levels of self-monitoring and self-awareness.

Which of the following cognitive variables has predicted suicide most consistently?

hopelessness

Sara feels as though every aspect of her life is dismal. She has a pessimistic attitude toward her family, friends, and important events in her life. She views everything on the dark side, and she does not believe that positive thinking is useful in her situation. Sara is most likely exhibiting _____.

hopelessness depression

A _____ is a chemical that carries messages throughout the body, potentially affecting a person's moods, levels of energy, and reactions to stress.

hormone

The mental ... movement took the view that people developed psychological problems because they had become separated from nature.

hygiene

Mesmerism was later known as

hypnosis

Abnormality that involves eating, drinking, and sexual behaviors are the result of the dysfunction of the:

hypothalamus

The three systems of the human psyche that regulate the libido are the:

id, ego, and superego.

Hippocrates attributed abnormality to:

imbalances in bodily humors.

The Act for Regulating Madhouses, enacted in England, was created in part to:

improve the deplorable conditions of mental institutions.

The personality characteristic that seems to predict suicide best is _____.

impulsivity

Malachi is playing baseball when the umpire calls a strike. He explodes and starts screaming at the umpire and even threatens him with the bat. He appears to be "out of control" because of his anger. This is typical of Malachi's reactions to frustration and anger. He may well meet the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for:

intermittent explosion disorder.

Recurrent and frequent acts of impulsive acts of aggression that is out of proportion to the situation are characteristics of:

intermittent explosion disorder.

Vaughn has violent outbursts that scare his coworkers. He has even destroyed property and been arrested for assault. His outbursts are disproportionate to the amount of frustration the incident should generate and has now led to him being fired as well as a no contact order being placed on him from his girlfriend. He may well meet the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for:

intermittent explosion disorder.

The reformulated learned helplessness theory focuses on people who habitually explain negative events by causes that are:

internal, stable, and global.

Virginia is very aware of her bodily cues that signal a panic attack. This heightened awareness is known as _____.

interoceptive awareness

Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy (ISRT) for people with bipolar disorder combines

interpersonal therapy; behavioral techniques

Hugo is cunning, charismatic and sadistic. He never accepts responsibility for his actions and blames his illegal activities on watching violent porn as a child. He most likely _____.

is a sociopath

Oppositional defiant disorder:

is common among most children who develop conduct disorder at a later age.

oppositional defiant disorder

is common among most children who develop conduct disorder at a later age.

Zain has had a delinquency issue since he was a young child; he lives with Noelle who has no conduct problems. It is likely that he:

is likely to cease his delinquent acts permanently

Today, psychosurgery:

is only used for severe disorders that do not respond to other treatments.

Research on family systems theories and therapies is difficult to do because:

it involves observing people in the context of their relationships, which is difficult to "capture in the laboratory."

Jeremy and Stacy are siblings who attend the same elementary school. They rarely speak to each other during free time. Jeremy usually hangs out with his male friends, while Stacy and her female friends stick together. At home, they interact only minimally. Each believes that his/her gender "rules." Jeremy and Stacy are most likely in which stage of psychosexual development?

latency

Freud believed that _____ is a basic drive that motivates human behavior.

libido

Some states have _____, individuals who have graduate training in counseling beyond the bachelor's degree in counseling, but have not obtained a Ph.D.,.

licensed mental health counselors

Logan showed behavioral problems in preschool, and they only seem to have gotten worse as he has gotten older. He is more likely to continue to engage in antisocial behaviors into adulthood then kids who developed the behavioral patterns at a later age, a pattern called:

life-course-persistent antisocial behavior

While the conduct problems of some youth diminish with age, many children with conduct disorder continue to violate social norms in adolescence and adulthood in a pattern called _____.

life-course-persistent antisocial behavior

Cindy's mood has become increasingly unstable since her traffic accident. She often experiences bouts of aggression and fits of rage in reaction to the slightest provocation. At other times, she can be overly passive and fails to recognize direct threats. Most likely, damage has occurred in the _____ of Cindy's brain.

limbic system

In the brain, dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin are found in large quantities in the _____.

limbic system

Justus shows a lack of guilt for his actions, a lack of empathy for others, and a lack of concern for performance at school or work. This demonstrates:

limited prosocial emotions

Lack of remorse or guilt for ones actions and lack of concern for performance at school or work, as well as shallow emotions demonstrates:

limited prosocial emotions.

Stewart has been warned by his psychiatrist not to miss any of his medication-check appointments. The drug he is taking can be lethal if not monitored properly. Which of the following drugs is Stewart most likely taking?

lithium

The medication most consistently shown to reduce the risk of suicide is _____.

lithium

_____ can cause diabetes, hypothyroidism, and kidney dysfunction and can contribute to birth defects if taken during the first trimester of pregnancy.

lithium

People with panic disorder show dysregulation of norepinephrine systems in an area of the brainstem called the:

locus ceruleus.

The type of study that observes people on two or more occasions over time is a _____ study.

longitudinal

The biological factor most associated with suicide is:

low levels of serotonin

Conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder are found more frequently in children in _____ and in _____.

lower socioeconomic classes; urban areas

When they are not exposed to trauma reminders, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) sufferers tend to have resting levels of cortisol that are:

lower than those of people without PTSD.

If a person experiences a loss of interest in usual activities and at least four other depressive symptoms chronically for at least two weeks, and these symptoms are severe enough to interfere with the person's ability to function in everyday life, the person meets the criteria for _____.

major depressive disorder

Broad-based suicide prevention or education programs do not tend to be very helpful and might even do harm because they:

make suicide appear quite common, which may cause students to believe that it is an understandable response to stress.

A person filled with grandiose self-esteem, displaying rapid speech and impulsive behaviors, and showing an elevated, expansive, or irritable mood for at least one week is exhibiting symptoms of _____.

mania

The most significant problem with the behavioral theory of phobias is that:

many people with phobias cannot identify traumatic events that triggered them.

Ancient Chinese

medicine was based on the concept of yin and yang, The human body was said to contain a positive force

Johann Weyer believed that those accused of being witches were suffering from _____.

melancholy and senility

The four Ds together make up?

mental health professionals' definition of behaviors or feelings as abnormal or maladaptive.

Franz Anton ..., an Austrian physician, is credited as the originator of psychoanalytic theory.

mesmer

The symptoms associated with general paresis encompassed all of the following except

migraines.

People with bipolar II disorder experience episodes that meet the criteria for major depression, but have:

milder episodes of mania known as hypomania.

Joe's favorite food is spaghetti. His mom always makes it for him on Friday night, but she does not like the way he slurps the spaghetti into his mouth. One Friday night, she attempted to change Joe's eating pattern. At dinner, she picked up her spoon and fork and began to roll the spaghetti. David, Joe's brother, used his fork and spoon as well. Susan, Joe's sister, also used her fork and spoon to roll her spaghetti. At first, Joe slurped the spaghetti into his mouth, but after a few minutes, he began to use his fork and spoon. In this example, Joe is _____.

modeling behaviors

The neurotransmitters that have been implicated most often in depression are the _____.

monoamines

For many years, James had been isolated from the public by his family members on account of his mental illness. His family kept him locked in a room, and brought him his meals. Suddenly, they began to allow him to move more freely throughout the house. In addition, he was allowed to sit outside, and work in the garden. The new approach to James' caregiving is representative of the _____.

moral treatment model.

Children with conduct disorder are:

more likely to have parents with antisocial behaviors.

Suicide may become more common in adolescence than in childhood for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:

more prone to impulsive behaviors, whereas children tend to be more cautious

It is probable that _____ percent of people who commit suicide had been suffering from a diagnosable mental disorder.

more than 90

A problem with the cultural norms criterion for abnormality is that:

most people would object to labeling certain behaviors that are positive for the individual and society as abnormal.

Repression is defined as:

motivated forgetting.

June has been avoiding riding elevators since she was 7 years old. When she is with other people, she makes excuses to use the stairs and feels relief upon avoiding elevator rides. June's fear of elevators is being maintained by _____.

negative reinforcement

A study of adults in rural Mexico found that among underprivileged Latino communities, particularly women, _____ expresses the anger and frustration of "being at the bottom" and provides temporary release from the everyday burdens of life.

nervios

Biochemicals that carry impulses from one neuron to another in the brain and in other parts of the nervous system are called _____.

neurotransmitters

The continuum model of abnormality illustrates that:

no clear line exists between what is normal and abnormal.

One major difference between hypomania and mania is that the symptoms of hypomania:

no hallucinations or delusions

All of the following signify abnormal behavior except

not distressing to the individual.

Trudy's mother is afraid of bees. Her mother always screams and runs away every time she sees them. Trudy, seeing her mother's response, also runs and screams every time she sees a bee. In this case, Trudy's behavior can be explained by which theory?

observational learning

_____ are thoughts, images, ideas, or impulses that are persistent, that uncontrollably intrude upon consciousness, and that cause significant anxiety or distress.

obsessions

Which of the following is a true statement about obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?

obsessive thoughts are distressing to people with OCD

Lee is a high school teacher. He has difficulty grading his papers because he constantly checks and rechecks the students' answers. He fears that he has made a mistake in the calculations. Lee's checking routines are not limited to his students' work. He also checks the locks on his classroom door several times before leaving school, and performs these kinds of rituals at home as well. Lee is most likely exhibiting:

obsessive-compulsive disorder

Freud's theory of phobias is detailed in a 150-page case history of a little boy named Hans. Freud explained Hans's phobia with which of the following processes?

oedipus complex

According to cognitive-behavioral theories of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), compulsions develop largely through _____.

operant conditioning

Shaping behaviors by providing rewards for desired responses and punishments for undesired responses is known as _____.

operant conditioning

Humberto often loses his temper, argues with his teacher and parents, and his parents report he is vindictive. He is not aggressive toward people or shoplifts but he is hostile in general. Humberto is likely to have a _____.

oppositional defiant disorder

Humberto often loses his temper, argues with his teacher and parents, and his parents report he is vindictive. He is not aggressive toward people or shoplifts but he is hostile in general. Humberto is likely to have a _____. conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, juvenile disorder, antisocial personality disorder

oppositional defiant disorder

Tyrell appears to be deliberately trying to annoy the other kids in his class. He sometimes refuses to do what his teachers tell him and gives many reasons why he shouldn't have to do his work. His mom reports that he is sometimes sweet and other times rude, but he appears to get angry easily. Tyrell is likely to have a _____.

oppositional defiant disorder

The correct sequential order for Freud's psychosexual stages is:

oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital.

Which diagnosis is most likely when panic attacks that are not usually provoked by any particular situation become a common occurrence, leading one to begin to worry about having the attacks and change behaviors as a result?

panic disorder

If a behavior is _____ reinforced, it is more difficult to extinguish.

partially

In a(n) _____, parents avoid dealing with conflicts with each other by always keeping their children involved in their conversations and activities.

pathological triangular relationship

By 1960, a large and vocal movement known as the ... rights movement had emerged.

patients'

Social learning theory posits that:

people learn behaviors by watching other people.

Theorists who argue that phobias can develop through observational learning posit that:

people learn phobic behaviors by modeling the behaviors of others

Martha gave birth to twins two weeks ago. She finds herself weeping while she is changing the twins or feeding them. She is irritable and has had little sleep since their birth. Martha feels guilt and shame because she says a good mother would be able to take care of her children. The subtype of major depression Martha is most likely suffering from is depression with:

peripartum onset.

If a person experiences depressed mood plus two other symptoms of depression for at least two years, and during the two years has not been without depressive symptoms for more than two months, the person is most likely to be diagnosed with _____.

persistent depressive disorder

In the DSM-5, dysthymic disorder falls under the diagnosis _____.

persistent depressive disorder

In the DSM-5, dysthymic disorder is termed _____.

persistent depressive disorder

If a person experiences depressed mood plus two other symptoms of depression for at least two years, and during the two years he or she has not been without depressive symptoms for more than two months, the person is most likely to be diagnosed with _____.

persistent deprresive disorder

According to Freudian theory, boys who experience extreme castration anxiety resolve the conflict by identifying with their fathers, and putting aside their desires for their mothers. This conflict develops during the _____ stage, and the process is called the _____.

phallic; Oedipus complex

In the mid-twentieth century, a class of drugs called _____ were discovered that allowed many institutionalized people to be released from hospitals.

phenothiazines

The "master" gland is also known as the _____.

pituitary gland

A bee stung Leah while she was playing in the yard a few weeks ago. She now becomes panicky each time she goes out to play. In this example, the conditioned stimulus is _____.

playing outside

The id operates by the:

pleasure principle.

Many people interpreted dance frenzies and tarantism as results of ______.

possession by the devil

Raine et al. found that differences in the brains between males and females with antisocial personality disorder accounted for the differences in the number of antisocial symptoms they had. Specifically, it was differences in the volume of the:

prefrontal cortex

The procedure introduced by neurologist Antonio de Egas Moniz in 1935 in which the frontal lobes of the brain are severed from the lower centers of the brain is called:

prefrontal lobotomy.

The idea that people learn to fear or avoid selected objects or situations that are vestiges of evolutionary history, and individuals are biologically prepared to quickly associate fear responses with certain objects is called _____.

prepared classical conditioning

The pituitary gland is responsible for:

producing a variety of hormones and controlling the secretion of other endocrine glands

Fluctuations in _____ levels might cause imbalances or dysfunction of the serotonin or GABA systems in females, leading to panic attacks.

progesterone

According to ... theories, abnormal behavior is a result of traumas, such as bereavement or chronic stress.

psychological

Many people with depression experience _____ they walk, gesture, and talk more slowly. On the other hand, some people may exhibit _____ they cannot sit still, and may move around or fidget aimlessly.

psychomotor retardation; psychomotor agitation

Another word for a sociopath is:

psychopath

The study of abnormal psychology is the study of people who suffer mental, emotional, and often physical pain. This is also referred to as _____.

psychopathology

Bart has been diagnosed with major depression. Recently, he has been experiencing hallucinations. He sees mystical beings cloaked in white swooping down from the sky trying to "whisk" him away. Bart is most likely experiencing major depression with _____ features.

psychotic

The therapy in which therapists challenged, sometimes harshly, their patients' irrational belief systems was called ...-emotive therapy.

rational

Janie's house was broken into and the perpetrator brutally attacked her. Since then, she has been dreaming about the attack and often wakes up screaming and crying. According to Janie, she feels as though she is reliving the attack in each dream. Janie is most likely:

reexperiencing the trauma

A polygenic process:

refers to the multiple abnormal genes that interact to create a disorder.

_____ is a method of responding in which the therapist attempts to understand what the client is experiencing by restating those experiences.

reflection

Biological theories of obsessive-compulsive disorder have focused on a circuit in the brain involved in:

regulating primitive urges

In terms of antisocial behavior, girls appear to engage in _____, such as excluding their peers, gossiping about them, and colluding with others to damage the social status of their targets, more so than boys.

relational aggression

Nadia excludes other girls from play, gossips about her "friends," and has ganged up with other girls to cyber bully others. These are examples of:

relational aggression

Some researchers argue that antisocial behavior in girls isn't rare, it just takes another form such as engaging in:

relational aggression (verbal)

Gossiping, cyber bullying, and getting others to ostracize someone are all behaviors that exemplify:

relational aggression.

Some researchers argue that antisocial behavior in girls isn't rare, it just takes another form such as engaging in

relational aggression.

The main advantage of cultural ... is that it honors the norms and traditions of different cultures, rather than imposing the standards of one culture on judgments of abnormality.

relativism

Degradation refers to the:

release of an enzyme by the receiving neuron that breaks down the neurotransmitter into other biochemicals

Which of the following is an example of a compulsion?

repeatedly check the locks on all doors

A procedure known as _____ exposes patients to frequent, high-intensity magnetic pulses that are focused on particular brain structures, whereas in the _____ procedure, electrodes are surgically implanted in specific areas of the brain.

repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation; deep brain stimulation

Lucy rejects her therapist's interpretation of her conflict. Her reasoning is that the therapist really has no idea what she is actually going through. According to Lucy, her therapist has only book knowledge and has no idea what goes on in the real world. Lucy is most likely exhibiting _____ to the therapeutic process.

resistance

When a client is unwilling to or cannot reveal certain material to the clinician, this problem is often referred to as _____.

resistance

The anterior cingulate cortex plays an important role in _____.

responses to stress

anterior cingulate cortex plays an important role in _____.

responses to stress

Individuals with _____ walk, gesture, and talk slowly. On the other hand, people with _____ can't sit still and may move around or fidget aimlessly.

retardation, agitation

William Tuke's English asylum, known as The , was designed to restore patients' self-restraint by treating them with respect and dignity.

retreat

When the initial neuron releasing a neurotransmitter into the synapse reabsorbs some of the neurotransmitter and thereby decreases the amount of neurotransmitter left in the synapse, the process is called _____.

reuptake

Electroconvulsive therapy was originally designed to treat which mental disorder?

schizophrenia

Which of the following is NOT believed to be a factor in nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI)?

self punishment

Carl Rogers believed that without undue pressure from others, individuals naturally move toward personal growth, self-acceptance, and _____, the fulfillment of their potential for love, creativity, and meaning.

self-actualization

Albert Bandura argued that people's beliefs about their ability to execute the behaviors necessary to control important events, which he called _____ beliefs, are crucial in determining people's well-being.

self-efficacy

According to interpersonal theories of depression, some depressed people have a heightened need for approval and expressions of support from others but at the same time easily perceive rejection by others, a characteristic called rejection _____.

sensitivity

Tariq is 12 years old and often stays out late at night despite his parents grounding him; he has also run away from home and been gone overnight and often doesn't go to school. These behaviors are all criteria for conduct disorder under _____.

serious violations of rules

Many studies have found a link between low levels of the neurotransmitter _____ and suicide.

serotonin

People with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) often get some relief from their symptoms when they take drugs that better regulate the neurotransmitter _____.

serotonin

Research has shown that young men with high levels of _____ in their blood are more likely to commit violent crimes compared to other young men with more normal levels.

serotonin

Changes in the ovarian hormones, estrogen and progesterone, affect the _____ and _____ neurotransmitter systems.

serotonin; norepinephrine

Children who have been diagnosed with conduct disorder:

show abnormal cortisol levels both at rest and in response to a stressor.

The ancient treatment of trephination involved drilling holes in the ... of the person displaying abnormal behavior in order to allow the spirits to depart.

skull

According to the prepared classical conditioning theory, Rachel is more likely to be afraid of which of the following?

snakes

Anna is terrified of speaking in public. She always finds an excuse to avoid public speaking or gets someone to speak for her. Once Anna had a full-blown panic attack when her boss called on her unexpectedly to speak at a meeting. Anna is most likely exhibiting symptoms of:

social anxiety disorder.

Crisis intervention aims to reduce the risk of an imminent suicide attempt by providing suicidal persons:

someone to talk with who understands their feelings and problems.

The superego is responsible for:

storing rules and regulations of moral behaviors.

Antisocial personality disorder tends to have high comorbidity with _____.

substance abuse

When two or more completed or attempted suicides are nonrandomly bunched in space or time, it is known as a(n) _____.

suicide cluster

Frank attends an evening class at the local community college. His stomach begins to growl when he gets hungry. He wants to leave class early and get dinner, but realizes that leaving would disrupt the class. Frank's realization is an example of his _____ at work.

superego

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) sufferers may report _____ about having lived through a traumatic event.

survivor guilt

Neurotransmitters are released into the _____, the gap between synaptic terminals and adjacent neurons, and then bind to special _____, molecules on the membrane of adjacent neurons.

synapse; receptors

Patrick is a Vietnam War veteran who has a recurring nightmare of being on the frontline. Any sound that remotely resembles gunfire makes him anxious. Although he has been suffering for years with this problem, he now decides to seek treatment. His psychologist has suggests that he identify the thoughts and situations that evoke anxiety and rank them. His psychologist begins to help him work through each situation by using relaxation techniques. This technique is called:

systematic desensitization

Patrick is a Vietnam War veteran who has been having a recurring nightmare of being on the frontline. Any sound that remotely resembles gunfire makes him anxious. Although he has been suffering for years with this problem, only recently did he decide to seek treatment. His psychologist asks Patrick to identify the thoughts and situations that evoke anxiety and rank them. His psychologist then begins to help him work through each situation by using relaxation techniques. This technique is called:

systemic desensitization

In Japan, the term _____ describes an intense fear of interpersonal relations and is characterized by shame about and persistent fears of causing others offense, embarrassment, or even harm through one's personal inadequacies.

taijin-kyofusho

A phenomenon similar to psychic epidemics known as ... occurred in fourteenth-century Italy in which people suddenly developed acute pain attributed to the bite of a tarantula and then exhibited abnormal behavior.

tarantism

Estella's therapist has her repeat phrases to help her avoid reacting negatively to situations. Her therapist's use of self-talk is trying to:

teach her to control impulsive behaviors.

Tabitha has her therapist following her around at recess trying to point out situations where she seems angry or has misbehaved. Her therapist is trying to:

teach her to recognize situations that trigger anger or aggressive impulses.

If a therapist and a child are discussing how to respond to another child that has cut in line in the cafeteria the therapist is attempting to:

teach the child adaptive problem solving skills.

The first step in cognitive-behavioral therapy is to:

teach the child to recognize situations that trigger anger or aggressive impulses.

One long-standing theory is that aggressiveness, such as that shown by people with antisocial personality disorder, is linked to the hormone _____.

testosterone

Research has shown that males with high levels of the hormone _____ are more likely to demonstrate aggressive behavior than males with lower levels.

testosterone

According to Freud, girls suffer anxiety when they recognize that they do not have a penis. This frustration causes them to form a connection with their father, in the hope that the relationship will provide a replacement for the missing penis. According to Freudian theory, this is known as _____.

the Electra complex

The research on epigenetic processes carried out by Michael Meany found that:

the behavior of mother rats toward their offspring influences the development of the pups' reactions to stress in adulthood.

When corticotrophin-release factor (CRF) travels from the hypothalamus to the pituitary, the pituitary releases the body's adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). The bloodstream carries ACTH to the adrenal gland and various other organs. This example illustrates the complex relationship between:

the central nervous system and the endocrine system

In exposure and response prevention therapy, by preventing a person from engaging in compulsive behavior:

the client learns that not engaging in the compulsive behavior does not lead to a terrible result.

According to Franz Anton Mesmer, _____.

the distribution of a magnetic fluid in a person could be influenced by the magnetic forces of other people, as well as by the alignments of the planets

Dopamine plays an important role in:

the functioning of muscle systems

Alexis was a sick child who made frequent visits to the hospital to get her shots. One day she and her mother drove past the hospital, and Alexis began to cry. She repeatedly said, "Mommy, I don't want to see the doctor." In this example, the conditioned stimulus would be _____.

the hospital

According to one theory, chronic low arousal is an uncomfortable state and leads to stimulation seeking. The direction stimulation seeking takes—toward antisocial activities or toward more neutral activities—may depend on:

the individual's intelligence and the reinforcements he or she receives.

What differentiates flooding from systematic desensitization?

the intensity of exposure to the feared stimuli

When an observer takes into account the context or circumstances surrounding someone's behaviors to determine whether they are normal or abnormal, it means that:

the observer considers the behavior normal if it seems appropriate for that particular situation.

Children with a genetic predisposition toward anxiety or who are behaviorally inhibited may not develop a specific phobia, unless:

the parenting they receive worsens their anxiety.

In Pavlov's experiment, the conditioned stimulus was:

the previously neutral stimulus.

The diagnosis of depression in older adults is complicated because:

their symptoms often occur in the context of medical illnesses.

A _____ is a treatment, usually based on a theory of a disorder, that addresses the factors that theory says cause the disorder.

therapy

According to cognitive-behavioral theories of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), all of the following are true about people diagnosed with OCD EXCEPT:

they believe that having intrusive thoughts means they are going crazy, but they do not equate having the thoughts with actually engaging in the behaviors.

Cognitive theories focus on _____.

thoughts and beliefs

Tuke's treatment was designed to

to restore patients' self-restraint by treating them with respect and dignity and encouraging them to exercise selfcontrol

Patricia begins to talk to her therapist as if he is her father. She also reacts with extreme fear as she did when she was a child. This is an example of _____.

transference

The tool used for this drilling is called

trephination

true or false: Discontinuing antidepressant use during the first 6 to 9 months after symptoms subside seems to double the risk of relapse in severe depression.

true

Most of the interactions among the id, ego, and superego occur in the _____.

unconscious

Cognitive theorists maintain that people with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) focus on threats at both the _____ levels.

unconscious and conscious

According to Freudian theory, phobias develop when:

unconscious anxiety is displaced onto a neutral or symbolic object.

Object relations theory examines how early relationships can create

unconscious mental images of ourselves and others

The psychodynamic perspective views abnormality as being influenced by:

unconscious processes.

Which of the following anticonvulsants tends to produce the fewest side effects?

valproate

Chinese medical philosophy held that human emotions were controlled by internal organs. When air was flowing on one of these organs, an individual experienced a particular emotion.

vital

Xia has been feeling sad and lonely over the last several days. According to ancient Chinese medical philosophy, Xia's mood is likely the result of:

vital air flowing on the lungs.

The statement "often, the link between the obsession and the compulsion is the result of 'magical thinking'" means that the person with OCD believes that repeating a behavior a certain number of times will:

ward off danger to themselves or others

This hospital, nicknamed Bedlam,

was famous for its deplorable conditions. At Bedlam and other mental hospitals established in Europe in the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries, patients were exhibited to the public for a fee. They lived in filth and confinement, often chained to the wall or locked inside small boxes.

Pavlov's discoveries inspired American John ..., who rejected psychoanalytic and biological theories of abnormal behaviors, explaining them entirely on the basis of the individual's history of conditioning.

watson

_____ to experience mild depressive symptoms and severe depressive disorders.

women 2x more likely than men

_____ to be diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and most of the other anxiety disorders including panic disorder, social phobias, and generalized anxiety disorder.

women are more likely than men

In classical psychodynamic therapy, clients _____ painful memories and difficult issues to gain a new understanding and provide self-definitions that are acceptable to them.

work through

Under the negative cognitive triad, people with depression have negative views of their:

world, themselves, and the future.