CMN 101 Exam #2

Faulty Causation (fallacy)

- Assuming there is a casual relationship between two variables when in fact it could just be a coincidence, or correlation, or some other cause all together. - Her friend was going to put her daughter in private school bc people in private school perform better.

What are some pay offs to indirectness?

- Establishing a sense of rapport - Self or other protection

Fallacies

- Fallacies are arguments that speakers make that are NOT logical or accurate. Fallacies are barriers to rational discussions. -Receivers of information and persuasive arguments must be on guard against fallacious reasoning that can creep into the discussion and reduce or destroy the credibility of what is being said. The follow are the most common errors in rational thought. - Can destroy credibility of what we are saying

What is the definition of persuasion and what are the requirements to consider something to be persuasion?

- Human communication that is designed to influence others by modifying their beliefs, values, or attitudes. - Three requirements for to consider something "persuasive" 1. Message recipient must have free will. Persuasion is not coercive. 2. Persuasion is not accidental, and 3. It is inherently communicational.

the "get it quick" tactic is which type of peripheral cue?

scarcity

Controllability

some things are simply out of our control and therefore we can't act even if we wanted to.

Behavioral intention ( persuasion)

there are reasons for all our actions; meaning we plan to act a particular way. Attitudes and normative beliefs influence our behavioral intentions.

this is a necessary component for inoculation approaches to work

threat

What is the definition of Mass CMN? How do "traditional" and "new" differ?

traditionally, mass cmn research has been defined as inquiry into one to many information dissemination involving a physical or electronic interpose. In light of new interactive technologies, mass cmn research can also be viewed as inquiry about mediate interaction that bridges cmn contexts. For example, new media have mass, interpersonal, organizational, political, economic and cultural dimensions and have altered how people communicate in a variety of settings.

New technologies are predicted by need for innovation and perceived ______

utility

Hasty Generalization (fallacy)

making a generalization based on too few examples (stereotyping) - You can't have one person do something and then you make a generalization that everyone is the same. - Her birthday in paris, the french guys at the bar wished her a happy bday and made a big deal about it. She made a generalization that birthdays are important to french people.

Direct utterances

When the syntactic form of the utterance aligns with the illocutionary force/the intention behind the utterance. Form = function.

Indirect utterances

When the syntactic form of the utterance does not align with the illocutionary force of the utterance. Form does not equal function.

What is the bottom line of the modes of proof?

When trying to persuade (in edition to have ethos) speakers should use both rational (logos) and value based narratives (pathos) approaches.

the slow and steady approach requires audiences to have ____ and the ability

motivation

persuasion is inherently ______

communicational

When we attached to a character or actor in media we are experiencing this kind of relationship

paranormal

this shortcut route, is the _____ route

peripheral

Self-efficacy

refers to an individual's belief that s/he can actually perform the behavior. People talk themselves out of doing something because they fear they won't be successful.

A receivers perceived behavior control is comprised of self efficacy and ________

controllability

This theory focuses exclusively on the effects of television

cultivation theory

Consensual

-High in both conversation and conformity. -They have a lot of talk but the family authority, usually a parent, makes decisions -High on conformity, High on conversation. -Bend it like Beckham

Cultivation Theory

- Looks at a range of perceptions attributable to television viewing. The assumption is that television shapes perceptions of reality. -Early cultivation research focused in identifying distorted views attributable to television viewing. A recent focus has been the role of memory in cultivation. Being able to remember of television information to be more accessible in heavy viewers. -accessibility

Fishers Narrative Paradigm ( +Aristotle's modes of proof)

- Narrative Paradigm - It's not just about facts, you must bring in emotion that rings in on people's values. The best way to do that is to use narratives. - You must do TRUE stories. - This theory is a rhetorical theory, and it asserts that audiences not as rational as we have thought of them as being. Logic, rationalist, reasoning are important elements of argumentation, But, according the Fisher, the most effective arguments include both "reasons for" and "values for" and values are best expressed through narratives. Narratives are true stories that have values embedded within them.

Topical Maxim

- One's contributions should be "on topic" or one should "notify" the listener clearly that she/he is changing the current topic - On topic - May i please interrupt? May I change the topic? - relevance maxim - We should let the conversation reach it's natural end. Reach a point of, ok we're done right. - Let it find it's meaning.

Quantity Maxim

- One's utterances should be as informative as is required, no more and no less. We shouldn't talk too much or not enough. We "flout" this maxim when we are perceived as curt or overly verbose. - Give the right amount of information, don't give too much don't give too little.

Theory of Indirectness

- This theory asserts that utterances can be direct or indirect. When we are indirect in a message, we mean something without actually saying what is meant. The receiver must infer from the context of the utterance what the speaker actually means. - Form of the utterance does not equal the intention. - Indirect use of language - You have a sloppy roommate and you say "hey roommate the dishes are piling up" and she responds "oh yes they are" and doesn't do the dishes. But it's her turn. - The intention was direct but the form was representative.

Speech Act Theory

- This theory asserts that words are "not nothing". Verbal utterances are not just "puffs of air" that can be easily ignored or brushed off. This is because senders have intentions when choosing to speak. Utterances (when someone says something) are used to make things happen. Spoken language(when received) is reality- changing but after the fact we can never go back before the utterance was spoken. In this sense, cmn is irreversible. - Part of accurate interpretation of messages requires paying attention to the intention behind the utterance. Speech act theorists call the sender's intention the illocutionary force of the utterance.

According to Tannen, why are we so frequently indirect when speaking with others?

- We live in a "double-bind" based on having two contradictory and conflicting basic needs - Double Bind: Need to be left alone. Belonginess/intimacy/autonamxy/free form imposition. - Primal needs as humans. we need humans. - they need for connection and intimacy with other human beings. - the need for space and autonomy away from other human beings.

Quality Maxim

- one's utterances should be accurate and truthful. We "flout" this maxim when we lie, deceive, exaggerate, embellish, distort, or omit "known truths" - Sometimes we "flout". The maxims. Your roommate is on the couch and you ask what she's reading and she responds "a book". Not enough information. the roommate flouted. - I get the meaning of you being mad at me. - It's truthful. There's evidence. - General Semantics - having our language use be high quality.

Establishing a Sense of Rapport

- responding to indirect messages gives us a sense of connection and intimacy; as though someone knowns us so well as to read our minds. - When people understand you without you even having to tell them, you feel rapport. - Indirectness- when someone sees something you didn't expect.

Damning the Origin (fallacy)

- this is rejection of a piece of evidence simply because the source of the evidence (even "bad people" can provide valid evidence on things) - We don't accept what somebody says because we don't like that person.

Abstraction (general semantics)

-Abstracting is the process of removing details - All language is abstract (It is NOT the thing, it represents only.) - Specific words and phrases vary in their degree of abstraction. Some words are more abstract than others and some words are less abstract than others. - the less abstract the language the more vivid is the imagery. "concrete" language enables us to visualize what is being talked about better than abstract language.

What are the various types of peripheral cues and how are each of them effective?

-Authority -use of authority. Parents: "because I said so" -Commitment - foot in the door tactic. Get them to begin with one very easy action, which then can lead to a next step up, etc. - Contrast - setting up uneven points of comparison. Requests a "giant favor", and then ask for a small/med favor, - Liking - these messages stress affinity toward a person, place, or object and then associate it with persuasion effort. (Use of celebrities to sell products) - Reciprocity - Use a give and take relationship . You do this for me, and i'll do this for you. Scarcity - Messages that prey on people's worry of missing out on something. "Get this quick before we run out." - Social Proof - Relies on "peer pressure"

Theories of Pragmatics

-Cooperation Principle - Conversational Maxims - Speech Act Theory - Theory of Indirectness - Elaborated and Restricted Codes - Relational Schemas in the Family

Laissez-faire

-Low in both conversation and conformity. -Involves a hands-off, low involvement approach. "Emotionally divorced." -No one really cares too much about one another and especially do not want to talk things through. -Movie examples: Heartbreak Kid, Everyone Says I Love You, and Bend it Like Beckham- -They don't care, they don't talk. -Emotionally divorced.

Protective

-Low in conversation, high on conformity -There is a lot of obedience and very little communication. -Parents don't spend a lot of time talking with the kids or explaining their decisions.

Third person effects

-Researchers have tried to explain why people feel the media have a greater impact on others than on themselves, as well as the behavioral consequences of such perceptions. Third-person effects have perceptual and behavioral components. -The perceptual component includes the extent to which people overestimate media impact on others and underestimate the effect on themselves. -The behavioral component focuses on what people do with that information.

Normative beliefs

Perceptions about what others in our social network expect you to do. Perceived behavioral control = self-efficacy + controllability

Relational Schemas in the Family

-The theory asserts that family communication is not random but is highly patterned based on particular schemas that determine how family members communicate with one another. -Family schemas - not random but his highly patterned. -There's an orientation towards communication, a conversation orientation. And a conformity -How oriented they are to change, conversation. Engaging in a lot of talk with another. - Schemas include a certain kind of orientation to cmn

Critical and cultural theory

-Critical theories often focus on evaluating the media's role in social change associated with the growth of mass culture and mass society. -Critical theorists see communication as a social process in which audiences construct views of reality by interpreting the cultural products often provided by the media. The media are seen as powerful and as serving those who hold political and economic power. They place a central role in creating and maintaining mass society. -Examples include how media marginalize social groups such as women and minorities; or feminist studies that argue that institutional processes reflect patriarchal gender systems.

What are the two broad sources of meaning in human life?

-Direct Sensory Experience - Symbolic experience

What are some approaches to critical thinking?

-Fallacies -General Semantics -Categorizing

Conversational Principle (Cooperation principle)

-Grice proposed that there is a general conversational principle that guides people in conversation. - CMN partners need to help each other in order to have an effective conversation. - The assumption that receivers assume relevance and senders are to guarantee relevance. - If you're a sender and you initiate conversation, you decide to open your mouth and talk, don't you think that what you say is meaningful to that person. - The cooperation principle is the assumption "that receivers assume relevance, and senders are to guarantee relevance" - We go into a conversation expecting the other person to make a good faith effort to produce meaningful messages. There are maxims/rules that guide the sender's communication process.

Gap Hypothesis

-The underlying premise of the knowledge-gap hypothesis is that, as media information flows into a social system, groups of higher socioeconomic status acquire the information at a faster rate than do lower—SES groups—creating a knowledge gap between the two groups. -Researchers have sought to identify contributors to the knowledge-gap effects. -Individual-level mediators include motivation, interest, prior knowledge of topic, and education. -Structural mediators include the social environment, relied-upon communication channels, and the use of celebrities to enhance knowledge.

Uses and gratifications

-This theory is a social psychological, audience-centered perspective that draws upon models of indirect effects. It is premised on the belief that people are variably active in their selection and use of media and other communication vehicles to satisfy their social and psychological wants and needs. Individual differences mediate effects of exposure. A primary focus has been on audience needs and goals. -Parasocial interaction refers to a kind of attachment or affective involvement that media users may have with characters and hosts of media programs.

Post Hoc reasoning (fallacy)

-When someone draws conclusions on the basis of temporary circumstances that may not be representative of the longer-term situation. -Ex. Snapshot of a particular point in someone's life and draw a conclusion about the person or situation. Based on temporary circumstances.

Closed Role (RC)

A closed-role system is one that reduces the number of alternatives for participants. Roles are set and people are viewed in terms of these roles.

uses and gratification theory is the most __________ - centered

AUDIENCE

__________ - setting theory examines how media influences what the public thinks is important

Agenda

Julia Hill (abstraction ladder)

An individual comes to mind. When we categorize her as an environmentalist. She is now lumped into every environmentalists. - when misunderstandings or difficult questions arise, it is recommended to go down the abstraction ladder.

Open Role

An open-role system is one that expands the number of alternatives for individuals in the group. Roles are fluid. Thus, there is little shared understanding of a person's identity within an open system, so ECs are required.

How do we clarify or turn a value judgment into a fact? What are two ways to operationalize?

By operationalizing it. Two ways to operationalize: - Use very descriptive language - Show someone "extensionally" by actually pointing to or demonstrating what is being talked about.

Wiitgenstein

Before he wrote this theory, people never thought about words at all. - Words are not nothing. they have impact. And the reason why they have impact then it is like nothing, it can't hurt me. Senders have intentions behind the utterance which create a force - illocutionary force. - We use utterances to make things happen -Communication is irreversible - Illocutionary acts - speech acts that are designed to fulfill a sender's intentions. The intentions are to describe the state of affairs.

What are the difference between the central and the peripheral routes to persuasion? When should which one be used?

Central/Elaborated - slow and steady approach. If successful, more likely to result in long term effects. Requires motivation and ability to critically evaluate the messages. Peripheral - shortcut approach. use when receiver is not motivated to evaluate the messages OR doesn't have the ability.

The quality of a narrative is determined by

Coherence Fidelity

the foot in the door tactic is which type of peripheral cue?

Commitment

Four different family types based on two orientations

Consensual Pluralistic Protective laissez-Faire

New media enables people to communicate across a variety of ___

Contexts

Two kinds of orientation to CMN ( Relational Schemas in the Family)

Conversation orientation - these families like to talk and accept individuality Conformity orientation - these families do not spend much time talking and tend to go along with family authority figures points of views and rules.

The issues surrounding the huge amount of power that media has is explored in ______ theory

Critical

Fidelity

Does the story "ring true"? Degree of perceived truthfulness and accuracy.

Elaborated Codes

ECs are used by speakers who value individuality over group identification. - The intent of the speaker cannot be inferred from their roles and so they have to be able to express themselves individually in some detail. They must "elaborate" in order to be understood. - ECs are used in groups in which perspectives are not shared. - Everyone says I love you - Everything in his role, I AM THE ONE IN CHARGE HERE. Whatever goes, goes. - the housekeeper is yelling at the man of the house. We have no idea what the thought processes are. - The suitor had to talk in elaborated codes. - Heartbreak kid- they had shared rules. - bend it like beckham - did they share values? this girl has to talk more in her role because she has so much in her.

Peripheral messages rely on receivers ________ involvement

Emotional

Pathos

Emotional reasons or appeals used to involve the audience's feelings and personal values. - Appealing to human emotion

Outlining (GS)

Enables us to organize all of our ideas in a clear, logical fashion by levels of abstraction.

Similar to Aristotles three "modes of proof"

Ethos Logos Pathos

How the media packages events and issues is referred to as this

Framing

Framing Theory

Framing is an important aspect of agenda setting. How the media packages events and issues effects how readers and viewers understand and respond to events. Research continues to be stimulated by how media select and use sources, visual, and commentary to direct attention toward certain aspects of reality and away from others. News frames influence the focus on and evaluation of topics. For example, news media can frame antiwar protestors as caring Humanitarians or as opposing patriotism. Audience interpretations influenced by media framers, in turn, affect decision-making behavior. Current example: School shootings can be framed as a "guns" issue or as a mental illness or social media issue.

General Semantics

General semantics (GS) - is a sub-field from within the fields of Pragmatics and Critical thinking. It is concerned with the truth, accuracy, and trustworthiness in language use. - General semantics was created in 1939 in response to Hitler's propaganda. Scholars wondered how it is that one man could persuade millions of people to follow him and engage in horrific action. - General Semantics prescribes that we apply a scientific attitude toward language use by making our language true to fact and "demanding" that others do as well. Semantics: the study of how we acquire meaning through linguistic knowledge.. the words only. (definition) - Unique critical thinking component ( the objective analysis and evaluation of an issue to form a judgement) -Truthful and accurate against reality.

Why is "inoculation theory" named after a medical concept? What does inoculation mean? What are the two components of an inoculation effort? How does the concept relate to persuasion? (9-11)

Goal: To persuade someone NOT to be persuaded. An inoculation gives the disease to prevent the disease. Particular messages might inoculate you from an attack on your beliefs. An inoculation message presents a weaker for (a "small dose) of a contrary argument—like a vaccine is a small portion of a virus. Once exposed to this weaker argument people are less likely to change their attitudes when presented with a stronger form of the argument, having developed a formidable defense system. Two major components to an inoculation argument: Threat and refutational preemption.Threat is NOT the same as a fear appeal. Threat simply means a forewarning of a potential persuasive attack on beliefs, make the target aware of his/her susceptibility of the attack. Aware of a possible threat enables us to build up a defense against it. Refutational preemption—the inoculation message should also anticipate the counter persuasive effort by raising specific challenges and then contesting them. Recommendation: The inoculation effort should be "threatening enough to be defensive-stimulating, but not so strong as to overwhelm."

Facts

Have been empirically verified, or at least, are able to be empirically verified or disproven. - Facts are more reliable than inferences, but sometimes inferences are all we have. When we are relying on inferences to make decision or take action, we need to be aware that we are acting from an inference, not a fact.

Pluralistic

High in conversation and low in conformity. Lots of unrestrained conversation, but everyone will decide for themselves what actions to take.

The gap ___________ looks at how lower socio economic groups often have less access to media information

Hypothesis

Coherence

IS the story well organized and structured to create a kind of "dramatic arc" - Needs to be structured or organized well

Self-or other protection

Indirectness can help us to avoid confrontation, vulnerability, embarassment, putting someone "on the spot", etc. If we hint at things and are rejected, we can always act as though we meant "something else". - we don't like being told no. So we do the weird protection thing -Sometimes indirectness gets you what you want.

Diffusion of Innovations

Looks at the adoption of new innovations. Some researchers have looked demographics and others have looked at perceived complexity as early impediments to computer adoption. A need for innovation and perceived utility predict new technology adoption. The introduction of new media requires us to rethink our uses and views of newer and older media. Newer media, however, do not necessarily displace older media easily. Health interventions, such as campaigns aimed at changing health behaviors, have generated attention. When personal networks are not present or when knowledge about the innovation is minimal, media can be effective in enhancing knowledge and encouraging adoption

Manner Maxim

One's utterances should "make sense" and be presented in a way that is perceived as socially appropriate. - Be clear, make sense. Be socially appropriate - Comedians violate the manner maxim

Cooperation Principle

People think of humans as competitive. - Humans are profoundly cooperative. First way that we know humans are cooperative, we created language that we all share... Machines that flies in the air.

Another component required for an inoculation approach to work is refutational?

Preemption

Priming

Priming is a cognitive process by which the activation of thoughts radiates from particular nodes (neural networks) along associated pathways to other nodes. Related thoughts come to mind and create a primary effect. By activating some ideas, feelings, or values, media can encourage certain thoughts and lead us to arrive at certain conclusions.

How did the theory of "planned behavior" add to the "Theory of reasoned action?"

Provides an explanation for why campaigns that only focus on providing information are unlikely to have any behavioral effect. Simply changing one's attitudes is not enough. If your goal is to convince someone to act in a particular way (e.g., buy a product, donate blood) you need to provide attitudinal, social norm, and controllability incentives. Planned behavior: behavioral intention, normative beliefsReasoned action: Perceived behavior control, self-efficacy, controllability

Conversational Maxims

Quantity Maxim Quality Maxim Topical Maxim Manner Maxim

What are the weaknesses of the peripheral cues?

Short term results only

Appeal to Tradition (fallacy)

Simple because something has been done a certain way in the past, it does not follow that it is a necessarily desirable way of doing it in the future. Conversely, just because something is new and innovative, doesn't make it necessarily better than an "older" way.

The Bandwagon (fallacy)

Simply because a large number of people hold an opinion, it does not follow that the opinion is valid. - EX. I want a $300 phone bc my friends have it. Everyone else is doing it

Social cognition

Social learning is a cognitive theory that has been applied to the effects of violent media portrayals. Media representations can enhance learning—in good ways (eating better and exercising) or bad ways (prompting eating disorders.)

Direct/Sensory Experience

That which we experience through our five sense. First hand, concrete experience. - Everything in life we have experienced and know has been "sourced" or given to us by either 1.) directly experiencing it first hand through our senses (hearing, seeing, touching, smelling, and feeling) or

Symbolic experience

That which we perceive and experience through human symbols (primarily, language.) 2.) By listening to or reading about it from a secondary source. Humans are the talking animals. Language in thought and action. - language influences our thinking. - thoughts influences our actions. - Ex. of globe she gave her friend: When the globe was not lit up, it was a globe of the earth. When the light was on, it was a political globe. borders of states, and countries. 4 corners example of being in 4 states at once. It's not real, it's all dirt. It is our concept of 4 states because that was has been created. - Language polarizes our thinking.

Agenda Setting Theory

The agenda-setting hypothesis has generated a great deal of research since the early 1970s and it continues to attract research attention. Traditional agenda-setting research has focused on how the media sets the public's agenda. The general argument is that we can predict the public agenda from media coverage. Some have analyzed how news sources try to build the media's agenda. Research suggests that powerful sources influence media agenda. But, some research has shown this is not always the case. Some other findings include: Ordinary citizens can influence the media's agenda through human interest stories. Some suggests that we need to consider many players in agenda-setting (not just the media). The complexity of the process is magnified by agenda diversity and issue volatility, which result in the instability of public opinion. It's been suggested that agenda-setting studies should not ignore relationships among world conditions, the media agenda, and the public agenda.

Ethos

The character, expertise, experience, etc of the speaker. - Ethics, the character, the credibility. Their sense of good will. Did they have good will toward them? Are they good character? Do they have an expertise?

Logos

The logic, reasoning, and evidence provided to support the claims made - The reasons. The facts. The evidence of an argument

Pragmatics

The study of how we acquire meaning through linguistic knowledge and context. - Truth, accuracy, and trustworthiness of messages. Are the messages valid? Are they true? Inferred meaning Example in class; Utterance: "its cold in here" - inferred meaning - its cold in the classroom. Husband asks wife sitting in the living room "do you want to eat here or in the kitchen and she replies "its cold in here". Inferred meaning - she wants to eat in the kitchen.

Rhetorical Theory

The study of rhetoric has a distinguished history dating back to fifth century BC. Originally concerned with persuasion, rhetoric was the art of constructing arguments and speechmaking. Many see rhetoric as synonymous with communication. Rhetoric has a lengthy and distinguished tradition way before and apart from CMN theory. Movie in class: The news anchor was telling the audience that he was mad as hell and they should be too. What made the news anchor in the movie persuasive? Once he brought emotion into the message thats what got people excited and involved.

Categorizing

The use of categories is a necessary convenience, but it can lead to faulty thinking. It can lead to stereotyping which is not an accurate way to think. Stereotyping results in talking with the "Little man that isn't there" - When we categorize, through language the effect is that we think in similarities. That's what stereotyping is. Anyone who is apart of the group is the same. - Loggers - talking to julia (butterfly hill) like she was someone she wasn't. He calls that, "the little man that isn't there". When we project our stereotypes onto people. A person who isn't there. You're relating to the person who isn't there. Everything you thought about her was wrong.

Restricted Codes

These codes do not allow speakers to elaborate very much on what they mean. - RCs are appropriate in groups in which there is a strongly shared set of assumptions about rules and values. - RCs are oriented toward social categories for which everyone has the same meanings. A primary difference between the two groups that use these two codes is their degree or openness regarding roles.

___________ - person effects theory about how people think that others' are more effected by media than they are.

Third

Elaborated and Restricted Codes

This theory asserts that the structure of the language employed in everyday life reflects and shapes the assumptions of a social group. - this type of social groups, affect the type of search. - The basic assumption is that the relationships established in a social group affects the type of speech used in the group. - this happens because different groups have different priorities, and language emerges from what i required to maintain relationships within the group. People learn "their place in the world" by virtue of the language codes they employ. Roles and language go hand in hand. - In Heartbreak kid - the daughters role - she remains quiet, doesn't really talk until she has to do feminine things. the women are engaging in restrictive codes. -The boyfriend talks a lot because he has to explain himself. He is having to elaborate. He's talking to so long because he's having to explain who he is. So he's talking in elaborated codes. - The kind of roles that children learn are reinforced by the kind of language employed in the community - primarily, the family. Bottom line - societies that value individuality promote elaborated codes, whereas societies that value roles and group identification promote restricted codes. Heartbreak Kid - masculine Everyone Says I Love You - Everyone! Everyone is talking. Disorganized conversation. Familiarity. Family norm. This is the way that family, does family. Bend it Like Beckham - Move to explain themselves Culture, traditionalistic

Appeal to authority (fallacy)

Using someone's opinion as fact. Believing that experts know everything on a subject. - listening to a doctor.

S.I. Hayakawa (language of thought and action, 1939)

We live in a "Niagara of words". Everyday, all day we are continuously being inundated with words. Words are largely responsible for shaping our beliefs, prejudices, ideals, and aspirations. Language is a powerful and beneficial tool - but it has "pitfalls" - the primary one being that language isn't "real". Language can distort our perception of what is true and what isn't.

Inferences

are "assumptions about the unknown, based on the known." We are at risk of being inaccurate in our thinking (and action) when we act on an inference as a fact instead of as an inference.

value judgments

are one's opinion about something. - dumb, loser, brilliant, lazy, ...etc. - giving examples (operationalizing the value judgement to create facts) - Your boyfriend is a loser

the elaborated route is called the _____ route

central