CMN midterm 2
What did Aristotle view as the functions of rhetoric?
To uphold truth and justice To teach an office Analyze both sides of a question defend oneself
What is involved in the memory canon?
ability to recall important info during a speech confident eloquent and intelligent
What is the message?
actual content sent to the audience intentionally/unintentionally
How should we use vividness when speaking? Why important?
aims at producing delight/admiration in audience select colorful words or sentences appeals to pathos
What are Aristotle's inartistic proof's?
all the evidence, data, and documents that exist outside of the speaker and the audience, but nevertheless can aid in persuasion aid in persuasion
What is an organized audience and what is a speaker's responsibility with them?
already convinced of merits of position met to discuss topic need to inspire action and direct behaviors of listeners
What is a favorable audience and what does speaker need to do?
already informed on topic and has positive view either in practice(supports position through action)/theory(no action) need to motivate them or take greater action and spread the word need to present strong arguement and emotional appeals for motivation lay testimony best to push vivid and dramatic language builds momentum and unity use bandwagon appeal (generates persuasive appeal by suggesting that an idea or action is desirable because many people are thinking or doing the same thing) need to present specific action and address obstacles to goal need a precise clear message for in practice audience to spread need to generate momentum and appeal to pathos
How is a ideograph used in a single word approach?
an ill-defined, politically powerful term or phrase that can push people to action freedom augments emotional dimensions of appeal for action
How is using arguments from the past a word cluster approach?
appropriating historical events, facts, or people to justify present or future actions or explain events in the here and now convey meaning
What are the language characteristics?
arbitrary ambiguous abstract important in representing world and serves as foundation to connect need to know so can know which words maximize effectiveness
What is a claim of value?
asserts something is good/bad, beneficial/harmfu if something desirable says if problem exists supported by testimony not an opinion bc that is personal view
What is a claim of policy?
asserts something is should/should not be done solutions supported with evidence and reasoning
What is a claim of fact?
asserts something is true/untrue, exists/does not exist objectively and empirically verifiable
What is encoding?
attaches symbols to ideas and feelings so other understand
What are the different forms of plagiarism?
incrimental- failing to give credit for parts of a speech borrowed from a source (most common) patchwork- stealing ideas from more than one source and pawning off as own (lifts whole sections from different sources and links together) global- stealing an entire speech from a single source and calling it one's own
How are the conclusions in informative and persuasive speeches different?
informative: uses recency effect to bring back main point. signals end with signpost , reiterates main points then closes with dramatic statement persuasive: closes with visualization and call to action doesn't do signpost or reiterate main point
What is decoding?
process of taking the message sent and using experience and knowledge to give meaning therefore may not decode as speaker intends
What is a channel?
mode of communication usually voice or written also through texting can add additional meaning depending on medium if asynchronous can effectiveness
What is good moral character?
moral dimension aka trustworthiness
What is the transactional model of communication?
more accurate model created by barnlund and expands on shannon-weaver model recognizes that we simultaneously send and receive messages cyclical sender sends message after encoding it receiver receives the message and decodes it and sends feedback back to the receiver environment an provide distractions
What is involved in the attention portion of the Monroe motivated sequence?
motivates audience to listen uses attention getter like with statistic, anectdote, compelling example, interesting quote, rhetorical question and mysterious hint.
What should be considered when thinking about speaker motive?
motive means the reasons for expressing a message the more altruistic the more ethical if more self interested the less ethical if malicious entirely unethical can be complicated if have multiple reasons can be rated on a continuum
What is a general audience?
people who have very little in common in terms of their interest and knowledge on different topics choose relatable and understandable topic
What is a subject specific audience?
people who share a common interest or knowledge in a specific subject choose topic related in interest can appreciate depths of knowledge
What is involved in the delivery canon?
physically and vocally presenting the speech
How should we use correctness when speaking? Why important?
quality of style one speaks in a manner consistent with language norms adhering to conventions of vocab, syntax, grammar and usage of language check meaning of words check phrasing
What is repetition? and how can it be helpful?
repeating either the same phrasing pattern for main points, or a phrase you just stated, in order to maximize the audience's ability to receive the information can be used when use same pattern of words when presenting a point can also repeat certain point that you want to resonate with audience
What is alliteration? and how can it be helpful?
repeating the same consonant or vowel sound at the beginning of subsequent words audience notice bc unique can underscore descriptions
What are the structural patterns used in language?
repetition alliteration parallelism antithesis used to enhance meaning and help retain meaning of speech when over overuse bas
What is parallelism? and how can it be helpful?
similarly structuring related words, phrases, or clauses emphasizes importance and creates memorable wording
What is involved in the satisfaction portion of the Monroe motivated sequence?
solution provided that satisfies need proposal to specific policy or through encourages audience to take action show why proposed solution will satisfy need why appropriate
What is demagoguery?
speech that attempts to win over an audience through appealing to their prejudices and emotions, particularly those of fear, anger, and frustration exploits prejudices and emotions seek power for themselves and exacerbate dark emotions fabricate evidence to evoke emotions used for personal goals
What is a enthymeme?
syllogism missing one or two of its parts allows audience to reason out on own dont need to repeat common knowledge of minor premise most often used
Why is language arbitrary? how? Why important?
symbols used to represent things so not intrinsically connected to those things symbols attached to referents bc of a shared agreement btw speakers of language can change over time with different definitions and purposes can use words differ ilustrates language flexibility
What is Lloyd Bitzer's view on rhetoric?
the situation(sum of agent, act, scene, audience and exigence) calls rhetoric into being what you say alters reality of moment each rhetorical situation is different and if do not respond moment is lost each moment requires different vocab rhetorical situations require an audience so require specific vocab rhetoric is rection to situations and power of meaning lies within context bc speeches are predetermined responses to existing situations
What are mythos?
the stories that people tell each other about the way things are rhetorical appeals based on culture and stories people tell each other
What is Coercion?
the use of force or threats to make someone do something against his or her will physically or psychologically uses force to make audience agree threatens audience with negative consequences can make afraid of what will happen
What is noise?
Anything that interferes with the ability of the receiver to understand/encode the intended message from the sender personal bias temp environment anxiety
What is Monroe's Motivated Sequence?
1. Attention 2. Need 3. Satisfaction 4. Visualization 5. Action
What is logos?
Contributes to the effectiveness of persuasion logical/rational appeal of a message through content structure and style
What is involved in the arrangement canon?
Determining the most effective way of organizing speech arrangement of speech structure and organization of argument
How are the introductions in informative and persuasive speeches different?
Informative: purpose is to secure attention interest and good will uses primacy effect(remember 1st things), then get attention with statistic, anectdote, compelling example, interesting quote, rhetorical question and mysterious hint. Then reveal topic by relating topic to audience interests. Then establish credibility. Then previews main point with thesis statement Persuasive speech: gets attention reveals topic and establishes credibility persuasive speech does not preview main points
What are Cicero's five classical canons of rhetoric?
Invention Arrangement Style Memory Delivery
What are the 3 standards of ethics for speakers?
Speaker Motive Message Means Outcome on Receiver
What is information literacy?
ability to figure out type of info need, find it, evaluate it and properly use it key factor in prep for research
What is a demonstration of deductive reasoning and what is it made up of?
Syllogisms made of major premise(general statement about the subject of your argument)-accurate and minor premise(a statement about a specific case related to the general characteristics of the major premise) final part is the conclusion drawn from both major and minor premises minor premise is evidence and major premise links together only works if true
How is a simile used in a single word approach?
a comparison between two objects that allows each object in the comparison to retain its unique differences allows to retain unique differences references some aspect while maintaining uniqueness of both enhance vivid nature of speech and help with visualization
How is a metaphor used in a single word approach?
a comparison that shows how two things are alike in an important way, despite being quite different in most ways used to add color, vividness to experiences used to evoke ideas
How is using myths a word cluster approach?
a rhetorical construction that tries to explain natural events or cultural phenomena and is used to identify with a group and justify actions or beliefs used to identify with audience that shares values with myht can be used to justify events/objects/institutions
What is dynamism?
a social science term for strong delivery that creates the impression with the audience that the speaker has practiced and thus cares about what he is talking about
What is a passive audience and what is a speaker's responsibility with them?
captive audience found in places where required to listen like meetings need to appear to be listening at least speaker needs to generate interest by appealing to the audience's needs and values so want to listen
What are the levels of audience interest?
casual passive selected concerted organized
What are the different categories of syllogisms?
categorical syllogism(a syllogism in which the argument is based on membership in a group)-major premise establishes group it fits(has 3 items and can only be used once in each premise and conclusion only features items previously mentioned)(if one premise negative whole statement negative) disjunctive syllogism(major premise includes two or more mutually exclusive alternatives) only 1 alternative may be true not both minor premise must accept only one alternative usually have more than 2 alternatives conditional syllogism(major premise contains a hypothetical condition and its outcome)(if then)(if is the antecedent)(then is the consequent) if then must be true in all cases provide logical way to lay out claim
What is involved in the style canon?
choosing the best words and phrasing to get your point across need clarity (lack of ambiguity or obscurity) correctness (deviations from customary use of words could be grammatically bad or rhetorically good) vividness (various aesthetic qualities of language and figures of speech) appropriateness (words fit subject matter)
What is a selected audience and what is a speaker's responsibility with them?
chose to listen attended a event interested in speech clicked on youtube speaker needs to make an impression by highlighting uniqueness of topic
What are the basic principles of style?
clarity correctness vividness appropriateness
What are the functions of nonverbal communications?
communicates important ideas with gestures relays feedback(good and bad) can accidentally be inconsistent with speech increases ethos if good
What is a rhetorical situation?
comprised of agent, act, audience, scene, and exigence
What are Aristotle's artistic proofs?
constructed by the speaker for the occasion ethos logos pathos work to increase the power of the message
What is initial credibility and how can you build it?
credibility an individual has before beginning their speech; this is mostly based on their reputation and credentials can base on initial appearance/reviews
What is ethos?
credibility of the speaker comprised of good sense, good moral character and good will
What is derived credibility and how can you build it?
credibility that is produced by everything the speaker says and does throughout the speech use moral character, good sense and good will to have good moral character need to be virtous meaning being in a state where have learned appropriate emotional responses to situations and avoid excessive response displays stay calm to have good sense show keen discernment and sound judgement discernment and judgment demonstrated through proper citation bc shows follow ethical obligations referencing experts and providing sufficient evidence illustrates competence can show keen judgment with how approach topic or find solutions show goodwill when have unselfish disposition that seeks good for others instead of self can do by making motives clear also practice dynanism shows care about speech increases credibility
What is terminal credibility and how can you build it?
credibility with which you end the speech influenced by credibility built through speech affects future reputation and affects initial credibility
What is exigence?
decisive point at which a response is invited or required
What is pathos?
emotional appeal comes from connecting with the audience's values interests and message
Why is plagiarism bad?
ethical and moral affront destroys fruits of research lose opportunity to expand knowledge
What are the types of claims?
fact, value, policy
What are the types of audience's?
favorable hostile neutral
What is a concerted audience and what is a speaker's responsibility with them?
has already formed favorable impression on topic speaker needs to keep favorable impression and convince them of your position by addressing doubts or objections visualize themselves in relation to topic
How should we use clarity when speaking? Why important?
how well audience decode and attribute meaning to message avoid ambiguity, slang, and jargon helps make orderly using repetition and parallelism be clear, concrete, concise and orderly to help logos
What is the narrative paradigm and what is involved?
humans are storytelling beings by nature who evaluate all stories according to two elements. stories have narrative coherence(the degree to which a story makes sense in the world in which we live-so we believe) also has narrative fidelity( degree to which a story matches our own beliefs and experiences so acceptable)
What are the standards of information literacy?
identify- what info you need, how much, what kind used as background(context for topic an helps narrow speech topic), flavor( tangential info includes fun facts, quotes and stories help make speech enjoyable) and for evidence(supports main points and related to topic) find (being able to find info needed)(use internet and reliable sources for info) evaluate)ability to see if info is accurate, biased and relevant to the purpose)(make sure info is timely) apply(use info to create new knowledge) make connections from work by others and makes new perspections acknowledge (orally cite others work)
What does the canon of invention mean?
identifying the best argument on which to speak must perform research decide purpose of speech choose topic apply topois to form specific purpose
What is involved in the establishing need portion of the Monroe motivated sequence?
illuminates need explain why need exists
What is a hostile audience and what does speaker need to do?
informed on topic and has negative view might disagree on principle or personally need to expose listeners to different points of view avoid polarization(an effect that occurs when disagreement becomes more extreme as a result of being presented with opposing evidence on an issue; one of the potential effects of confirmation bias, which is the tendency for people to search out and interpret information in a way that reinforces their current beliefs and attitudes) can be galvanized against speaker if occurs rely on evidence that hard to argue with like facts, statistics and expert testimony avoid emotional appeals that trigger polarization use neutral language build strong credibility by building commonalities with audience bc more likely to listen if relatable use common ground appeal (a persuasive rhetorical appeal that establishes a basis of mutual interest or agreement between the speaker and audience) helps audience feel recognized and respected seek small shift in audience opinion
What are ways that you can build credibility ethically?
initial credibility derived credibility terminal credibility
What is good sense?
intellectual dimension of a individual(requires knowledge of material)
What is feedback?
involved in translational model of communication responses and reactions to messages transmitted by the sender creates new message for the sender allows both parties to be sender and receiver verbal nonverbal or both
Why is language armbiguous? how? Why important?
language does not have precise concrete meanings important to understand potential interpretations words have so can use in proper context with audience so message is clear
What is a casual audience and what is a speaker's responsibility with them?
least interested potential audience of people passing by or listening by chance speaker needs to focus on getting the audience's attention
What is deductive reasoning? What are the benefits?
logical process that reasons from known premises to an inevitable conclusion, top-down always logically valid if constructed well all premises must be true
How can you lose credibility?
lying manipulation coercion demagoguery
What are the types of lying and what can you do instead?
lying by commission: when a speaker willfully makes untrue statements to an audience ex: misquoting lying by omission: when a speaker willfully chooses not to acknowledge facts about his or her argument that might damage its effectiveness instead should acknowledge counterarguments in appropriate portion since shows reasoned response to problems
What is Richard Vatz's position on rhetoric?
meaning exists only when rhetoric provides it meaning is created through speech situations defined by speaker speakers have power to use rhetoric to define situations responses choice of speaker
What are the word cluster approaches used in a speech?
meaning is conveyed through more complex structures such as stories myths, arguments from past and narratives used to present info or make argument vivid, compelling and creative
What should be considered when thinking about outcome on receiver?
messages that benefit listeners is ethical messages that lead to harmful eggects is unethical
What was the Quintillian views on rhetoric?
the art of speaking well 5 duties: defend truth protect the innocent prevent criminal behavior inspire the military inspire the public
What is goodwill?
the audience's perception of whether the speaker has the best interests of the audience in mind social dimension
What is manipulation?
the deliberate misrepresentation of facts and evidence to an audience takes advantage of audience does not allow audience to make own decision
What is a target audience?
the main segment of the audience to which you plan to craft your appeals not everyone will be one type or another
What is a sender?
the person who delivers the message use symbol system(language) to encode subject matter
What is a receiver?
the person who receives the encoded message sent by sender not always intended
What is plagiarism?
the practice of taking someone else's work or ideas and passing them off as one's own.intent is not relevant to plagiarism
What is antithesis? and how can it be helpful?
two ideas that sharply contrast with each other and are juxtaposed in a parallel grammatical structure compete with each other but work to make point
What is a neutral audience and what does speaker need to do?
uninformed(unfamiliar with topic from lack of exposure) could be undecided(have info but not enough for a decision) uninterested(apathetic bc jaded or feel unrelatable or busy) need to overcome stasis(a condition of stability, equilibrium, and inactivity; once stasis has been reached it is difficult to break out of this state) need to arouse audience interest and show how topic impacts them present interesting and compelling evidence use enthusiastic tone and colorful language build credibility by showing a leader and advocating specific viewpoint share personal experience employ backyard appeal (a persuasive appeal that fosters connection by demonstrating the physical proximity of an issue to the audience) need to make sure speech is informative for those uninformed, need to provide new perspectives/new info for undecided uninterested audience needs to be shown why need to care need to use right amount of pathos to be effective
What are the single word approaches to making language meaningful in speech?
use individual words in strategic way metaphor similie ideograph
What is involved in the visualization portion of the Monroe motivated sequence?
uses concrete language and calls upon audience to connect with issue employs emotional and logical appeals
What should be considered when thinking about message means?
when crafting the message can deceive which is unethical manipulation and use of some rhetorical devices can decrease ethicality especially if audience is unaware some argue persuasion is inherently unethical
How should we use appropriateness when speaking? Why important?
word choice sentence structure relates to ethos conveys message
Why is language abstract? how? Why important?
words are not concrete/tangible items so cannot touch or feel as if represent something else words can refer to things that dont exist
