CMST&220 Public Speaking Quiz 3

Ethos

- Aristotle called this element of the speech ethos, "a Greek word that is closely related to our terms ethical and ethnic" - He taught speakers to establish credibility with the audience by appearing to have good moral character, common sense, and concern for the audience's well-being - KEY: Appealing to the audience's ideal character/ credibility

Logos

- Aristotle referred to as logos, or the logical means of proving an argument - Claim, Data, Warrant, Backing (Toulmin Model)

Monroe's Motivative Sequence

- Definition: an organizational pattern that attempts to convince the audience to respond to a need that is delineated in the speech (ANSVS) - Attention: get the audience's attention as well as describe your goals and preview the speech - Need: provide a description of the problem as well as the consequences that may result if the problem goes unresolved. In this step, the speaker should also alert audience members to their role in mitigating the issue - Satisfaction: sed to outline your solutions to the problems you have previously outlined as well as deal with any objections that may arise - Visualization: audience members are asked to visualize what will happen if your solutions are implemented and what will happen if they do not come to fruition - Action: action appeal step should be used to make a direct appeal for action. In this step, you should describe precisely how the audience should react to your speech and how they should carry out these actions. As the final step, you should also offer a concluding comment

Methods of Persuasion

- Ethos, Pathos, Logos - Aristotle

Pathos

- Pathos draws on the emotions, sympathies, and prejudices of the audience to appeal to their non-rational side - use clear examples that illustrate your point (verbal, nonverbal, and visually)

Problem-Solution

- Problem: why there is a need for change / action - Solution: your plan for what should be done - Advantages: helping the audience "see" the benefits of following your plan - the speech should make specific connections between the problem and how the solution can be engaged to solve it - especially useful when the speaker wants to convince the audience that they should take action in solving some problem

Internal Credibility

- You develop internal credibility as the speaker through specific actions - Examples: attire, eye contact, speech, vocabulary, personal experience/ values - by "you"

Problem-Cause-Solution

- a method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point identifies a problem, the second main point analyzes the causes of the problem, and the third main point presents a solution to the problem.

Comparative Advantages

- a method or organizing persuasive speeches in which each main point explains why a speaker's solution to a problem is preferable to other proposed solutions

Warrant

- connector that, if stated, would likely begin with "since" or "because." - an often unstated general connection - relates data to claim

Ways to Enhance Credibility

- identify/ connect with audience - demonstrate personal experience or knowledge - competence and character

Claim

- is an assertion that you want the audience to accept - "conclusion"

External Credibility

- is the type of credibility you as a speaker gain by association: use of sources that the audience finds credible - by association

Data

- preliminary evidence on which the claim is based

Backing

- provides foundational support for the claim by offering examples, statistics, testimony, or other information which further substantiates the argument

Need, Plan, and Practicality

- speech on a question of policy needs to address a need for change, show a plan for change and demonstrate that plan to be practical

Types of Credibility

External and Internal