cnc final study guide

nursing interventions for fatty embolism

-administer oxygen (top priority) - elevate extremity -notify nursing supervisor -nurse should contact pcp after administering O2

pt education r/t hip surgery

-avoid bending hips beyond 90 degrees to prevent dislocation use of assistive devices (ex: raised toilet seats) -use abductor pillow/several pillows between legs to reduce r/o dislocation teach pt to avoid crossing legs

risks for heart failure

-cigarette smoking -obesity -poorly managed diabetes -metabolic syndrome

cause of spinal cord compression

-compression of the cord and its nerve roots by a metastatic prevertebral tumor that extends into the epidural space -vertebral bone metastasis leading to bone collapse and displacement impinging on the spinal cord or nerve roots

systemic clinical manifestations of right-sided heart failure

-dependent edema -hepatomegaly (enlarged liver) -ascites (accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity) -weight gain d/t retention of fluid -general weakness

s/s of left-sided HF

-dry non-productive cough -large amount of frothy pink/tan sputum (indicating acute decompensated HF and pulmonary edema -inadequate tissue perfusion

nursing intervention for thrombocytopenia

-educate in promoting safety; fall precautions -awareness of secondary thrombocytopenia -pt's at risk for bleeding

a client has been diagnosed with right sided heart failure based on symptomatology. the cardiologist will confirm this suspicion through diagnostics. which diagnostics are used to reveal right ventricular enlargement?

-electrocardiogram -chest radiograph -echocardiography

nursing interventions for when there's a hematoma on the knee surgical site

-elevate leg on several pillows when sitting/laying down to control edema (keep at heart level or above) -use ice pack for the first 24-48 hours to control edema and for pain relief -oral analgesics for pain

after elevating residual limb for 24 hours, what intervention should be done

-elevation, abduction, external rotation, and flexion should be avoided -advise client to not sit for a long time to prevent flexion contracture or with affected extremity dangling or in dependent position to prevent edema

nursing considerations for pt with amputation

-encourage pt with self-care -maintain positive attitude -balance nutrition and patient's learning style

nursing intervention for DVT

-foot flexing while in traction -encourage early ambulation and leg exercises -apply compression socks -intermittent pneumatic compression devices

nursing intervention for atelectasis

-frequent turning, early mobilization, and strategies to expand lungs and manage secretions -incentive spirometer -ICOUGHSM -administer prescribed opioids and sedatives perform postural drainage institute suctioning

s/s of fat embolism

-hypoxia, tachypnea, tachycardia, and pyrexia -resp. distress (tachypnea, dyspnea, wheezes, precordial chest pain, cough, large amounts of thick, white sputum, and tachycardia

pt education for osteoporosis

-identify factors that influence osteoporosis -intervention to arrest or slow process and measures to relieve symptoms -emphasize need for calcium, vitamin D, weight-bearing exercise to slow progression of osteoporosis -having 1 fracture increases probability of sustaining another

medical management of osteomalacia

-if d/t kidney disease (absorption of vitamin D); supplementation (calcitriol) -if d/t malabsorption: increase vitamin D and supplemental calcium; exposure to sunlight -if d/t dietary: interventions same as osteoporosis, longterm monitoring, some may need brace or surgery

prevention of fat embolism

-immediate immobilization of fractures (early surgica fixation, minimal fracture manipulation, adequate support for fractured bones while turning) -maintenance of fluid/electrolyte balance

a pt is recovering from a below-the-knee traumatic amputation and is 72 hours post surgery. which actions will the nurse take to promote healing of the wound

-measure the residual limb q8-12 -assess neurovascular function of residual -apply elastic compression bandage over wound site

pt education regarding s/s of svcs

-monitor cardiopulmonary and neurologic status avoid upper extremity venipuncture and BP measurement; instruct pt to avoid tight clothing and jewelry on upper extremities -keep head elevated at semi-fowler's position -promote energy conservation to minimize dyspnea -monitor pt's fluid volume status

nursing intervention for compartment syndrome

-notify provider -anticipate emergency fasciectomy -cannot flex foot -elevating leg will change leg color -keep affected extremity heart level or dangling

safe administration of antineoplastic agents

-nurse should use surgical gloves and disposable long-sleeved gowns when administering agents -dosages aren't adjusted on a short-term basis -hand and arm hygiene must be performed before and after administering meds

gerontologic considerations: osteomalacia

-nutritious diet -adequate intake of calcium and vitamin D (15-30 mins in sun each day)

for amputation pts, what are the major goals

-pain relief (including phantom pain) -wound healing -acceptance of altered body image -resolve grieving process -independence in self-care -restore physical mobility -absence of complications

home care needs and interventions focus on what 4 major areas

-palliation of symptoms and pain control -assistance in self-care -control of tx complication -administration of specific forms of tx, like parenteral nutrition

nursing management for spinal cord compression

-perform ongoing assessment of neurologic function to identify existing and progression dysfunction -maintain muscle tone by assisting with range-of-motion exercises in collab with physical and occupational therapists

SVCS gives rise to what problems

-progressive SOB -cough, hoarseness, chest pain, and facial swelling -edema in neck, arms, hands, and thorax -reported sensation of skin tightness and dysphasia -engorged/distended jugular, temporal, and arm veins

what is included in the preop assessment

-providing info regarding underlying conditions that may affect the client's response to surgery techniques and anesthesia

nursing interventions for amputation

-residual limb should be check q8-12 hrs to promote wound healing -neurovascular status of residual limb should be assessed q8-12 hrs -apply consistent pressure to residual limb to reduce edema and help shape limp to fit prosthetic -elevate limb for only 24 hrs

nursing intervention for septic arthritis

-same as osteomyelitis -initial goal of therapy is control and halt infection -general support measures -antibiotics

diaphragmatic breathing

-semi-fowler position -place hands on front of chest below ribs -breathing out gently to feel ribs sink down and inward -take a deep breath through the nose and mouth to make the abdomen rise -holding the breath for a count of five -exhaling to let all the air through the nose and mouth

what not to do with erythema following radiation therapy

-soaps, ice, petroleum ointment, and shaving area -exposure to radiation can damage basal cell layer of skin resulting in inflammation, erythema, and dry/moist desquamation

a pt sustains an open fracture of the left arm after an accident at the roller skating rink. what does emergency management of this fracture involve?

-splinting the injured limb -immobilizing the affected site -covering the area with a clean dressing if the fracture is open

what does care consist of for pt's w/ diminished gag reflex

-teach pt to direct food/fluids towards unaffected side -have pt's sit upright when eating -offer semi soft diet have suction readily available

digoxin toxicity may cause

-visual disturbances -CNS abnormalities -cardiovascular abnormalities

lifestyle modifications to prevent and manage hypertension

-weight reduction -adopt DASH (rich in fruits, veggies, & low-fat dairy) -reduce dietary sodium -physical activity -moderate alc consumption

diagnostic findings for osteomalacia

-x-ray shows demineralized bones -labs show low serum calcium and phosphorus level, urine excretion of calcium and Cr is low

when a patient has been diagnosed with scabies, if the infection has spread, the family members may complain of pruritus within which time frame?

1 month

what is the 5 rules of wound care

1. categorization 2. selection 3. change 4. evolution 5. practice

prehypertension

120-129/<80

stage 1 hypertension

130-139/80-89

stage 2 hypertension

140+/90+

how often is postural drainage performed

2-4 times daily, before meals and at bedtime

how long do you percuss lungs for thick secretions that are difficult to cough

3-5 minutes for each position

a client presents to the ED following a burn injury. the client has burns to the anterior chest and entire left leg. using the rule of nines, the nurse documents the total body surface area percentage as

36%

what are indications of symptoms of neurovascular compromise

5 p's pain, pallor, pulselessness, paresthesia, and paralysis

desired ejection fraction

55-65% of ventricular contractility

which measurement should a nurse use to monitor the respiratory status of a client with pulmonary edema

ABG

what is clopidogrel

Antiplatelet

what is scabies

Contagious disease caused by the itch mite

what is prednisone

Corticosteroid used to reduce inflammation

what is furosemide used for

Diuretic

calcitonin

FDA approved second line treatment for paget disease, indicated when bisphosphonate tolerance is a problem can relieve bone pain, reverse neruologic deficits, reduce blood flow to diseased bone, and may even improve pagetic hearing loss

priority post knee pain

PCA- morphine

immediate post injury management for cruciate ligament injury

RICE, use of NSAIDs, and stabilize joint till it's evaluated for fracture

early management for injury to LCL/MCL

RICE, use of analgesics, and protect joint from further injury

s/s of HF

SOB, edema, fatigue

what is used to assess for presence of OSA

STOP-bang assessment

asthma is considered a distinct separate disorder from COPD and is classified as an abnormal airway condition characterized primarily by reversible inflammation

T

a school nurse is assessing a student who was kicked in the shin during a soccer game. the area of the injury has become swollen and discolored. the triage nurse recognizes that the pt las likely sustained what

a contusion

impacted fracture

a fracture in which a bone fragment is driven into another bone fragment

a nurse who works in the speciality of palliative care frequently encounters issues and situations that constitute ethical dilemmas. what issue has most often presented challenging ethical issues, especially in the context of palliative care?

ability of technology to prolong life beyond the meaningful quality of life

emphysema

abnormal distention of the airspaces beyond the terminal bronchioles and destruction of the walls of the alveoli

type of silver dressing

acticoat

it is important for postop knee surgery pt to do what every hour they're awake

active flexion of foot to help leg muscles

nursing management for status asthmaticus

actively assess airway and patient's response to treatment monitor pt vigilantly for the first 12-24 hrs or until severe exacerbation resolves assess pt's skin turgor for signs of dehydration

clonidine

acts through the CNS, apparently through centrally mediated alpha-adrenergic stimulation in the brain, reducing BP

the importance vitamin b12

adequate nutrition and absorption of vitamin b12 is important for neurologic health

a homeless client with streptococcal pharyngitis is being seen in a clinic. the nurse is concerned that the client will not continue treatment after leaving the clinic. which of the following measures is the highest priority?

administer one IM injection of penicillin

a client is hospitalized for open reduction of a fractured femur. during the postop assessment, the nurse notes that the client is restless and observed petechiae on the client's chest, which nursing action is indicated first

administer oxygen

if a nurse is concerned that a client may not perform follow-up treatment for streptococcal pharyngitis, what is the highest priority

administer penicillin as a one-time injection dose

a client is being treated in the ED for respiratory distress coupled with bacterial pneumonia. the client has no medical history. however, the client works in a coal mine and smokes 10 cigarettes a day. the nurse anticipates which order based on the client's immediate needs?

administration of antibiotics

what drug class is reserpine

adrenergic neuron blockers

what may cause stage 2 ulcer

adverse microclimate and shear in skin over pelvis or heel

mafenide acetate 10% hydrophilic-based cream

agent of choice when there's a need to penetrate thick eschar

type II CRPS

aka causalgia pts with nerve injury

type I CRPS

aka reflex sympathetic dystrophy pt with CRPS without evidence of peripheral nerve injury

nurse management for bronchiectasis

alleviating symptoms and helping patients clear pulmonary secretions

postural drainage

allows the force of gravity to assist in the removal of bronchial secretions, which drain from the affected bronchioles into the bronchi and trachea and are removed by coughing or suctioning

what drug class is clonidine

alpha 2 agonist

what drug class is prazosin

alpha blocker

what is biologic response modifiers

alter the immunologic relationship between tumor and cancer clients to provide therapeutic benefit aka immunomodulator

an oncology nurse is contributing to the care of a client who has failed to respond appreciably to conventional cancer treatments. as a result, the care team is considering the possible use of biologic response modifiers (BRMs). the nurse should know that these achieve a therapeutic effect by which means?

altering the immunologic relationship between the tumor and client

preload

amount of blood presented to the ventricles just before systole

what should nurse monitor for pt with closed suction drainage

amount of drainage and measure output each shift

LABAs are used for what

anti-inflammatory meds to control asthma symptoms, particularly those that occur during the night; also used for exercise induced asthma

nursing consideration for silver

anticipate formation of pseudoeschar (proteinaceous gel), which can be removes

a pt has just undergone surgery for malignant melanoma. which of the following nursing actions should be prioritized

anticipate the need for, and administer, appropriate analgesic meds

the nurse is assigned to care for a client who has had a total knee arthroplasty yesterday. what type of pharmacologic therapy does the nurse anticipate administering to this client to prevent complications related to the surgery?

anticoagulant therapy

what is the primary pharmacologic treatment for the prevention and management of DVT

anticoagulants that consist of vitamin K antagonists (warfarin) indirect and direct thrombin inhibitors factor Xa inhibitors

what intervention is very important for clients who have knee or hip replacement, and why?

anticoagulation therapy and early ambulating to prevent thrombus formation

when a pt is having a metastatic brain tumor the nurse should prep to administer what med

anticonvulsant

what drug helps with nausea and vomiting from chemotherapy?

antiemetics

meds that can cause orthostasis and instability in older adults

antihypertensives, diuretics, beta-blockers, sedatives//hypnotics, neuroleptics/antipsychotics, antidepressants, benzodiazepines, opioid analgesics, and NSAIDs

what can increase preload

anything that assists in returning blood to the heart or preventing blood from pooling in the extremities

the nurse is discussing cardiac hemodynamics with a nursing student. the nurse explains preload to the student and then asks the student what nursing interventions might cause increase preload. which response by the student indicates understanding

application of anti embolic stockings

when osteomyelitis develops from spread of adjacent infection, no signs of septicemia present, but

area becomes swollen, warm, painful, and tender to touch

what is the intervention for an upper extremity injury

arm may be bandaged to chest, or injured forearm may be placed in a sling

what is a neurovascular assessment

assessing peripheral circulation, motion, and sensation of affected extremity assessing fingers/toes of affected extremity comparing them with opposite extremity

what is the main concern following the application of an immobilization device

assessment and prevention of neurovascular dysfunction or compromise affected extremity

what conditions can affect the client undergoing surgery and is assessed during the preop physical examination

asthma, arthritis, diabetes, and obesity (BMI 32)

a nurse is preparing to perform an admission assessment on a patient with COPD. it is most important for the nurse to review which of the following?

available diagnostic tests

a healthcare provider in the outpatient department examines a client with chronic heart failure to investigate recent-onset peripheral edema and increased SOB. the nurse documents the severity of pitting edema as +1. what is the best description of this type of edema?

barely detectable depression when the thumb is released from the swollen area; normal foot and leg contours

why is weight monitoring and nutritional counseling important for CF patients

because of fat malabsorption in CF and increased calorie needs d/t work for breathing

s/s of stage 1 ulcer

blanchable erythema/change in sensation, temp, or firmness

what to be aware of when giving heparin

bleeding

clients with thrombocytopenia are at risk for what

bleeding due to decreased platelet counts

unintended hypothermia is associated with what adverse outcome

bleeding, delayed surgical wound healing, increased length of stay in PACU, cardiac dysfunction, and longer inpatient hospital stay

propranolol

blocks the beta-adrenergic receptors of the SNS, especially the sympathetics to the heart, producing a slower HR and lowered BP

what happens in the body when right-sided heart failure occurs

blood accumulates in the vessels and backs up in the peripheral veins, and extra fluid enters the tissues

prothrombin needs vitamin k for what

blood clotting

major complication of osteoporosis

bone fracture d/t loss of calcium and phosphate -> fragile bones

avascular necrosis

bone loses blood supply and dies

comminuted fracture

bone that splintered into several fragments

a gerontologic nurse is advocating for diagnostic testing of an 81 y/o pt who is experiencing personality changes. the nurse is aware of what factor that's known to affect the diagnosis and treatment of brain tumors in older adults?

brain tumors are often attributed to the cognitive of aging

transverse fracture

break straight across bone shaft

a nurse is reviewing the pathophysiology of CF in anticipation of a new admission. the nurse should identify what characteristic aspects of CF

bronchial mucus plugging, inflammation, and eventual bronchiectasis

pathology of CF

bronchial mucus plugging, inflammation, and eventual bronchiectasis

how can immobilization devices (cast, brace, splint) affect your muscles

can cause muscle atrophy and loss of strength, and place pt at risk for disuse syndrome

what happens when pt has a hematoma at the knee surgical site

can decrease pedal pulse

what may interfere with normal mechanisms of clotting

cancer, antineoplastic agents or other cancer meds

spinal cord compression is most often associated with what

cancers that metastasize to the hone like breast, lung, and prostate cancers and lymphomas also seen in nasopharyngeal cancer and multiple myeloma

during the preop assessment, the nurse learns that the client has been taking prednisone. the nurse realizes that the client is at risk for

cardiovascular collapse

prednisone and dexamethasone can result in what if it is suddenly discontinued

cardiovascular collapse

prednisone (deltasone) may cause what

cardiovascular collapse and should be discontinued immediately

care for erythema after radiation therapy

care to affected area focusing on preventing further skin irritation, drying, and damage

phosphodiesterase inhibitors

cause bronchodilation and act as mild anti-inflammatory agents by influencing epinephrine release

where do brain tumors originate from

cells in the brain

early signs of intracranial pressure

change in LOC, agitation, slowing of speech, and delay in response to verbal suggestions

antimetabolites and tumor antibiotics

chemotherapeutic meds

IV doxorubicin hydrochloride

chemotherapeutic vesicant that can cause severe tissue damage

what are antineoplastic agents

chemotherapy drugs

what test determines atelectasis

chest x-ray

characteristic symptoms of bronchiectasis

chronic cough and production of purulent sputum in copious amounts hemoptysis clubbing d/d respiratory insufficiency

bronchiectasis

chronic, irreversible dilation of the bronchi and bronchioles that results from destruction of muscles and elastic connective tissue

the most important environmental risk factor for COPD worldwide

cigarette smoking

what is a hematoma

clotted blood within the tissue

what is atelectasis

collapse or airless condition of the alveoli caused by hypoventilation, obstruction to the airways, or compression

what is postoperative blood salvage

collection of shed blood during and immediately after surgery, which is re-infused back to same pt

Column A HR- 92 RR- 20/min pH- 7.32 CO2- 35 mm Hg HCO2- 20 mEq/L PaO2- 62 mm Hg Column B HR-116 RR- 32/min pH- 7.50 CO2- 30 mm Hg HCO2- 24 mEq/L PaO2- 55 mm Hg Column C HR- 88 RR- 16/min pH- 7.48 CO2- 43 mm Hg HCO2- 20 mEq/L PaO2- 85 mm Hg Column D HR- 102 RR- 26/min pH- 7.45 CO2- 37 mm Hg HCO2- 20 mEq/L PaO2- 72 mm Hg which assessment findings would the. nurse expect to find in the postoperative client experiencing fat embolism syndrome?

column B HR-116 RR- 32/min pH- 7.50 CO2- 30 mm Hg HCO2- 24 mEq/L PaO2- 55 mm Hg

a nurse admits a pt who has a fracture of the nose that has resulted in a skin tear and involvement of the mucous membrane of the nasal passages. the orthopedic nurse is aware that this description likely indicates which type of fracture

compound

what is it called when left sided heart failure leads to right sided heart failure

congestive heart failure

how does osteomyelitis feel to the pt

constant, pulsating pain that intensifies with movement as a a result of pressure of collecting purulent material

unintended perioperative hypothermia

core temp of less than 96.8 F in pts in the surgical setting when cooling is not associated with the procedure

why can corticosteroids exacerbate risk for osteomyelitis

corticosteroids affect body's ability to absorb calcium and increase how fast bone can be broken down

what meds are given to clients that are asthmatic and showing signs of wheezing

corticosteroids and bronchodilators

autologous blood donations

cost-effective and eliminate many risks of transfusion therapy

chronic pulmonary disorders

cystic fibrosis, bronchiectasis, and asthma

systemic corticosteroids

decrease airway inflammation in patients who fail to respond to inhaled beta-adrenergic meds

+3 pitting edema

deeper depression (5-10 mm) accompanied by foot and leg swelling

allergic contact dermatitis

delayed hypersensitivity reaction to exogenous contact antigens that involves activation of T cells

hospice care

delivered by coordinating services provided by both hospitals and the community

areas in the body to examine for right-sided heart failure

dependent parts; ankles and feet

How does smoking affect the respiratory system?

depresses activity of scavenger cells and affects respiratory tract's ciliary cleansing mechanism, which keeps breathing passages free from inhaled irritants, bacteria, and other foreign matter. when smoking damaged the cleansing mechanism, airflow is obstructed and air becomes trapped behind the obstruction. the alveoli greatly distend, which diminishes lung capacity, smoking also irritates the goblet cells and mucous glands, causing an increased accumulation of mucus, which in turn produces more irritation, infection, and damage to the lung

panlobular (panacinar) type of emphysema

destruction of the respiratory bronchiole, alveolar duct, and alveolus

+2 pitting edema

detectable depression of less than 5 mm accompanied by normal leg and foot contours

disuse syndrome

deterioration of body systems as a result of prescribed or unavoidable musculoskeletal inactivity

what causes diabetic foot ulcers

diabetic pt's that don't control their sugar well, and sugar in blood stream can increase risk of infection

why is losing subcutaneous tissue when aging a problem

diminish protection and cushioning of underlying tissues and organs

the nurse caring for a patient has just bee given a 6 month prognosis following a diagnosis of extensive stage small-cell lung cancer. the pt states that he would like to die at home, but the team believes that the pt's care needs are unable to be met in a home environment. what might you suggest as an alternative?

discuss referral for hospice care

hydrochlordiazide

diuretic used for kidney to excrete unneeded water and salt

a cerebellar tumor causes what

dizziness, an ataxic or staggering gait with a tendency to fall toward the side of lesion, and marked muscle incoordination

bone fracture can lead to what

dowager hump (kyphosis); developed when repeated vertebral fractures increase spinal curvature

closed suction drainage

drainage of fluids collected in body that could serve as a culture medium for bacteria (wound vac) cannot stay in place for longer than 24hrs

third rule of wound care: change

dressing should be changed based on ongoing assessment rather than a routine schedule

side effects of anticholinergic agents

dry mouth and urine retention

what procedure is performed to determine ejection fraction

echocardiogram; identify anatomic features like structural abnormalities and valve malfunction, and confirm diagnosis of HF

stasis dermatitis

eczematous eruption that occurs on the lower legs of patients with venous insufficiency

best primary prevention for advanced menalnoma

educate pt to recognize early signs, when its amenable to treatment and cure

what is one goal of preop nursing care

educate the client how to promote optimal lung expansion and resulting blood oxygenation after anesthesia (diaphragmatic breathing)

what does potentiating mean

effect of increasing the potency or effectiveness of a drug or other treatment

how do you control edema

elevate the injured extremity and apply ice

a nurse is evaluating the diagnostic study data of a pt with suspected CF. which of the following test results in associated with a diagnosis of CF.

elevated sweat chloride concentration

how would you treat DVT if a anticoagulant or thrombolytic therapy is contraindicated

endovascular management

process of contact dermatitis

epidermis is damaged by repeated physical and chemical irritations eruption begin when the causative agent contacts the skin first reaction include pruritus and burning later reaction include papule and vesicles, psoriasis

what problem may happen after radiation therapy

erythema (reddened skin)

which of the following is a common irritant that acts as a trigger of asthma?

esophageal reflux

irritants that can trigger asthma

esophageal reflux, viral respiratory infections, cigarette smoke, and exercise

how do you assess pain postop hip replacement?

evaluate the wound and the affected extremities

+4 pitting edema

even deeper depression (more than 1 cm) accompanied by severe foot and leg swelling

why and how is a neurovascular assessment performed

every hour for the first 24 hours every 1-4 hours thereafter to prevent neurovascular compromise related to edema

what is pulmonary arteriography

examines your blood vessels in your lungs to see if they are narrowed or blocked; used to diagnose pulmonary emboli (blood clots in the lung)

what happens if the residual limb is not immediately wrapped if the original dressing comes off

excessive edema will develop shortly, resulting in delay of rehab nurse should notify surgeon to promptly apply another

when should a pcp be notified for pt with closed suction drainage

excessive or foul-smell drainage

lifestyle intervention to prevent injury

exercise regularly to maintain joint and muscle strength

the nurse is providing care for a pt who has had below-the-knee amputation. the nurse enters the pt's room and find him resting in bed with his residual limb supported on a pillow. what's the nurse's most appropriate action

explain the risks of flexion contracture to pt

s/s of stage 4 ulcer

exposed/directly palpable fascia, muscle, tendon, ligament, cartilage or bone in ulcer, slough/eschar, epibole, undermining, and tunneling

ABG analysis is the best measure for determining what

extent of hypoxia caused by pulmonary edema and for monitoring the effects of therapy

what to monitor during chemotherapy

factors that increase of bleeding

pt's with a cerebellar tumor face high risk of what

falls

the nurse is planning the care of a pt who has been recently diagnosed with a cerebellar tumor. d/t location of the pt's tumor, the nurse should implement measures to prevent what complication?

falls, dizziness, an ataxic or staggering gait, falling toward the side of lesion

tx for compartment syndrome

fasciectomy

what may fat embolism syndrome do to body

fat globules may diffuse from marrow into vascular compartment fat globules may occlude small blood vessels that supply the lungs, brain, kidneys, and other organs (may occur within 24-72 hrs of injury, but may occur up to a week)

s/s of septicemia

fever BP drop, altered mental status, increased HR

s/s of fat embolism syndrome

fever, tachycardia, tachypnea, and hypoxia, and other manifestations of respiratory failure

prominent areas of the body prone to edema

fingers, hands, and over the sacrum

goal of treatment for toxic epidermal necrolysis and stevens-johnson syndrome

fluid and electrolyte balance, prevent sepsis, and prevent of ophthalmic complications

palliative care

focus on symptoms management and psychosocial/spiritual support for those with serious, life-limiting illnesses

ACL injury

foot is firmly planted and leg sustains blow from the front of the knee "pop" injury

calcium

for muscle to move and for nerves to carry messages between your brain and every part of your body

when pt has a hematoma, what do you assess

for nerve damage

what's the goal of preop period

for pt to be as healthy as possible

open (compound) fracture

fracture involving damage to the skin or mucous membranes

what can cause CRPS

fracture, soft tissue injury, or surgery

nursing intervention for pressure ulcers

frequent change of position, pressure-relieving devices, encourage pt to remain active and ambulate whenever possible, nurse help pt compensate for altered sensory perception, activity, exercise, and repositioning help tissue perfusion, maintain good nutrition, raise head of bed to decrease shearing force over sacral, minimize moisture on skin

stage 4 ulcer

full-thickness skin a tissue loss extend to underlying muscle and bone

stage 3 pressure ulcer

full-thickness skin loss extend into subcutaneous tissue

a pt has been admitted to the neurologic ICU with a diagnosis of a brain tumor. the pt is scheduled to having a tumor resection/removal in the morning. which of the following assessment parameters should the nurse include in the initial assessment?

gag reflex

what is evaluated during preop

gag reflex and ability to swallow

what patients qualify for hospice care

generally have fewer than 6 months to live

electrocardiogram

graphic representation of the electrical currents of the heart

most commonly implicated pathogens that cause bronchiectasis

h. influenzae, m. catarrhalis, staphylococcus aureus, and pseudomonas aeruginosa

daily peak flow monitoring is recommended for patients who meet one or more of the following criteria

have moderate or severe persistent asthma, have poor perception of changes in airflow or worsening symptoms, have unexplained response to environmental or occupational exposures, or at the discretion of clinician and patient

the rule of nines system

head=9% chest=9% abdomen=9% upper/mid/lower back and buttocks=18% each arm=9% (front=4.5%, back 4.5%) groin=1% each leg=18% total (9% front, 9% back)

CNS abnormalities

headache, fatigue, lethargy, depression, irritability, seizures, delusions, hallucinations, memory loss

s/s of metastases to the brain (brain tumor)

headache, gait disturbances, visual impairment, personality changes, altered mentation (memory loss/confusion), focal weakness, paralysis, aphasia, and seizures

vitamin d

help the body absorb and retain calcium and phosphorus; both are critical for building bone can reduce cancer cell growth and help control infections and reduce inflammation

nursing care for CF

helping pt manage pulmonary symptoms and prevent complications; promote removal of pulmonary secretions, CPT and breathing exercises

what does vitamin b12 do

helps keep your body's blood and nerve cells healthy and helps make DNA, the genetic material in all of your cells

vitamin k

helps make various proteins that are needed for blood clotting and the building of bones

what med do you give for DVT

heparin to decrease clotting

s/s of panlobular type of emphysema

hyperexpanded chest, marked dyspnea on extertion, weight loss

a client taking chlorpromazine is preparing to undergo surgery. which of the following complications does the surgical team need to prepare to deal with before anesthetics are administered

hypotension

chlorpromazine may increase what

hypotensive action

since client w obesity tend to have shallow respirations when supine, this increases the risk for what

hypoventilation and postop pulmonary complications (stasis pneumonia)

what can cause AVN

if dislocation or subluxation is not reduced immediately d/t ischemia, which leads to necrosis or death of bone cells

scabies

if the infection has spread, other members of the family and close friends could complain of pruritus about 1 month later

what should the nurse do if the rigid or soft dressing inadvertently comes off

immediately wrap the residual limb w elastic compression bandage

why is it a priority to do a neurovascular assessment on pt with an immobilization device

immobilization devices can cause impaired circulation which leads to permanent damage

immediately after injury w/ suspected fracture, what is the intervention

immobilize body part before pt moves (splinting); joints proximal and distal to fracture also must be immobilized to prevent movement of fractured fragments

what is the most common cause of increased platelet destruction

immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ICP)

possible deficiency outcome of arginine

impaired wound healing

reserpine

impairs synthesis and reuptake of norepinephrine

in status asthmaticus, increasing PaCO2 is a danger sign for what

impending respiratory failure

normal PaCO2 during an asthma attack may be signal of what

impending respiratory failure

what may cause toxic epidermal necrolysis and stevens-johnson syndrome

inappropriate immune reactions to certain drugs

ICOUGHSM

incentive spirometer coughing and deep breathing oral care understanding (pt education) getting out of bed >3x a day HOB elevation

right sided heart failure

increased venous pressure -> jugular vein distention and increased capillary hydrostatic pressure throughout venous system

s/s of DVT

increased warmth, redness, swelling, and calf tenderness

osteomyelitis

infection of bone resulting in inflammation, necrosis, and formation of new bone; can spread to surrounding tissue leading to septicemia then septic shock

chronic bronchitis

inflammation of the bronchi caused by irritants or infection; presence of cough and sputum production for at least a combo of 3 months in 2 consecutive years

contact dermatitis

inflammatory reaction of the skin to physical, chemical, or biological agents

irritant contact dermatitis

inflammatory response of the skin to direct chemical damage that releases mediators predominantly from epidermal cells

prevention for disuse syndrome

instruct pt to tense or contract muscles (isometric muscle contraction) without moving underlying bone

stage 1 pressure ulcer

intact skin with a localized area of non-blanchable erythema

what may cause a pressure injury

intense prolonged pressure and shear forces at the bone-muscle interface

leukotriene inhibitors

interfere with leukotriene synthesis or by blocking receptors where leukotrienes exert their action provide an alternative to inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs) for mild persistent asthma, or may be added to a regimen of ICSs in more sever asthma to attain further control

what problems can hematomas cause

interruption of tissue perfusion risk for infection

since pt's w obesity have a higher rate of subcutaneous fat which increases adipose tissue. Bc of this, this can result in difficulty in what

intravenous access and delayed wound healing at the incision site

what to know about aspirin, clopidogrel, and other meds that inhibit platelet aggregation

it should be prudently discontinued 7=10 days before surgery other wise pt may increase risk for bleeding

how should the patient be positioned after a hip surgery?

kept in abduction by an abductor pillow hips should not be flexed more than 90 degrees HOB should not be elevated more than 60 degrees

what can cause osteoporosis

lack of activity

which ligaments stabilize the knee

lateral and medial collateral ligaments

what are common findings with a fractured hip

leg shortenings internal or external rotation

tibial fracture cast care

leg should be elevated to promote venous return & prevent edema don't cover cast while drying; can cause heat buildup and prevent air circulation no foreign object should be inserted in cast; reduce risk of infection or cutting skin

recommended treatment for pts with elevated bp but aren't diagnosed with hypertension

lifestyle changes

where can you check for cyanosis

lips and earlobes

s/s of spinal cord compression

local inflammation, edema, venous stasis, and impaired blood supply to nerve tissues; pain, neurologic dysfunction, motor loss, bladder/bowel dysfunction

how to remove thick secretions that are difficult to cough

loosened by percussing and vibrating the chest or through use of HFCWO vest; dislodges mucus adhering to bronchioles and bronchi

what is the doctors antiemetic of choice for chemotherapy sickness

lorazepam (ativan)

an older adult pt experienced a fall and required treatment for a fractured hip on the orthopedic unit. which of the following are contributory factors to the incidence of falls and fractured hips among the older adult population

loss of visual activity adverse med effects slowed reflexes muscle weakness

what are the leading causes of cancer deaths in order of frequency?

lung prostate/breast colorectal

a pt has experienced an electrical burn and has developed thick eschar over the burn site. which of the following topical antibacterial agents will the nurse expect the physician to order for the wound

mafenide acetate 10% (sulfamylon) hydrophilic-based cream

what is peak flow monitoring used for

measure asthma and when added to symptom monitoring indicates current degree of asthma control

peak flow meter

measure highest airflow during a forced expiration

what is ejection fraction

measure ventricular contractility; the percentage of the end-diastolic blood volume that's ejected with each heartbeat

what is thrombectomy

mechanical method of clot removal involving an intraluminal catheter with a balloon or other device

what combo of meds is used to relieve asthmatic symptoms and acute exacerbations

medication ipratropium bromide and albuterol sulfate

beers criteria

medication tool used to evaluate falls in older adults

osteomalacia

metabolic bone disease characterized by inadequate mineralization of bone

what causes cystic fibrosis

mutation or dysfunction in the protein cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulators which normally transport chloride ions across epithelia cell membranes

alterations in potassium levels change what

myocardial irritability and rhythm

revascularization of the coronary artery by percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or by coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) may improve what

myocardial oxygenation and ventricular function and prevent more extensive myocardial necrosis that can lead to HF

what is the most common side effect of chemotherapy?

nausea and vomiting (may persist for 24-48 hrs after administration)

arginine (amino acid)

necessary for collagen synthesis and deposition, increase wound strength, and stimulates t-cell response

should you place the residual limb on a pillow

no

adverse effects of furosemide

nocturia and sleep disturbances, especially in those who take second does in evening, which can cause diuresis at night

pressure injury (ulcers)

non blanchable deep red, maroon or purple discoloration; dark wound bed or blood filled blister

radionuclide imaging studies

noninvasive tests that use radioisotopes to evaluate coronary artery perfusion, detect myocardial ischemia and infarction, and/or assess left ventricular function

echocardiogram

noninvasive ultrasounds test that is used to measure the ejection fraction and examine the size, shape and motion of cardiac structures

goal for pt with ICP

normalization of respiration, adequate cerebral tissue perfusion through reducing ICP, restoration of fluid balance, absence of infection and absence of complications

your pt is receiving carmustine, a chemotherapy agent. a significant side effect of this med is thrombocytopenia. which symptom would the nurse assess for in patients at risk for thrombocytopenia

nose bleed

during admission history the client reports to the nurse of taking usual dose of warfarin the previous day. the appropriate nursing action is

notify the surgeon that the client took warfarin the day before surgery

s/s of peroneal nerve injury

numbness, tingling, and burning in the feet

fifth rule of wound care: practice

nurse should practice dressing techniques in order to be up to date with current practices

fourth rule of wound care: evolution

nurse should reassess the type of dressing being used during the course of therapy as the wound heals

first rule of wound care: categorization

nurse should review clinical indications for wound care

second rule of wound care: selection

nurse should select proper materials to use in the care/management of wounds

nursing intervention for septicemia

o2 therapy, antibiotics, antipyretics, fluid replacement

unstageable pressure ulcer

obscured full-thickness skin and tissue loss; extent of tissue damage within ulcer can't be confirmed d/t obscure slough/eschar

what is fat embolism syndrome

occur when fat emboli enter circulation following orthopedic trauma, especially long bone and pelvic fractures

septic arthritis

occur when joints become infected through spread of infection from other parts of body or directly through trauma or surgical instrumentation

superior vena cava syndrome

occurs when there's gradual or sudden impaired venous drainage

who is at greatest risk for septic arthritis

old people; particularly those 80+, people w/ comorbid conditions like diabetes, RA, skin infection, or alcoholism, people w/ hx of joint replacement/joint surgery or IV drug abuse

diabetic foot ulcers have a high potential of progressing to what

osteomyelitis

risks for open fracture

osteomyelitis, tetanus, and gas gangrene

respiratory acidosis

pH is less than 7.35 and PaCO2 is greater than 45

phantom pain

pain or other discomfort, like burning, tingling, throbbing, or itching

s/s of osteomalacia

pain, tenderness to touch, bowing of bones, pathologic fractures

priority nursing intervention postop knee surgery

palpate distal pulse (if weak use doppler) -> if weak and thready, check vitals, cap refill, remove bandage to assess, check for edema

a nurse is caring for a 6-y/o pt with CF. in order to enhance the child's nutritional status, what intervention should most likely be included in the plan of care?

pancreatic enzyme supplementation with meals

nearly 90% of clients with CF have what

pancreatic exocrine insufficiency and require oral oral pancreatic enzyme supplementation with meals

stage 2 pressure injury

partial-thickness loss of skin with exposed dermis break in skin that may drain

fat embolism syndrome

particles of fat get into your bloodstream and block blood flow

centrilobular (centrocinar)

pathologic changes take place mainly in the center of the secondary lobule, preserving the peripheral portions of the acinus

what does the ECG look like for pt with hyperkalemia

peaked narrow T wave; if levels continue to rise, eventually P wave is absent and QRS complex widens

biopsies for skin

performed on skin nodules, plaques, blisters, ulcers, and other lesions to rule out malignancy and establish diagnosis

ventriculography

performed to evaluate the size and function of the left ventricle

prazosin

peripheral vasodilator acting directly on the blood vessels

s/s of fat embolism syndrome

petechial rash, decreased LOC, and SOB

what would happen if the subcutaneous emphysema spread so severely, the air patency is threatened by pressure of the trapped air on the trachea

place a tracheostomy

pts who smoke are more likely to experience what

poor wound healing, higher incidence of SSI, and complications that include VTE and PNA

prevention for peroneal nerve injury

position pt sitting at 90 degree angle in wheelchair with feet on foot rests or flat on floor

Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis and Stevens-Johnson Syndrome

potentially fatal acute skin disorders characterized by widespread erythema and macule formation with blistering, resulting in epidermal detachment or sloughing and erosion formation

which adrenergic inhibitor acts directly on the blood vessels, producing vasodilation?

prazosin

what is compartment syndrome

pressure buildup from internal bleeding/swelling of tissues

goal of hypertension treatment

prevent complications and death by maintaining a bp lower than 130/80

CS treatment

prevent exacerbations in adults

a nurse is admitting a client with toxic epidermal necrolysis. what is the nursing priority in preventing sepsis

prevent infection

objective management for open fracture

prevent infection of wound, soft tissue, and bone, to promote healing of bone and soft tissue

what is the nursing priority with a client that's having a seizure

prevent injury by applying pads on the side rails of a bed to minimize injury

antihistamine use for cancer patients

prevent nausea and vomiting

an obese pt is scheduled for open abdominal surgery. what priority education should the nurse provide this patient?

prevention of respiratory complications

nursing intervention for CRPS

primary objective is physical functional maintenance or recovery of physical function pain management

osteocalcin needs vitamin k for

production of healthy bone tissue

pulmonary manifestations of CF

productive cough, wheezing, hyperinflation of the lung fields on chest x-ray, pulmonary function test results consistent with obstructive disease of the airways

chest physiotherapy

promote airway drainage

treatment for bronchiectasis

promote bronchial drainage, clear excessive secretions from the affected portion of the lungs, and to prevent or control infection and inflammation

nursing intervention after surgery for malignant melanoma

promote comfort, because wide excision surgery may be needed analgesics

what is clopidogrel used for

protects you from having stroke

primary goal of hospice care

provide support to client and family

d/c planning

pt must be able to perform transfers and use mobility aids safely

why are chest x-rays contraindicated in pregnant women

pt must be able to take a deep breath and hold it without discomfort, while the technician takes the images

post knee surgery priorities

pt should ambulate/mobilize knee by first postop day acute rehab 1-2 weeks total recovery 6 weeks or longer

a pt who has been experiencing numerous episodes of unexplained headaches and vomiting has subsequently been referred for testing to rule out a brain tumor. what characteristic of the pt's vomiting is most consistent with a brain tumor?

pt's vomiting is unrelated to food intake.

who is at risk for atelectasis

pts with decreased mobility

left-sided heart failure

pulmonary congestion occurs when the left ventricle cannot effectively pump blood out of the ventricle into the aorta and the systemic circulation

process of postural drainage

recommend sequence starts with positions to drain the lower loves followed by positions to drain upper lobe and the client needs to remain in each position for 10-15 mins; client should cough to remove secretions

clopidogrel

reduce ability of the platelets to stick together and reduce risk of clot formation

status asthmaticus

reduced PaCO2 and initial respiratory alkalosis, with a decreased PaCO2 and an increased pH

what is complex regional pain syndrome

regional pain in a limb that's disproportionate

Metaproterenol

relief of acute symptoms; quick-relief medication for asthma preventative treatment for exercise-induced bronchospasm

treatment for pressure injury

relieve pressure, improve mobility, maintain skin integrity, improve sensory perception, improve tissue perfusion, improve nutritional status, minimize friction and shear forces, dry surfaces in contact with skin, heal pressure injury

amputation

removal of a body part by a surgical procedure or trauma

treatment for stage 1 ulcer

remove pressure to increase tissue perfusion, nutrition, fluid/electrolyte balance, friction/shear reduces, and avoid skin moisture debride

how often should the pt do the diaphragmatic breathing

repeat 15 times after each group of 5 snd practice twice a day before surgery

status asthmaticus can lead to PaCO2 increasing and pH decreasing, which reflects what

respiratory acidosis

the nurse, caring for a pt with emphysema, understands that airflow limitations are not reversible. the end result of deterioration is

respiratory acidosis

what is the most common early finding in pts with an ongoing asthma axacerbation

respiratory alkalosis d/t hyperventilation

an obese client has an increased susceptibility for what complication, and what is the priority intervention for it

respiratory complication; maintain a patent airway

the nurse recognizes that the client who takes hydrochlorothiazide to manage hypertension is predisposed for which interaction with anesthesia

respiratory depression

what happens if hydrochloriazide and anesthetics interact

respiratory depression

when giving narcotics (morphine) postop, what should you assess

respiratory depression and BP

hydrochlorothiazide (hydrodiuril) may cause what

respiratory depression resulting from an associated electrolyte imbalance during anesthesia

clients with COPD are more susceptible to what

respiratory infections so they should be encouraged to receive the influenza and pneumococcal vaccine

left-sided heart failure leads to

right sided heart failure

immediately after a thoracentesis, a client's right lung collapses. a chest tube is inserted and is attached to a three-chamber closed drainage system. what does the nurse assess about the fluid when the chest tube is functioning properly

rises in the tube of water seal chamber during inspiration

warfarin (coumadin) can increase what

risk of bleeding during intraop and postop

most common cause of septic arthritis

s aureus

treatment for stage 2 ulcer

same as stage 1; also gently clean wound w sterile saline solution, semipermeable occlusive dressings, hydrocolloid wafers, or wet saline dressings to minimize loss of fluid and protein

treatment for stage 3 ulcers

same as stage 1; debride (wet to damp), prep for procedure, administer analgesics

clinical manifestations of status asthmaticus

same as those seen in severe asthma labored breathing, prolonged exhalation, distended neck veins, and wheezing

what is the major cause of death from toxic epidermal necrolysis from

sepsis

clinical manifestations of CRPS

severe burning pain, local edema, hyperesthesia, stiffness, discoloration, vasomotor of skin changes and trophic changes (glossy, shiny skin, and changes in hair and nail growth)

s/s of compartment syndrome

severe edema of extremity, pain, decreased sensation

spinal cord compression may potentially lead to what

significant and permanent neurologic impairment associated with multiple physical, psychosocial consequences

s/s of hyperkalemia

skeletal muscle weakness and even paralysis, related to a depolarization block in the muscle, therefore ventricular conduction is slowed

anticoagulant

slow blood clotting time, helping to prevent thrombi and emboli

where do brain metastasis originate from

somewhere else in the body (lungs or breast)

while a pt is receiving IV doxorubicin hydrochloride for the treatment of cancer, the nurse observes swelling and pain at the IV site. the nurse should prioritize what action

stop the administration of the drug immediately

to help prevent infections in clients with COPD, the nurse should recommend vaccinations against two bacterial organisms. which of the following are the two vaccines

streptococcus pneumonia and haemophilus influenzae

nursing consideration for mafenide acetate 10% hydrophilic-based cream

strong carbonic anhydrase inhibitor and may cause metabolic acidosis, application may be initially painful

what is erythema

superficial reddening of the skin, usually patches, as a result of injury or irritation causing dilation of blood capillaries

the nurse is caring for a pt with an advanced stage of breast cancer and the pt has recently learned that her cancer has metastasized. the nurse enters the room and finds the pt struggling to breathe and the nurse's rapid assessment reveals that the pt's jugular veins are distended. the nurse should suspect the development of what oncologic emergency?

superior vena cava syndrome

what may cause a subcutaneous emphysema

surgery, trauma, infection or spontaneous etiologies

treatment for stage 4 ulcer

surgical intervention

what is a fasciectomy

surgical procedure where the fascia is cut to relieve tension or pressure to treat loss of circulation to an area of tissue or muscle

obesity is associated with increased in what

surgical site infection and joint replacement failure

the nurse is teaching the client about use of the pictured item with a metered-dose inhaler. what instructions should the nurse include in the teaching?

take a slow, deep inhalation from the device activate the MDI once the device may increase delivery of the MDI med

s/s of a pressure injury

temp. change, discoloration

when the knee is struck medially, damage may occur where

the lateral collateral ligament

if the knee is struck laterally, damage may occur where

the medial collateral ligament

a nurse is preparing a presentation for a local senior citizen group about skin care and changes that occur with aging. the nurse plans to include measures to reduce the risk of minor trauma based on the understanding about which of the following

the thinning of the epidermal-dermal junction promotes shearing

what is cystic fibrosis

thick, vicious secretions in the lungs, pancreas, liver, intestine, and reproductive tract as well as increased salt content in sweat gland secretions

what cellular changes occur with aging

thinning at junction of dermis and epidermis leading to fewer anchoring sites between two skin layers

solumedrol

this med is used to treat conditions like arthritis, blood disorders, severe allergic reactions, certain cancers, eye conditions, skin/kidney/intestinal/lung diseases, and immune system disorders

surgical procedure for DVT

thrombectomy

what are factors that increase risk of bleeding

thrombocytopenia, elevated INR/PT/PTT, decreased fibrinogen or other clotting factors, use of meds affecting platelets or others

why should the neurovascular status distal to the injury be assessed before and after splinting

to determine the adequacy of peripheral tissue perfusion and nerve function

why should prescribed bronchodilators, mucolytic agents, water, or saline may be nebulized and inhaled before postural drainage

to dilate bronchioles, reduce bronchospasm, decrease thickness of mucus and sputum, and combat edema of the bronchial walls

why is the client instructed to breathe slowly through the nose and out through pursed lips during postural drainage

to help keep the airways open so that secretions can drain

why perform postural drainage before meals

to prevent nausea, vomiting, and aspiration

why are pts who smoke urged to stop 4-8 weeks before surgery

to reduce pulmonary and wound healing complications

which of the following are risk factors for the development of COPD

tobacco smoke occupational dust air pollution infection second-hand smoke

risk factors for COPD

tobacco smoke, environmental tobacco smoke, occupational dust and chemicals, indoor and outdoor air pollution, and infection

clients with BMI greater than 45 are significantly increase risk for what

total joint replacement failure and postop infection

silver dressing

treat wound infection

SABA

used for times of exacerbation for prompt relief of airflow obstruction

small volume nebulizer

used to administer corticosteroids in addition to other meds. slow tidal breathing with occasional deep breaths and administers the med through a tight face mask which is ideal for clients unable to use a mouthpiece

antiemetics

used to treat nausea and vomiting d/t chemo

echcardiogram

usually performed to confirm the diagnosis of HF, identify the underlying cause, and determine the EF, which helps identify the type and severity of HF

what do you monitor for toxic epidermal necrolysis

v/s and changes in respiratory, kidney, and GI function to detect beginning of an infection

what do the wound beds look like for stage 2 ulcer

viable, pink/red, moist and may look intact or like ruptured serum-filled blister

s/s of stage 3 ulcer

visible adipose, granulation tissue, and epibole (rolled wound edges), slough/eschar, undermining tunneling

a client with chronic HF is receiving digoxin 0.25 mg by mouth daily and furosemide 20 mg by mouth twice daily. the nurse should assess the client for what sign of digoxin toxicity

visual disturbances

why are older adults more susceptible to falls

weak quad muscles, medication effects, vision loss, and slowed reflexes

lifestyle changes for DVT

weight loss smoking cessation regular exercise

+1 pitting edema

when a depression is barely detectable on release of thumb pressure and when foot and leg contours are normal

subcutaneous emphysema

when air is escaping into the chest wall from a damaged lung

septicemia

when bacteria get into the bloodstream and spreads

septic shock

when infection gets so severe, it affects body systems

process of congestive heart failure

when left ventricle fails, increased fluid pressure is transferred back through the lungs which damages right side of the heart when right side loses pumping power, blood backs up into the body's venous system, causing swelling or congestion in the legs, ankles, and swelling within the abdomen (GI tract and liver)

how can injury occur to the lateral and medial ligaments

when the foot is firmly planted and the knee is struck; medially- causing stretching and tearing injury to the LCL, laterally-causing stretching and tearing to the MCL

risks associated with UPH

wound infections, pain, coagulation disorders, and cardiac complications

cruciate ligament injury

•ACL / PCL; forward / backward force •"pop" & swelling