cnc final study guide
nursing interventions for fatty embolism
-administer oxygen (top priority) - elevate extremity -notify nursing supervisor -nurse should contact pcp after administering O2
pt education r/t hip surgery
-avoid bending hips beyond 90 degrees to prevent dislocation use of assistive devices (ex: raised toilet seats) -use abductor pillow/several pillows between legs to reduce r/o dislocation teach pt to avoid crossing legs
risks for heart failure
-cigarette smoking -obesity -poorly managed diabetes -metabolic syndrome
cause of spinal cord compression
-compression of the cord and its nerve roots by a metastatic prevertebral tumor that extends into the epidural space -vertebral bone metastasis leading to bone collapse and displacement impinging on the spinal cord or nerve roots
systemic clinical manifestations of right-sided heart failure
-dependent edema -hepatomegaly (enlarged liver) -ascites (accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity) -weight gain d/t retention of fluid -general weakness
s/s of left-sided HF
-dry non-productive cough -large amount of frothy pink/tan sputum (indicating acute decompensated HF and pulmonary edema -inadequate tissue perfusion
nursing intervention for thrombocytopenia
-educate in promoting safety; fall precautions -awareness of secondary thrombocytopenia -pt's at risk for bleeding
a client has been diagnosed with right sided heart failure based on symptomatology. the cardiologist will confirm this suspicion through diagnostics. which diagnostics are used to reveal right ventricular enlargement?
-electrocardiogram -chest radiograph -echocardiography
nursing interventions for when there's a hematoma on the knee surgical site
-elevate leg on several pillows when sitting/laying down to control edema (keep at heart level or above) -use ice pack for the first 24-48 hours to control edema and for pain relief -oral analgesics for pain
after elevating residual limb for 24 hours, what intervention should be done
-elevation, abduction, external rotation, and flexion should be avoided -advise client to not sit for a long time to prevent flexion contracture or with affected extremity dangling or in dependent position to prevent edema
nursing considerations for pt with amputation
-encourage pt with self-care -maintain positive attitude -balance nutrition and patient's learning style
nursing intervention for DVT
-foot flexing while in traction -encourage early ambulation and leg exercises -apply compression socks -intermittent pneumatic compression devices
nursing intervention for atelectasis
-frequent turning, early mobilization, and strategies to expand lungs and manage secretions -incentive spirometer -ICOUGHSM -administer prescribed opioids and sedatives perform postural drainage institute suctioning
s/s of fat embolism
-hypoxia, tachypnea, tachycardia, and pyrexia -resp. distress (tachypnea, dyspnea, wheezes, precordial chest pain, cough, large amounts of thick, white sputum, and tachycardia
pt education for osteoporosis
-identify factors that influence osteoporosis -intervention to arrest or slow process and measures to relieve symptoms -emphasize need for calcium, vitamin D, weight-bearing exercise to slow progression of osteoporosis -having 1 fracture increases probability of sustaining another
medical management of osteomalacia
-if d/t kidney disease (absorption of vitamin D); supplementation (calcitriol) -if d/t malabsorption: increase vitamin D and supplemental calcium; exposure to sunlight -if d/t dietary: interventions same as osteoporosis, longterm monitoring, some may need brace or surgery
prevention of fat embolism
-immediate immobilization of fractures (early surgica fixation, minimal fracture manipulation, adequate support for fractured bones while turning) -maintenance of fluid/electrolyte balance
a pt is recovering from a below-the-knee traumatic amputation and is 72 hours post surgery. which actions will the nurse take to promote healing of the wound
-measure the residual limb q8-12 -assess neurovascular function of residual -apply elastic compression bandage over wound site
pt education regarding s/s of svcs
-monitor cardiopulmonary and neurologic status avoid upper extremity venipuncture and BP measurement; instruct pt to avoid tight clothing and jewelry on upper extremities -keep head elevated at semi-fowler's position -promote energy conservation to minimize dyspnea -monitor pt's fluid volume status
nursing intervention for compartment syndrome
-notify provider -anticipate emergency fasciectomy -cannot flex foot -elevating leg will change leg color -keep affected extremity heart level or dangling
safe administration of antineoplastic agents
-nurse should use surgical gloves and disposable long-sleeved gowns when administering agents -dosages aren't adjusted on a short-term basis -hand and arm hygiene must be performed before and after administering meds
gerontologic considerations: osteomalacia
-nutritious diet -adequate intake of calcium and vitamin D (15-30 mins in sun each day)
for amputation pts, what are the major goals
-pain relief (including phantom pain) -wound healing -acceptance of altered body image -resolve grieving process -independence in self-care -restore physical mobility -absence of complications
home care needs and interventions focus on what 4 major areas
-palliation of symptoms and pain control -assistance in self-care -control of tx complication -administration of specific forms of tx, like parenteral nutrition
nursing management for spinal cord compression
-perform ongoing assessment of neurologic function to identify existing and progression dysfunction -maintain muscle tone by assisting with range-of-motion exercises in collab with physical and occupational therapists
SVCS gives rise to what problems
-progressive SOB -cough, hoarseness, chest pain, and facial swelling -edema in neck, arms, hands, and thorax -reported sensation of skin tightness and dysphasia -engorged/distended jugular, temporal, and arm veins
what is included in the preop assessment
-providing info regarding underlying conditions that may affect the client's response to surgery techniques and anesthesia
nursing interventions for amputation
-residual limb should be check q8-12 hrs to promote wound healing -neurovascular status of residual limb should be assessed q8-12 hrs -apply consistent pressure to residual limb to reduce edema and help shape limp to fit prosthetic -elevate limb for only 24 hrs
nursing intervention for septic arthritis
-same as osteomyelitis -initial goal of therapy is control and halt infection -general support measures -antibiotics
diaphragmatic breathing
-semi-fowler position -place hands on front of chest below ribs -breathing out gently to feel ribs sink down and inward -take a deep breath through the nose and mouth to make the abdomen rise -holding the breath for a count of five -exhaling to let all the air through the nose and mouth
what not to do with erythema following radiation therapy
-soaps, ice, petroleum ointment, and shaving area -exposure to radiation can damage basal cell layer of skin resulting in inflammation, erythema, and dry/moist desquamation
a pt sustains an open fracture of the left arm after an accident at the roller skating rink. what does emergency management of this fracture involve?
-splinting the injured limb -immobilizing the affected site -covering the area with a clean dressing if the fracture is open
what does care consist of for pt's w/ diminished gag reflex
-teach pt to direct food/fluids towards unaffected side -have pt's sit upright when eating -offer semi soft diet have suction readily available
digoxin toxicity may cause
-visual disturbances -CNS abnormalities -cardiovascular abnormalities
lifestyle modifications to prevent and manage hypertension
-weight reduction -adopt DASH (rich in fruits, veggies, & low-fat dairy) -reduce dietary sodium -physical activity -moderate alc consumption
diagnostic findings for osteomalacia
-x-ray shows demineralized bones -labs show low serum calcium and phosphorus level, urine excretion of calcium and Cr is low
when a patient has been diagnosed with scabies, if the infection has spread, the family members may complain of pruritus within which time frame?
1 month
what is the 5 rules of wound care
1. categorization 2. selection 3. change 4. evolution 5. practice
prehypertension
120-129/<80
stage 1 hypertension
130-139/80-89
stage 2 hypertension
140+/90+
how often is postural drainage performed
2-4 times daily, before meals and at bedtime
how long do you percuss lungs for thick secretions that are difficult to cough
3-5 minutes for each position
a client presents to the ED following a burn injury. the client has burns to the anterior chest and entire left leg. using the rule of nines, the nurse documents the total body surface area percentage as
36%
what are indications of symptoms of neurovascular compromise
5 p's pain, pallor, pulselessness, paresthesia, and paralysis
desired ejection fraction
55-65% of ventricular contractility
which measurement should a nurse use to monitor the respiratory status of a client with pulmonary edema
ABG
what is clopidogrel
Antiplatelet
what is scabies
Contagious disease caused by the itch mite
what is prednisone
Corticosteroid used to reduce inflammation
what is furosemide used for
Diuretic
calcitonin
FDA approved second line treatment for paget disease, indicated when bisphosphonate tolerance is a problem can relieve bone pain, reverse neruologic deficits, reduce blood flow to diseased bone, and may even improve pagetic hearing loss
priority post knee pain
PCA- morphine
immediate post injury management for cruciate ligament injury
RICE, use of NSAIDs, and stabilize joint till it's evaluated for fracture
early management for injury to LCL/MCL
RICE, use of analgesics, and protect joint from further injury
s/s of HF
SOB, edema, fatigue
what is used to assess for presence of OSA
STOP-bang assessment
asthma is considered a distinct separate disorder from COPD and is classified as an abnormal airway condition characterized primarily by reversible inflammation
T
a school nurse is assessing a student who was kicked in the shin during a soccer game. the area of the injury has become swollen and discolored. the triage nurse recognizes that the pt las likely sustained what
a contusion
impacted fracture
a fracture in which a bone fragment is driven into another bone fragment
a nurse who works in the speciality of palliative care frequently encounters issues and situations that constitute ethical dilemmas. what issue has most often presented challenging ethical issues, especially in the context of palliative care?
ability of technology to prolong life beyond the meaningful quality of life
emphysema
abnormal distention of the airspaces beyond the terminal bronchioles and destruction of the walls of the alveoli
type of silver dressing
acticoat
it is important for postop knee surgery pt to do what every hour they're awake
active flexion of foot to help leg muscles
nursing management for status asthmaticus
actively assess airway and patient's response to treatment monitor pt vigilantly for the first 12-24 hrs or until severe exacerbation resolves assess pt's skin turgor for signs of dehydration
clonidine
acts through the CNS, apparently through centrally mediated alpha-adrenergic stimulation in the brain, reducing BP
the importance vitamin b12
adequate nutrition and absorption of vitamin b12 is important for neurologic health
a homeless client with streptococcal pharyngitis is being seen in a clinic. the nurse is concerned that the client will not continue treatment after leaving the clinic. which of the following measures is the highest priority?
administer one IM injection of penicillin
a client is hospitalized for open reduction of a fractured femur. during the postop assessment, the nurse notes that the client is restless and observed petechiae on the client's chest, which nursing action is indicated first
administer oxygen
if a nurse is concerned that a client may not perform follow-up treatment for streptococcal pharyngitis, what is the highest priority
administer penicillin as a one-time injection dose
a client is being treated in the ED for respiratory distress coupled with bacterial pneumonia. the client has no medical history. however, the client works in a coal mine and smokes 10 cigarettes a day. the nurse anticipates which order based on the client's immediate needs?
administration of antibiotics
what drug class is reserpine
adrenergic neuron blockers
what may cause stage 2 ulcer
adverse microclimate and shear in skin over pelvis or heel
mafenide acetate 10% hydrophilic-based cream
agent of choice when there's a need to penetrate thick eschar
type II CRPS
aka causalgia pts with nerve injury
type I CRPS
aka reflex sympathetic dystrophy pt with CRPS without evidence of peripheral nerve injury
nurse management for bronchiectasis
alleviating symptoms and helping patients clear pulmonary secretions
postural drainage
allows the force of gravity to assist in the removal of bronchial secretions, which drain from the affected bronchioles into the bronchi and trachea and are removed by coughing or suctioning
what drug class is clonidine
alpha 2 agonist
what drug class is prazosin
alpha blocker
what is biologic response modifiers
alter the immunologic relationship between tumor and cancer clients to provide therapeutic benefit aka immunomodulator
an oncology nurse is contributing to the care of a client who has failed to respond appreciably to conventional cancer treatments. as a result, the care team is considering the possible use of biologic response modifiers (BRMs). the nurse should know that these achieve a therapeutic effect by which means?
altering the immunologic relationship between the tumor and client
preload
amount of blood presented to the ventricles just before systole
what should nurse monitor for pt with closed suction drainage
amount of drainage and measure output each shift
LABAs are used for what
anti-inflammatory meds to control asthma symptoms, particularly those that occur during the night; also used for exercise induced asthma
nursing consideration for silver
anticipate formation of pseudoeschar (proteinaceous gel), which can be removes
a pt has just undergone surgery for malignant melanoma. which of the following nursing actions should be prioritized
anticipate the need for, and administer, appropriate analgesic meds
the nurse is assigned to care for a client who has had a total knee arthroplasty yesterday. what type of pharmacologic therapy does the nurse anticipate administering to this client to prevent complications related to the surgery?
anticoagulant therapy
what is the primary pharmacologic treatment for the prevention and management of DVT
anticoagulants that consist of vitamin K antagonists (warfarin) indirect and direct thrombin inhibitors factor Xa inhibitors
what intervention is very important for clients who have knee or hip replacement, and why?
anticoagulation therapy and early ambulating to prevent thrombus formation
when a pt is having a metastatic brain tumor the nurse should prep to administer what med
anticonvulsant
what drug helps with nausea and vomiting from chemotherapy?
antiemetics
meds that can cause orthostasis and instability in older adults
antihypertensives, diuretics, beta-blockers, sedatives//hypnotics, neuroleptics/antipsychotics, antidepressants, benzodiazepines, opioid analgesics, and NSAIDs
what can increase preload
anything that assists in returning blood to the heart or preventing blood from pooling in the extremities
the nurse is discussing cardiac hemodynamics with a nursing student. the nurse explains preload to the student and then asks the student what nursing interventions might cause increase preload. which response by the student indicates understanding
application of anti embolic stockings
when osteomyelitis develops from spread of adjacent infection, no signs of septicemia present, but
area becomes swollen, warm, painful, and tender to touch
what is the intervention for an upper extremity injury
arm may be bandaged to chest, or injured forearm may be placed in a sling
what is a neurovascular assessment
assessing peripheral circulation, motion, and sensation of affected extremity assessing fingers/toes of affected extremity comparing them with opposite extremity
what is the main concern following the application of an immobilization device
assessment and prevention of neurovascular dysfunction or compromise affected extremity
what conditions can affect the client undergoing surgery and is assessed during the preop physical examination
asthma, arthritis, diabetes, and obesity (BMI 32)
a nurse is preparing to perform an admission assessment on a patient with COPD. it is most important for the nurse to review which of the following?
available diagnostic tests
a healthcare provider in the outpatient department examines a client with chronic heart failure to investigate recent-onset peripheral edema and increased SOB. the nurse documents the severity of pitting edema as +1. what is the best description of this type of edema?
barely detectable depression when the thumb is released from the swollen area; normal foot and leg contours
why is weight monitoring and nutritional counseling important for CF patients
because of fat malabsorption in CF and increased calorie needs d/t work for breathing
s/s of stage 1 ulcer
blanchable erythema/change in sensation, temp, or firmness
what to be aware of when giving heparin
bleeding
clients with thrombocytopenia are at risk for what
bleeding due to decreased platelet counts
unintended hypothermia is associated with what adverse outcome
bleeding, delayed surgical wound healing, increased length of stay in PACU, cardiac dysfunction, and longer inpatient hospital stay
propranolol
blocks the beta-adrenergic receptors of the SNS, especially the sympathetics to the heart, producing a slower HR and lowered BP
what happens in the body when right-sided heart failure occurs
blood accumulates in the vessels and backs up in the peripheral veins, and extra fluid enters the tissues
prothrombin needs vitamin k for what
blood clotting
major complication of osteoporosis
bone fracture d/t loss of calcium and phosphate -> fragile bones
avascular necrosis
bone loses blood supply and dies
comminuted fracture
bone that splintered into several fragments
a gerontologic nurse is advocating for diagnostic testing of an 81 y/o pt who is experiencing personality changes. the nurse is aware of what factor that's known to affect the diagnosis and treatment of brain tumors in older adults?
brain tumors are often attributed to the cognitive of aging
transverse fracture
break straight across bone shaft
a nurse is reviewing the pathophysiology of CF in anticipation of a new admission. the nurse should identify what characteristic aspects of CF
bronchial mucus plugging, inflammation, and eventual bronchiectasis
pathology of CF
bronchial mucus plugging, inflammation, and eventual bronchiectasis
how can immobilization devices (cast, brace, splint) affect your muscles
can cause muscle atrophy and loss of strength, and place pt at risk for disuse syndrome
what happens when pt has a hematoma at the knee surgical site
can decrease pedal pulse
what may interfere with normal mechanisms of clotting
cancer, antineoplastic agents or other cancer meds
spinal cord compression is most often associated with what
cancers that metastasize to the hone like breast, lung, and prostate cancers and lymphomas also seen in nasopharyngeal cancer and multiple myeloma
during the preop assessment, the nurse learns that the client has been taking prednisone. the nurse realizes that the client is at risk for
cardiovascular collapse
prednisone and dexamethasone can result in what if it is suddenly discontinued
cardiovascular collapse
prednisone (deltasone) may cause what
cardiovascular collapse and should be discontinued immediately
care for erythema after radiation therapy
care to affected area focusing on preventing further skin irritation, drying, and damage
phosphodiesterase inhibitors
cause bronchodilation and act as mild anti-inflammatory agents by influencing epinephrine release
where do brain tumors originate from
cells in the brain
early signs of intracranial pressure
change in LOC, agitation, slowing of speech, and delay in response to verbal suggestions
antimetabolites and tumor antibiotics
chemotherapeutic meds
IV doxorubicin hydrochloride
chemotherapeutic vesicant that can cause severe tissue damage
what are antineoplastic agents
chemotherapy drugs
what test determines atelectasis
chest x-ray
characteristic symptoms of bronchiectasis
chronic cough and production of purulent sputum in copious amounts hemoptysis clubbing d/d respiratory insufficiency
bronchiectasis
chronic, irreversible dilation of the bronchi and bronchioles that results from destruction of muscles and elastic connective tissue
the most important environmental risk factor for COPD worldwide
cigarette smoking
what is a hematoma
clotted blood within the tissue
what is atelectasis
collapse or airless condition of the alveoli caused by hypoventilation, obstruction to the airways, or compression
what is postoperative blood salvage
collection of shed blood during and immediately after surgery, which is re-infused back to same pt
Column A HR- 92 RR- 20/min pH- 7.32 CO2- 35 mm Hg HCO2- 20 mEq/L PaO2- 62 mm Hg Column B HR-116 RR- 32/min pH- 7.50 CO2- 30 mm Hg HCO2- 24 mEq/L PaO2- 55 mm Hg Column C HR- 88 RR- 16/min pH- 7.48 CO2- 43 mm Hg HCO2- 20 mEq/L PaO2- 85 mm Hg Column D HR- 102 RR- 26/min pH- 7.45 CO2- 37 mm Hg HCO2- 20 mEq/L PaO2- 72 mm Hg which assessment findings would the. nurse expect to find in the postoperative client experiencing fat embolism syndrome?
column B HR-116 RR- 32/min pH- 7.50 CO2- 30 mm Hg HCO2- 24 mEq/L PaO2- 55 mm Hg
a nurse admits a pt who has a fracture of the nose that has resulted in a skin tear and involvement of the mucous membrane of the nasal passages. the orthopedic nurse is aware that this description likely indicates which type of fracture
compound
what is it called when left sided heart failure leads to right sided heart failure
congestive heart failure
how does osteomyelitis feel to the pt
constant, pulsating pain that intensifies with movement as a a result of pressure of collecting purulent material
unintended perioperative hypothermia
core temp of less than 96.8 F in pts in the surgical setting when cooling is not associated with the procedure
why can corticosteroids exacerbate risk for osteomyelitis
corticosteroids affect body's ability to absorb calcium and increase how fast bone can be broken down
what meds are given to clients that are asthmatic and showing signs of wheezing
corticosteroids and bronchodilators
autologous blood donations
cost-effective and eliminate many risks of transfusion therapy
chronic pulmonary disorders
cystic fibrosis, bronchiectasis, and asthma
systemic corticosteroids
decrease airway inflammation in patients who fail to respond to inhaled beta-adrenergic meds
+3 pitting edema
deeper depression (5-10 mm) accompanied by foot and leg swelling
allergic contact dermatitis
delayed hypersensitivity reaction to exogenous contact antigens that involves activation of T cells
hospice care
delivered by coordinating services provided by both hospitals and the community
areas in the body to examine for right-sided heart failure
dependent parts; ankles and feet
How does smoking affect the respiratory system?
depresses activity of scavenger cells and affects respiratory tract's ciliary cleansing mechanism, which keeps breathing passages free from inhaled irritants, bacteria, and other foreign matter. when smoking damaged the cleansing mechanism, airflow is obstructed and air becomes trapped behind the obstruction. the alveoli greatly distend, which diminishes lung capacity, smoking also irritates the goblet cells and mucous glands, causing an increased accumulation of mucus, which in turn produces more irritation, infection, and damage to the lung
panlobular (panacinar) type of emphysema
destruction of the respiratory bronchiole, alveolar duct, and alveolus
+2 pitting edema
detectable depression of less than 5 mm accompanied by normal leg and foot contours
disuse syndrome
deterioration of body systems as a result of prescribed or unavoidable musculoskeletal inactivity
what causes diabetic foot ulcers
diabetic pt's that don't control their sugar well, and sugar in blood stream can increase risk of infection
why is losing subcutaneous tissue when aging a problem
diminish protection and cushioning of underlying tissues and organs
the nurse caring for a patient has just bee given a 6 month prognosis following a diagnosis of extensive stage small-cell lung cancer. the pt states that he would like to die at home, but the team believes that the pt's care needs are unable to be met in a home environment. what might you suggest as an alternative?
discuss referral for hospice care
hydrochlordiazide
diuretic used for kidney to excrete unneeded water and salt
a cerebellar tumor causes what
dizziness, an ataxic or staggering gait with a tendency to fall toward the side of lesion, and marked muscle incoordination
bone fracture can lead to what
dowager hump (kyphosis); developed when repeated vertebral fractures increase spinal curvature
closed suction drainage
drainage of fluids collected in body that could serve as a culture medium for bacteria (wound vac) cannot stay in place for longer than 24hrs
third rule of wound care: change
dressing should be changed based on ongoing assessment rather than a routine schedule
side effects of anticholinergic agents
dry mouth and urine retention
what procedure is performed to determine ejection fraction
echocardiogram; identify anatomic features like structural abnormalities and valve malfunction, and confirm diagnosis of HF
stasis dermatitis
eczematous eruption that occurs on the lower legs of patients with venous insufficiency
best primary prevention for advanced menalnoma
educate pt to recognize early signs, when its amenable to treatment and cure
what is one goal of preop nursing care
educate the client how to promote optimal lung expansion and resulting blood oxygenation after anesthesia (diaphragmatic breathing)
what does potentiating mean
effect of increasing the potency or effectiveness of a drug or other treatment
how do you control edema
elevate the injured extremity and apply ice
a nurse is evaluating the diagnostic study data of a pt with suspected CF. which of the following test results in associated with a diagnosis of CF.
elevated sweat chloride concentration
how would you treat DVT if a anticoagulant or thrombolytic therapy is contraindicated
endovascular management
process of contact dermatitis
epidermis is damaged by repeated physical and chemical irritations eruption begin when the causative agent contacts the skin first reaction include pruritus and burning later reaction include papule and vesicles, psoriasis
what problem may happen after radiation therapy
erythema (reddened skin)
which of the following is a common irritant that acts as a trigger of asthma?
esophageal reflux
irritants that can trigger asthma
esophageal reflux, viral respiratory infections, cigarette smoke, and exercise
how do you assess pain postop hip replacement?
evaluate the wound and the affected extremities
+4 pitting edema
even deeper depression (more than 1 cm) accompanied by severe foot and leg swelling
why and how is a neurovascular assessment performed
every hour for the first 24 hours every 1-4 hours thereafter to prevent neurovascular compromise related to edema
what is pulmonary arteriography
examines your blood vessels in your lungs to see if they are narrowed or blocked; used to diagnose pulmonary emboli (blood clots in the lung)
what happens if the residual limb is not immediately wrapped if the original dressing comes off
excessive edema will develop shortly, resulting in delay of rehab nurse should notify surgeon to promptly apply another
when should a pcp be notified for pt with closed suction drainage
excessive or foul-smell drainage
lifestyle intervention to prevent injury
exercise regularly to maintain joint and muscle strength
the nurse is providing care for a pt who has had below-the-knee amputation. the nurse enters the pt's room and find him resting in bed with his residual limb supported on a pillow. what's the nurse's most appropriate action
explain the risks of flexion contracture to pt
s/s of stage 4 ulcer
exposed/directly palpable fascia, muscle, tendon, ligament, cartilage or bone in ulcer, slough/eschar, epibole, undermining, and tunneling
ABG analysis is the best measure for determining what
extent of hypoxia caused by pulmonary edema and for monitoring the effects of therapy
what to monitor during chemotherapy
factors that increase of bleeding
pt's with a cerebellar tumor face high risk of what
falls
the nurse is planning the care of a pt who has been recently diagnosed with a cerebellar tumor. d/t location of the pt's tumor, the nurse should implement measures to prevent what complication?
falls, dizziness, an ataxic or staggering gait, falling toward the side of lesion
tx for compartment syndrome
fasciectomy
what may fat embolism syndrome do to body
fat globules may diffuse from marrow into vascular compartment fat globules may occlude small blood vessels that supply the lungs, brain, kidneys, and other organs (may occur within 24-72 hrs of injury, but may occur up to a week)
s/s of septicemia
fever BP drop, altered mental status, increased HR
s/s of fat embolism syndrome
fever, tachycardia, tachypnea, and hypoxia, and other manifestations of respiratory failure
prominent areas of the body prone to edema
fingers, hands, and over the sacrum
goal of treatment for toxic epidermal necrolysis and stevens-johnson syndrome
fluid and electrolyte balance, prevent sepsis, and prevent of ophthalmic complications
palliative care
focus on symptoms management and psychosocial/spiritual support for those with serious, life-limiting illnesses
ACL injury
foot is firmly planted and leg sustains blow from the front of the knee "pop" injury
calcium
for muscle to move and for nerves to carry messages between your brain and every part of your body
when pt has a hematoma, what do you assess
for nerve damage
what's the goal of preop period
for pt to be as healthy as possible
open (compound) fracture
fracture involving damage to the skin or mucous membranes
what can cause CRPS
fracture, soft tissue injury, or surgery
nursing intervention for pressure ulcers
frequent change of position, pressure-relieving devices, encourage pt to remain active and ambulate whenever possible, nurse help pt compensate for altered sensory perception, activity, exercise, and repositioning help tissue perfusion, maintain good nutrition, raise head of bed to decrease shearing force over sacral, minimize moisture on skin
stage 4 ulcer
full-thickness skin a tissue loss extend to underlying muscle and bone
stage 3 pressure ulcer
full-thickness skin loss extend into subcutaneous tissue
a pt has been admitted to the neurologic ICU with a diagnosis of a brain tumor. the pt is scheduled to having a tumor resection/removal in the morning. which of the following assessment parameters should the nurse include in the initial assessment?
gag reflex
what is evaluated during preop
gag reflex and ability to swallow
what patients qualify for hospice care
generally have fewer than 6 months to live
electrocardiogram
graphic representation of the electrical currents of the heart
most commonly implicated pathogens that cause bronchiectasis
h. influenzae, m. catarrhalis, staphylococcus aureus, and pseudomonas aeruginosa
daily peak flow monitoring is recommended for patients who meet one or more of the following criteria
have moderate or severe persistent asthma, have poor perception of changes in airflow or worsening symptoms, have unexplained response to environmental or occupational exposures, or at the discretion of clinician and patient
the rule of nines system
head=9% chest=9% abdomen=9% upper/mid/lower back and buttocks=18% each arm=9% (front=4.5%, back 4.5%) groin=1% each leg=18% total (9% front, 9% back)
CNS abnormalities
headache, fatigue, lethargy, depression, irritability, seizures, delusions, hallucinations, memory loss
s/s of metastases to the brain (brain tumor)
headache, gait disturbances, visual impairment, personality changes, altered mentation (memory loss/confusion), focal weakness, paralysis, aphasia, and seizures
vitamin d
help the body absorb and retain calcium and phosphorus; both are critical for building bone can reduce cancer cell growth and help control infections and reduce inflammation
nursing care for CF
helping pt manage pulmonary symptoms and prevent complications; promote removal of pulmonary secretions, CPT and breathing exercises
what does vitamin b12 do
helps keep your body's blood and nerve cells healthy and helps make DNA, the genetic material in all of your cells
vitamin k
helps make various proteins that are needed for blood clotting and the building of bones
what med do you give for DVT
heparin to decrease clotting
s/s of panlobular type of emphysema
hyperexpanded chest, marked dyspnea on extertion, weight loss
a client taking chlorpromazine is preparing to undergo surgery. which of the following complications does the surgical team need to prepare to deal with before anesthetics are administered
hypotension
chlorpromazine may increase what
hypotensive action
since client w obesity tend to have shallow respirations when supine, this increases the risk for what
hypoventilation and postop pulmonary complications (stasis pneumonia)
what can cause AVN
if dislocation or subluxation is not reduced immediately d/t ischemia, which leads to necrosis or death of bone cells
scabies
if the infection has spread, other members of the family and close friends could complain of pruritus about 1 month later
what should the nurse do if the rigid or soft dressing inadvertently comes off
immediately wrap the residual limb w elastic compression bandage
why is it a priority to do a neurovascular assessment on pt with an immobilization device
immobilization devices can cause impaired circulation which leads to permanent damage
immediately after injury w/ suspected fracture, what is the intervention
immobilize body part before pt moves (splinting); joints proximal and distal to fracture also must be immobilized to prevent movement of fractured fragments
what is the most common cause of increased platelet destruction
immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ICP)
possible deficiency outcome of arginine
impaired wound healing
reserpine
impairs synthesis and reuptake of norepinephrine
in status asthmaticus, increasing PaCO2 is a danger sign for what
impending respiratory failure
normal PaCO2 during an asthma attack may be signal of what
impending respiratory failure
what may cause toxic epidermal necrolysis and stevens-johnson syndrome
inappropriate immune reactions to certain drugs
ICOUGHSM
incentive spirometer coughing and deep breathing oral care understanding (pt education) getting out of bed >3x a day HOB elevation
right sided heart failure
increased venous pressure -> jugular vein distention and increased capillary hydrostatic pressure throughout venous system
s/s of DVT
increased warmth, redness, swelling, and calf tenderness
osteomyelitis
infection of bone resulting in inflammation, necrosis, and formation of new bone; can spread to surrounding tissue leading to septicemia then septic shock
chronic bronchitis
inflammation of the bronchi caused by irritants or infection; presence of cough and sputum production for at least a combo of 3 months in 2 consecutive years
contact dermatitis
inflammatory reaction of the skin to physical, chemical, or biological agents
irritant contact dermatitis
inflammatory response of the skin to direct chemical damage that releases mediators predominantly from epidermal cells
prevention for disuse syndrome
instruct pt to tense or contract muscles (isometric muscle contraction) without moving underlying bone
stage 1 pressure ulcer
intact skin with a localized area of non-blanchable erythema
what may cause a pressure injury
intense prolonged pressure and shear forces at the bone-muscle interface
leukotriene inhibitors
interfere with leukotriene synthesis or by blocking receptors where leukotrienes exert their action provide an alternative to inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs) for mild persistent asthma, or may be added to a regimen of ICSs in more sever asthma to attain further control
what problems can hematomas cause
interruption of tissue perfusion risk for infection
since pt's w obesity have a higher rate of subcutaneous fat which increases adipose tissue. Bc of this, this can result in difficulty in what
intravenous access and delayed wound healing at the incision site
what to know about aspirin, clopidogrel, and other meds that inhibit platelet aggregation
it should be prudently discontinued 7=10 days before surgery other wise pt may increase risk for bleeding
how should the patient be positioned after a hip surgery?
kept in abduction by an abductor pillow hips should not be flexed more than 90 degrees HOB should not be elevated more than 60 degrees
what can cause osteoporosis
lack of activity
which ligaments stabilize the knee
lateral and medial collateral ligaments
what are common findings with a fractured hip
leg shortenings internal or external rotation
tibial fracture cast care
leg should be elevated to promote venous return & prevent edema don't cover cast while drying; can cause heat buildup and prevent air circulation no foreign object should be inserted in cast; reduce risk of infection or cutting skin
recommended treatment for pts with elevated bp but aren't diagnosed with hypertension
lifestyle changes
where can you check for cyanosis
lips and earlobes
s/s of spinal cord compression
local inflammation, edema, venous stasis, and impaired blood supply to nerve tissues; pain, neurologic dysfunction, motor loss, bladder/bowel dysfunction
how to remove thick secretions that are difficult to cough
loosened by percussing and vibrating the chest or through use of HFCWO vest; dislodges mucus adhering to bronchioles and bronchi
what is the doctors antiemetic of choice for chemotherapy sickness
lorazepam (ativan)
an older adult pt experienced a fall and required treatment for a fractured hip on the orthopedic unit. which of the following are contributory factors to the incidence of falls and fractured hips among the older adult population
loss of visual activity adverse med effects slowed reflexes muscle weakness
what are the leading causes of cancer deaths in order of frequency?
lung prostate/breast colorectal
a pt has experienced an electrical burn and has developed thick eschar over the burn site. which of the following topical antibacterial agents will the nurse expect the physician to order for the wound
mafenide acetate 10% (sulfamylon) hydrophilic-based cream
what is peak flow monitoring used for
measure asthma and when added to symptom monitoring indicates current degree of asthma control
peak flow meter
measure highest airflow during a forced expiration
what is ejection fraction
measure ventricular contractility; the percentage of the end-diastolic blood volume that's ejected with each heartbeat
what is thrombectomy
mechanical method of clot removal involving an intraluminal catheter with a balloon or other device
what combo of meds is used to relieve asthmatic symptoms and acute exacerbations
medication ipratropium bromide and albuterol sulfate
beers criteria
medication tool used to evaluate falls in older adults
osteomalacia
metabolic bone disease characterized by inadequate mineralization of bone
what causes cystic fibrosis
mutation or dysfunction in the protein cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulators which normally transport chloride ions across epithelia cell membranes
alterations in potassium levels change what
myocardial irritability and rhythm
revascularization of the coronary artery by percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or by coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) may improve what
myocardial oxygenation and ventricular function and prevent more extensive myocardial necrosis that can lead to HF
what is the most common side effect of chemotherapy?
nausea and vomiting (may persist for 24-48 hrs after administration)
arginine (amino acid)
necessary for collagen synthesis and deposition, increase wound strength, and stimulates t-cell response
should you place the residual limb on a pillow
no
adverse effects of furosemide
nocturia and sleep disturbances, especially in those who take second does in evening, which can cause diuresis at night
pressure injury (ulcers)
non blanchable deep red, maroon or purple discoloration; dark wound bed or blood filled blister
radionuclide imaging studies
noninvasive tests that use radioisotopes to evaluate coronary artery perfusion, detect myocardial ischemia and infarction, and/or assess left ventricular function
echocardiogram
noninvasive ultrasounds test that is used to measure the ejection fraction and examine the size, shape and motion of cardiac structures
goal for pt with ICP
normalization of respiration, adequate cerebral tissue perfusion through reducing ICP, restoration of fluid balance, absence of infection and absence of complications
your pt is receiving carmustine, a chemotherapy agent. a significant side effect of this med is thrombocytopenia. which symptom would the nurse assess for in patients at risk for thrombocytopenia
nose bleed
during admission history the client reports to the nurse of taking usual dose of warfarin the previous day. the appropriate nursing action is
notify the surgeon that the client took warfarin the day before surgery
s/s of peroneal nerve injury
numbness, tingling, and burning in the feet
fifth rule of wound care: practice
nurse should practice dressing techniques in order to be up to date with current practices
fourth rule of wound care: evolution
nurse should reassess the type of dressing being used during the course of therapy as the wound heals
first rule of wound care: categorization
nurse should review clinical indications for wound care
second rule of wound care: selection
nurse should select proper materials to use in the care/management of wounds
nursing intervention for septicemia
o2 therapy, antibiotics, antipyretics, fluid replacement
unstageable pressure ulcer
obscured full-thickness skin and tissue loss; extent of tissue damage within ulcer can't be confirmed d/t obscure slough/eschar
what is fat embolism syndrome
occur when fat emboli enter circulation following orthopedic trauma, especially long bone and pelvic fractures
septic arthritis
occur when joints become infected through spread of infection from other parts of body or directly through trauma or surgical instrumentation
superior vena cava syndrome
occurs when there's gradual or sudden impaired venous drainage
who is at greatest risk for septic arthritis
old people; particularly those 80+, people w/ comorbid conditions like diabetes, RA, skin infection, or alcoholism, people w/ hx of joint replacement/joint surgery or IV drug abuse
diabetic foot ulcers have a high potential of progressing to what
osteomyelitis
risks for open fracture
osteomyelitis, tetanus, and gas gangrene
respiratory acidosis
pH is less than 7.35 and PaCO2 is greater than 45
phantom pain
pain or other discomfort, like burning, tingling, throbbing, or itching
s/s of osteomalacia
pain, tenderness to touch, bowing of bones, pathologic fractures
priority nursing intervention postop knee surgery
palpate distal pulse (if weak use doppler) -> if weak and thready, check vitals, cap refill, remove bandage to assess, check for edema
a nurse is caring for a 6-y/o pt with CF. in order to enhance the child's nutritional status, what intervention should most likely be included in the plan of care?
pancreatic enzyme supplementation with meals
nearly 90% of clients with CF have what
pancreatic exocrine insufficiency and require oral oral pancreatic enzyme supplementation with meals
stage 2 pressure injury
partial-thickness loss of skin with exposed dermis break in skin that may drain
fat embolism syndrome
particles of fat get into your bloodstream and block blood flow
centrilobular (centrocinar)
pathologic changes take place mainly in the center of the secondary lobule, preserving the peripheral portions of the acinus
what does the ECG look like for pt with hyperkalemia
peaked narrow T wave; if levels continue to rise, eventually P wave is absent and QRS complex widens
biopsies for skin
performed on skin nodules, plaques, blisters, ulcers, and other lesions to rule out malignancy and establish diagnosis
ventriculography
performed to evaluate the size and function of the left ventricle
prazosin
peripheral vasodilator acting directly on the blood vessels
s/s of fat embolism syndrome
petechial rash, decreased LOC, and SOB
what would happen if the subcutaneous emphysema spread so severely, the air patency is threatened by pressure of the trapped air on the trachea
place a tracheostomy
pts who smoke are more likely to experience what
poor wound healing, higher incidence of SSI, and complications that include VTE and PNA
prevention for peroneal nerve injury
position pt sitting at 90 degree angle in wheelchair with feet on foot rests or flat on floor
Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis and Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
potentially fatal acute skin disorders characterized by widespread erythema and macule formation with blistering, resulting in epidermal detachment or sloughing and erosion formation
which adrenergic inhibitor acts directly on the blood vessels, producing vasodilation?
prazosin
what is compartment syndrome
pressure buildup from internal bleeding/swelling of tissues
goal of hypertension treatment
prevent complications and death by maintaining a bp lower than 130/80
CS treatment
prevent exacerbations in adults
a nurse is admitting a client with toxic epidermal necrolysis. what is the nursing priority in preventing sepsis
prevent infection
objective management for open fracture
prevent infection of wound, soft tissue, and bone, to promote healing of bone and soft tissue
what is the nursing priority with a client that's having a seizure
prevent injury by applying pads on the side rails of a bed to minimize injury
antihistamine use for cancer patients
prevent nausea and vomiting
an obese pt is scheduled for open abdominal surgery. what priority education should the nurse provide this patient?
prevention of respiratory complications
nursing intervention for CRPS
primary objective is physical functional maintenance or recovery of physical function pain management
osteocalcin needs vitamin k for
production of healthy bone tissue
pulmonary manifestations of CF
productive cough, wheezing, hyperinflation of the lung fields on chest x-ray, pulmonary function test results consistent with obstructive disease of the airways
chest physiotherapy
promote airway drainage
treatment for bronchiectasis
promote bronchial drainage, clear excessive secretions from the affected portion of the lungs, and to prevent or control infection and inflammation
nursing intervention after surgery for malignant melanoma
promote comfort, because wide excision surgery may be needed analgesics
what is clopidogrel used for
protects you from having stroke
primary goal of hospice care
provide support to client and family
d/c planning
pt must be able to perform transfers and use mobility aids safely
why are chest x-rays contraindicated in pregnant women
pt must be able to take a deep breath and hold it without discomfort, while the technician takes the images
post knee surgery priorities
pt should ambulate/mobilize knee by first postop day acute rehab 1-2 weeks total recovery 6 weeks or longer
a pt who has been experiencing numerous episodes of unexplained headaches and vomiting has subsequently been referred for testing to rule out a brain tumor. what characteristic of the pt's vomiting is most consistent with a brain tumor?
pt's vomiting is unrelated to food intake.
who is at risk for atelectasis
pts with decreased mobility
left-sided heart failure
pulmonary congestion occurs when the left ventricle cannot effectively pump blood out of the ventricle into the aorta and the systemic circulation
process of postural drainage
recommend sequence starts with positions to drain the lower loves followed by positions to drain upper lobe and the client needs to remain in each position for 10-15 mins; client should cough to remove secretions
clopidogrel
reduce ability of the platelets to stick together and reduce risk of clot formation
status asthmaticus
reduced PaCO2 and initial respiratory alkalosis, with a decreased PaCO2 and an increased pH
what is complex regional pain syndrome
regional pain in a limb that's disproportionate
Metaproterenol
relief of acute symptoms; quick-relief medication for asthma preventative treatment for exercise-induced bronchospasm
treatment for pressure injury
relieve pressure, improve mobility, maintain skin integrity, improve sensory perception, improve tissue perfusion, improve nutritional status, minimize friction and shear forces, dry surfaces in contact with skin, heal pressure injury
amputation
removal of a body part by a surgical procedure or trauma
treatment for stage 1 ulcer
remove pressure to increase tissue perfusion, nutrition, fluid/electrolyte balance, friction/shear reduces, and avoid skin moisture debride
how often should the pt do the diaphragmatic breathing
repeat 15 times after each group of 5 snd practice twice a day before surgery
status asthmaticus can lead to PaCO2 increasing and pH decreasing, which reflects what
respiratory acidosis
the nurse, caring for a pt with emphysema, understands that airflow limitations are not reversible. the end result of deterioration is
respiratory acidosis
what is the most common early finding in pts with an ongoing asthma axacerbation
respiratory alkalosis d/t hyperventilation
an obese client has an increased susceptibility for what complication, and what is the priority intervention for it
respiratory complication; maintain a patent airway
the nurse recognizes that the client who takes hydrochlorothiazide to manage hypertension is predisposed for which interaction with anesthesia
respiratory depression
what happens if hydrochloriazide and anesthetics interact
respiratory depression
when giving narcotics (morphine) postop, what should you assess
respiratory depression and BP
hydrochlorothiazide (hydrodiuril) may cause what
respiratory depression resulting from an associated electrolyte imbalance during anesthesia
clients with COPD are more susceptible to what
respiratory infections so they should be encouraged to receive the influenza and pneumococcal vaccine
left-sided heart failure leads to
right sided heart failure
immediately after a thoracentesis, a client's right lung collapses. a chest tube is inserted and is attached to a three-chamber closed drainage system. what does the nurse assess about the fluid when the chest tube is functioning properly
rises in the tube of water seal chamber during inspiration
warfarin (coumadin) can increase what
risk of bleeding during intraop and postop
most common cause of septic arthritis
s aureus
treatment for stage 2 ulcer
same as stage 1; also gently clean wound w sterile saline solution, semipermeable occlusive dressings, hydrocolloid wafers, or wet saline dressings to minimize loss of fluid and protein
treatment for stage 3 ulcers
same as stage 1; debride (wet to damp), prep for procedure, administer analgesics
clinical manifestations of status asthmaticus
same as those seen in severe asthma labored breathing, prolonged exhalation, distended neck veins, and wheezing
what is the major cause of death from toxic epidermal necrolysis from
sepsis
clinical manifestations of CRPS
severe burning pain, local edema, hyperesthesia, stiffness, discoloration, vasomotor of skin changes and trophic changes (glossy, shiny skin, and changes in hair and nail growth)
s/s of compartment syndrome
severe edema of extremity, pain, decreased sensation
spinal cord compression may potentially lead to what
significant and permanent neurologic impairment associated with multiple physical, psychosocial consequences
s/s of hyperkalemia
skeletal muscle weakness and even paralysis, related to a depolarization block in the muscle, therefore ventricular conduction is slowed
anticoagulant
slow blood clotting time, helping to prevent thrombi and emboli
where do brain metastasis originate from
somewhere else in the body (lungs or breast)
while a pt is receiving IV doxorubicin hydrochloride for the treatment of cancer, the nurse observes swelling and pain at the IV site. the nurse should prioritize what action
stop the administration of the drug immediately
to help prevent infections in clients with COPD, the nurse should recommend vaccinations against two bacterial organisms. which of the following are the two vaccines
streptococcus pneumonia and haemophilus influenzae
nursing consideration for mafenide acetate 10% hydrophilic-based cream
strong carbonic anhydrase inhibitor and may cause metabolic acidosis, application may be initially painful
what is erythema
superficial reddening of the skin, usually patches, as a result of injury or irritation causing dilation of blood capillaries
the nurse is caring for a pt with an advanced stage of breast cancer and the pt has recently learned that her cancer has metastasized. the nurse enters the room and finds the pt struggling to breathe and the nurse's rapid assessment reveals that the pt's jugular veins are distended. the nurse should suspect the development of what oncologic emergency?
superior vena cava syndrome
what may cause a subcutaneous emphysema
surgery, trauma, infection or spontaneous etiologies
treatment for stage 4 ulcer
surgical intervention
what is a fasciectomy
surgical procedure where the fascia is cut to relieve tension or pressure to treat loss of circulation to an area of tissue or muscle
obesity is associated with increased in what
surgical site infection and joint replacement failure
the nurse is teaching the client about use of the pictured item with a metered-dose inhaler. what instructions should the nurse include in the teaching?
take a slow, deep inhalation from the device activate the MDI once the device may increase delivery of the MDI med
s/s of a pressure injury
temp. change, discoloration
when the knee is struck medially, damage may occur where
the lateral collateral ligament
if the knee is struck laterally, damage may occur where
the medial collateral ligament
a nurse is preparing a presentation for a local senior citizen group about skin care and changes that occur with aging. the nurse plans to include measures to reduce the risk of minor trauma based on the understanding about which of the following
the thinning of the epidermal-dermal junction promotes shearing
what is cystic fibrosis
thick, vicious secretions in the lungs, pancreas, liver, intestine, and reproductive tract as well as increased salt content in sweat gland secretions
what cellular changes occur with aging
thinning at junction of dermis and epidermis leading to fewer anchoring sites between two skin layers
solumedrol
this med is used to treat conditions like arthritis, blood disorders, severe allergic reactions, certain cancers, eye conditions, skin/kidney/intestinal/lung diseases, and immune system disorders
surgical procedure for DVT
thrombectomy
what are factors that increase risk of bleeding
thrombocytopenia, elevated INR/PT/PTT, decreased fibrinogen or other clotting factors, use of meds affecting platelets or others
why should the neurovascular status distal to the injury be assessed before and after splinting
to determine the adequacy of peripheral tissue perfusion and nerve function
why should prescribed bronchodilators, mucolytic agents, water, or saline may be nebulized and inhaled before postural drainage
to dilate bronchioles, reduce bronchospasm, decrease thickness of mucus and sputum, and combat edema of the bronchial walls
why is the client instructed to breathe slowly through the nose and out through pursed lips during postural drainage
to help keep the airways open so that secretions can drain
why perform postural drainage before meals
to prevent nausea, vomiting, and aspiration
why are pts who smoke urged to stop 4-8 weeks before surgery
to reduce pulmonary and wound healing complications
which of the following are risk factors for the development of COPD
tobacco smoke occupational dust air pollution infection second-hand smoke
risk factors for COPD
tobacco smoke, environmental tobacco smoke, occupational dust and chemicals, indoor and outdoor air pollution, and infection
clients with BMI greater than 45 are significantly increase risk for what
total joint replacement failure and postop infection
silver dressing
treat wound infection
SABA
used for times of exacerbation for prompt relief of airflow obstruction
small volume nebulizer
used to administer corticosteroids in addition to other meds. slow tidal breathing with occasional deep breaths and administers the med through a tight face mask which is ideal for clients unable to use a mouthpiece
antiemetics
used to treat nausea and vomiting d/t chemo
echcardiogram
usually performed to confirm the diagnosis of HF, identify the underlying cause, and determine the EF, which helps identify the type and severity of HF
what do you monitor for toxic epidermal necrolysis
v/s and changes in respiratory, kidney, and GI function to detect beginning of an infection
what do the wound beds look like for stage 2 ulcer
viable, pink/red, moist and may look intact or like ruptured serum-filled blister
s/s of stage 3 ulcer
visible adipose, granulation tissue, and epibole (rolled wound edges), slough/eschar, undermining tunneling
a client with chronic HF is receiving digoxin 0.25 mg by mouth daily and furosemide 20 mg by mouth twice daily. the nurse should assess the client for what sign of digoxin toxicity
visual disturbances
why are older adults more susceptible to falls
weak quad muscles, medication effects, vision loss, and slowed reflexes
lifestyle changes for DVT
weight loss smoking cessation regular exercise
+1 pitting edema
when a depression is barely detectable on release of thumb pressure and when foot and leg contours are normal
subcutaneous emphysema
when air is escaping into the chest wall from a damaged lung
septicemia
when bacteria get into the bloodstream and spreads
septic shock
when infection gets so severe, it affects body systems
process of congestive heart failure
when left ventricle fails, increased fluid pressure is transferred back through the lungs which damages right side of the heart when right side loses pumping power, blood backs up into the body's venous system, causing swelling or congestion in the legs, ankles, and swelling within the abdomen (GI tract and liver)
how can injury occur to the lateral and medial ligaments
when the foot is firmly planted and the knee is struck; medially- causing stretching and tearing injury to the LCL, laterally-causing stretching and tearing to the MCL
risks associated with UPH
wound infections, pain, coagulation disorders, and cardiac complications
cruciate ligament injury
•ACL / PCL; forward / backward force •"pop" & swelling
