CNPS 365: C9: Behavioural Therapy

Once clients' goals have been assessed, what happens in behavioural therapy?

Once clients' goals have been assessed, specific behaviors are targeted. The goal of reinforcement, whether positive or negative, is to increase the target behavior.

Mindfulness

the awareness that emerges through having attention on purpose, in the present moment, and nonjudgmentally, to the unfolding of experience moment by moment". In mindfulness practice, clients train themselves to intentionally focus on their "present experience with acceptance

What are behaviours influenced by according to operant conditioning?

the consequences that occur after the behaviour

Explain anxiety hierarchy as a step of desensitization

therapist then works with the client to develop an anxiety hierarchy for each of the identified areas Stimuli that elicit anxiety in a particular area are analyzed, such as rejection, jealousy, criticism, disapproval, or any phobia. The therapist constructs a ranked list of situations that elicit increasing degrees of anxiety or avoidance. The hierarchy is arranged in order from the most anxiety-provoking situation the client can imagine down to the situation that evokes the least anxiety. Ex. If it has been determined that the client has anxiety related to fear of rejection, for example, the highest anxiety-producing situation might be rejection by the spouse, next, rejection by a close friend, and then rejection by a coworker.

Explain relaxation training as a step of desensitization

therapist uses a quiet, soft, and pleasant voice to teach progressive muscular relaxation client is asked to create imagery of previously relaxing situations The client is instructed to practice relaxation both as a part of the desensitization procedure and also outside the session on a daily basis.

Mindfulness and Acceptance-Based Approaches and what are the themes of these approaches?

third generation (or "third wave") of behavior therapy Third-generation behavior therapies center around five interrelated core themes: (1) an expanded view of psychological health, (2) a broad view of acceptable outcomes in therapy, (3) acceptance, (4) mindfulness (5) creating a life worth living

social learning approach/social-cognitive theory

we learn about many behaviors by observing the behaviors of others developed by Albert Bandura and Richard Walters interactional, interdisciplinary, and multimodal involves a triadic reciprocal interaction among the environment, personal fac- tors (beliefs, preferences, expectations, self-perceptions, and interpretations), and individual behavior.

Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)

blend of behavioural and psychoanalytic techniques for treating borderline personality disorders Emphasizes the importance of the psychotherapeutic relationship, validation of the client, the etiologic importance of the client having experienced an "invalidating environment" as a child, and confrontation of resistance DBT treatment includes both acceptance, mindfulness and change-oriented strategies DBT teaches clients to recognize and accept the existence of simultaneous, opposing forces.

What is the basic assumption about people's behaviour change according to behaviour therapy?

A basic assumption is that people are capable of self-directed behavior change and that the person is the agent of change.

Explain how operant conditioning is used in behavioural therapy

Once clients' goals have been assessed, specific behaviors are targeted. The goal of reinforcement, whether positive or negative, is to increase the target behavior.

Four Areas of Development Behavior Therapy

(1) classical conditioning, (2) operant conditioning, (3) social-cognitive theory (4) cognitive behavior therapy.

What are the basic steps of self-management programs

1. Selecting goals 2. Translating goals into target behaviours 3. Self-monitoring. 4. Working out a plan for change 5. Evaluating an action plan

Explain the client's relationship with a reinforcing stimulus

The client MUST value the reinforcing stimulus, otherwise, they will not be motivated to continue behaving in the desired way

What is the A in the ABC model?

A = antecedent events These events cue or elicit a certain behaviour. Ex. With a client who has trouble going to sleep, listening to a relaxation tape may serve as a cue for sleep induction. Turning off the lights and removing the television from the bedroom may elicit sleep behaviors as well.

What are the Seven key characteristics define behavior therapy and its assumption?

1. Behavior therapy is based on the principles and procedures of the scientific method. 2. Behavior is not limited to overt actions a person engages in that we can observe 3. Behavior therapy deals with the client's current problems and the factors influencing them 4. Clients involved in behavior therapy are expected to assume an active role 5. This approach assumes that change can take place without insight into underlying dynamics 6. Assessment is an ongoing process of observation and self-monitoring that focuses on the current determinants of behavior 7. Behavioral treatment interventions are individually tailored to specific problems experienced by the client.

Limitations and Criticisms of Behavior Therapy

1. Behavior therapy may change behaviors, but it does not change feelings 2. Behavior therapy does not provide insight 3. Behavior therapy treats symptoms rather than causes 4.

Explain Client's Experience in Behavioural Therapy

1. Both therapist and client have clearly defined roles, and the importance of client awareness and participation in the therapeutic process is stressed. 2. The client engages in behavioral rehearsal with feedback until skills are well learned and generally receives active homework assignments 3. It is important for clients to be motivated to change, and they are expected to cooperate in carrying out therapeutic activities, both during therapy sessions and in everyday life. 4. If clients are not involved in this way, the chances are slim that therapy will be successful. 5. Clients are encouraged to experiment for the purpose of enlarging their repertoire of adaptive behaviors.

Progressive muscle relaxation involves several components. What are they?

1. Clients are given a set of instructions that teaches them to relax 2. They assume a passive and relaxed position in a quiet environment while alternately contracting and relaxing muscles. 3. At the same time clients learn to mentally "let go," perhaps by focusing on pleasant thoughts or images. 4. Clients are instructed to actually feel and experience the tension building up in muscles. The client is then taught how to relax all the muscles while visualizing the various parts of the body, with emphasis on the facial muscles

What are the 6 functions of behavioural therapists?

1. directive and often offer suggestions 2. strives to understand the function of client behaviors (how certain behaviors originated and how they are sustained) 3. formulates initial treatment goals and designs and implements treatment plan to accomplish goals. 4. uses strategies that have research support for use with a particular kind of problem 5. evaluates success of change plan by measuring progress toward goals throughout the duration of treatment 6. Follow-up assessments are conducted to evaluate whether the changes are durable over time.

Explain strengths of behaviour therapy from a multicultural perspective

1. does not generally place emphasis on experiencing catharsis (which is sometimes opposed to client's cultural and ethnic values) 2. Clients who are looking for action plans and specific behavioral change are likely to cooperate with this approach because they can see that it offers them concrete methods for dealing with their problems of living. 3. focuses on environmental conditions that contribute to problems 4. Social and political influences can play a significant role in the lives of people of color through discriminatory practices and economic problems

Explain shortcomings of behaviour therapy from a multicultural perspective

1. therapists need to become more responsive to specific issues pertaining to all forms of diversity. Because race, gender, ethnicity, and sexual orientation are critical variables that influence therapy, it is essential that behavior therapists pay careful attention to these factors and address social justice issues as they arise in a client's therapy 2. Instead of viewing clients in the context of their sociocultural environment, practitioners concentrate too much on problems within the individual.

Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR)

8- to 10-week group program that applies mindfulness techniques to coping with stress and promoting physical and psychological health Believes that much of our distress and suffering results from continually wanting things to be different from how they actually are. Thus, MBSR assists people in learning how to live more fully in the present rather than ruminating about the past or being overly concerned about the future

Explain Working out a plan for change as a step of self-management programs

A good plan involves substituting new thoughts and behaviors for ineffective thoughts and behaviors. Devise an action program to bring about actual changes that are in line with your goals. Choose a self-reinforcement system. Discover and select reinforcers to use until the new behaviors have been implemented in everyday life. Practice the new behaviors you want to acquire or refine, and take steps to ensure that the gains made will be maintained.

Multimodal therapy

A model endorsing technical eclecticism; uses procedures drawn from various sources without necessarily subscribing to the theories behind these techniques; developed by Arnold Lazarus. Multimodal therapy is a comprehensive, systematic, holistic approach to behavior therapy developed by the late Arnold Lazarus grounded in social cognitive learning theory It is an open system that encourages technical eclecticism in that it applies diverse behavioral tech- niques from a variety of theories to a wide range of problems

A strength of the behavioral approaches is the development of specific therapeutic procedures that must be shown to be ______.

A strength of the behavioral approaches is the development of specific therapeutic procedures that must be shown to be effective through objective means. therapeutic techniques are empirically supported and evidence-based practice is highly valued. The therapeutic procedures used by behavior therapists are specifically designed for a particular client rather than being randomly selected from a "bag of techniques."

Explain the process of systematic desensitization

A three- step process is carried out in the desensitization process: (1) relaxation training (2) development of a graduated anxiety hierarchy (3) systematic desensitization through presentation of hierarchy items while the client is in a deeply relaxed state

Therapist's Function and Role in behaviour therapy

Behavior therapists conduct a thorough functional assessment (or behavioral analysis) to identify the maintaining conditions by systematically gathering information about In doing a behavioral assessment interview, the therapist's task is to identify the particular antecedent and consequent events that influence, or are functionally related to, an individual's behavior

Explain this limitation of behaviour therapy: Behavior therapy involves control and social influence by the therapist

All therapists have a power relationship with the client and thus therapy involves social influence the ethical issue relates to the therapist's degree of awareness of this influence and how it is addressed in therapy.

Explain how positive punishment is used in behaviour therapy

Another way behavior is controlled is through punishment, sometimes referred to as aversive control, in which the consequences of a certain behavior result in a decrease of that behavior. - the goal of punishment is to decrease target behavior. In positive punishment an aversive stimulus is added after the behavior to decrease the frequency of a behavior (such as a time- out procedure with a child who is displaying misbehavior). Ex. time- out procedure with a child who is displaying misbehavior

Explain this key characteristic of behavioural therapy: Assessment is an ongoing process of observation and self-monitoring that focuses on the current determinants of behavior

Assessment is an ongoing process of observation and self-monitoring that focuses on the current determinants of behavior, including identifying the problem and evaluating the change. Assessment informs the treatment process and involves attending to the culture of clients as part of their social environments, including social support networks relating to target behaviors.

What is the B in the ABC Model?

B = Behaviour (the dimensions of the problem behavior)

What needs to happen before systematic desensitization?

Before implementing the desensitization procedure, the therapist conducts an initial interview to identify spe- cific information about the anxiety and to gather relevant background information about the client. The therapist questions the client about the particular circumstances that elicit the conditioned fears Ex. For instance, under what circumstances does the client feel anxious? If the client is anxious in social situations, does the anxiety vary with the number of people present? Is the client more anxious with women or men?

Explain this key characteristic of behavioural therapy: Behavior is not limited to overt actions a person engages in that we can observe

Behavior is not limited to overt actions a person engages in that we can observe, however; behavior also includes internal processes such as cognitions, images, beliefs, and emotions The key characteristic of a behavior is that it is something that can be operationally defined.

Explain this key characteristic of behavioural therapy: Behavior therapy deals with the client's current problems and the factors influencing them

Behavior therapy deals with the client's current problems and the factors influencing them today rather than analyzing possible historical determinants. Emphasis is on specific factors that influence present functioning and what factors can be used to modify performance Behavior therapists look to the current environmental events that maintain problem behaviors and help clients produce behavior change by changing environmental events, through a process called functional assessment

What has behavior therapy been used for?

Behavior therapy has been used to treat a wide range of psychological disorders with specific client populations. Anxiety disorders, depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, substance abuse, eating and weight disorders, sexual problems, pain management, and hypertension have all been successfully treated using this approach

Explain this key characteristic of behavioural therapy: Behavior therapy is based on the principles and procedures of the scientific method.

Behavior therapy is based on the principles and procedures of the scientific method. Experimentally derived principles of learning are systematically applied to help people change their maladaptive behaviors. The distinguishing characteristic of behavioral practitioners is their systematic adherence to precision and to empirical evaluation.

Explain the relationship between the therapist and client in behavioural therapy

Behavioral practitioners have increasingly recognized the role of the therapeutic relationship and therapist behavior as critical factors related to the process and outcome of treatment most behavioral practitioners stress the value of establishing a collaborative working relationship with clients but contend that warmth, empathy, authenticity, permissiveness, and acceptance are necessary, but not sufficient, for behavior change to occur.

Explain this key characteristic of behavioural therapy: Behavioral treatment interventions are individually tailored to specific problems experienced by the client

Behavioral treatment interventions are individually tailored to specific problems experienced by the client. Several therapy techniques may be used to treat an individual client's problems. An important question that serves as a guide for this choice is, "What treatment, by whom, is the most effective for this individual with that specific problem and under which set of circumstances?"

Behaviorists believe we respond in _____ (predictable/unpredictable) ways. Explain this

Behaviorists believe we respond in predictable ways because of the gains we experience (positive reinforcement) or because of the need to escape or avoid unpleasant consequences (negative reinforcement) The predictability of behaviour is related to operant conditioning according to behaviour therapy

Explain functional assessment (behavioural analysis) conducted by behavioural therapists

Behaviour therapists conduct a thorough functional assessment (or behavioral analysis) to identify the maintaining conditions by systematically gathering information about: A. situational antecedents B. the dimensions of the problem behaviour C. Consequences of the behaviour This is known as the ABC model and the goal of a functional assessment of a client's behavior is to under- stand the ABC sequence.

What is the ABC model?

Behaviour therapists conduct a thorough functional assessment (or behavioral analysis) to identify the maintaining conditions by systematically gathering information about: A. situational antecedents B. the dimensions of the problem behaviour C. Consequences of the behaviour This is known as the ABC model and the goal of a functional assessment of a client's behavior is to under- stand the ABC sequence. This model of behavior suggests that behavior (B) is influenced by some particular events that precede it, called antecedents (A), and by certain events that follow it, called consequences (C).

Explain application of behaviour therapy to group counselling

Behavioural group therapy incorporates classical behavioural therapy treatment principles rooted in classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and social learning theory. Group-based behavioral approaches emphasize teaching clients self-management skills and a range of new coping behaviors, as well as how to restructure their thoughts.

What is the C in the ABC Model?

C = consequences consequences are events that maintain a behavior in some way, either by increasing or decreasing it. Ex. a client may be more likely to return to counseling after the counselor offers verbal praise or encouragement for having come in or for having completed some homework. A client may be less likely to return if the counselor is consistently late to sessions

Explain this key characteristic of behavioural therapy: Clients involved in behavior therapy are expected to assume an active role

Clients involved in behavior therapy are expected to assume an active role by engaging in specific actions to deal with their problems Rather than simply talking about their condition, clients are required to do something to bring about change. Clients monitor their behaviors both during and outside the therapy sessions, learn and practice coping skills, and role-play new behavior

Explain behaviour therapy view of human behaviour and science

Contemporary behavior therapy is grounded on a scientific view of human behavior that accommodates a systematic and structured approach to counseling.

Explain Self-monitoring as a step of self-management programs

Deliberately and systematically observe your own behavior. Keep behavioral diary where you record your actions, thoughts, and feelings. Diary can help you identify what you need to change.

Explain Evaluating an action plan as a step of self-management programs

Evaluate the plan for change to determine whether goals are being achieved, and adjust and revise the plan as other ways to meet goals are learned. ' Evaluation is an ongoing process rather than a one- time occurrence, and self-change is a lifelong practice.

T/F: Systematic desensitization is among the least empirically supported therapy methods available, especially for the treatment of anxiety.

False Systematic desensitization is among the most empirically supported therapy methods available, especially for the treatment of anxiety.

T/F: using exposure as a single treatment procedure is typically sufficient.

False The repeated success of exposure therapy in treating various disorders has resulted in exposure being used as a part of most behavioral treatments for anxiety disorders. However, using exposure as a single treatment procedure is not always sufficient.

Explain systematic desensitization as a step of desensitization

Final step Desensitization does not begin until several sessions after the initial interview has been completed. Enough time is allowed for clients to learn relaxation in therapy sessions, to practice it at home, and to construct their anxiety hierarchy The desensitization process begins with the client reaching complete relaxation with eyes closed. If the client remains relaxed, he or she is asked to imagine the least anxiety-arousing scene on the hierarchy of situations that has been developed. The therapist moves progressively up the hierarchy until the client signals that he or she is experiencing anxiety, at which time the scene is terminated. Relaxation is then induced again, and the scene is reintroduced again until little anxiety is experienced to it Treatment ends when the client is able to remain in a relaxed state while imagining the scene that was formerly the most disturbing and anxiety-producing

In Vivo Exposure

Form of exposure therapy involves client exposure to the actual anxiety-evoking events rather than simply imagining these situations Together, the therapist and the client generate a hierarchy of situations for the client to encounter in ascending order of difficulty. In vivo exposure involves repeated systematic exposure to fear items, beginning from the bottom of the hierarchy. Clients carry out self-directed exposure exercises between sessions and in some cases the therapist may accompany clients as they encounter feared situations. Ex. a therapist could go with clients in an elevator if they had pho- bias of using elevators.

Flooding

Form of exposure therapy refers to either in vivo or imaginal exposure to anxiety-evoking stimuli for a prolonged period of time. even though the client experiences anxiety during the exposure, the feared consequences do not occur. Remaining exposed to feared stimuli for a prolonged period without engaging in any anxiety-reducing behaviors allows the anxiety to decrease on its own. In flooding, clients are prevented from engaging in their usual maladaptive responses to anxiety-arousing situations.

Explain ethical considerations of exposure therapy

From an ethical perspective, clients should have adequate information about prolonged and intense exposure therapy before agreeing to participate. Clients need to make informed decisions after considering the pros and cons of subjecting themselves to temporarily stressful aspects of treatment. Clients should be informed that they can terminate exposure if they experience a high level of anxiety.

What are the importance of goals in behaviour therapy?

Goals occupy a place of central importance in behavior therapy

Explain Selecting goals as a step of self-management programs

Goals should be established one at a time, measurable, attainable, positive, realistic and significant for you.

Explain Translating goals into target behaviors as a step of self-management programs

Identify behaviors targeted for change. Once targets for change are selected, anticipate obstacles and think of ways to negotiate them.

What is the role of the therapist in behavioural assessment?

In doing a behavioral assessment interview, the therapist's task is to identify the particular antecedent and consequent events that influence, or are functionally related to, an individual's behavior

Explain how negative punishment is used in behaviour therapy

In negative punishment a reinforcing stimulus is removed following the behav- ior to decrease the frequency of a target behavior Ex. deducting money from a worker's salary for missing time at work

Explain this limitation of behaviour therapy: Behavior therapy does not provide insight

It is possible for therapy to proceed without a client knowing how change is taking place. Although change may be taking place, clients often cannot explain precisely why.

Operant conditioning

One of four areas of development in behavioural therapy a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher Most of the significant responses we make in everyday life are examples of operant behaviors, such as reading, writing, driving a car, and eating with utensils.

classical conditioning

One of four areas of development in behavioural therapy a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events Ex. Desensitization can be applied to people who, through classical conditioning, developed an intense fear of flying after having a frightening experience while flying.

What is unique about the therapists' role in behavioural therapy?

One of the unique contributions of behavior therapy is that it provides the therapist with a well-defined system of procedures to employ.

Positive reinforcement in behaviour therapy. When is this used?

Positive reinforcement involves the addition of something of value to the individual (such as praise, attention, money, or food) as a consequence of certain behavior. The stimulus that follows the behavior is the positive reinforcer. Ex. a child earns excellent grades and is praised for studying by her parents. When the goal of a program is to decrease or eliminate undesirable behaviors, positive reinforcement is often used to increase the frequency of more desirable behaviors, which replace undesirable behaviors

Explain controversy over using punishment in therapy What principle has this led to regarding punishment?

Some behavioral practitioners are opposed to using aversive control or punish- ment and recommended substituting positive reinforcement. The key principle in the applied behavior analysis approach is to use the least aversive means possible to change behavior, and positive reinforcement is known to be the most powerful change agent.

Explain this limitation of behaviour therapy: Behavior therapy may change behaviors, but it does not change feelings

Some critics argue that feelings must change before behavior can change. A general criticism of both the behavioral and the cognitive approaches is that clients are not encouraged to experience their emotions In concentrating on how clients are behaving or thinking, some behavior therapists tend to play down the working through of emotional issues.

Self-Management Programs and Self-Directed Behavior

The basic idea of self-management assessments and interventions is that change can be brought about by teaching people to use coping skills in problematic situations. self-management strategies include teaching clients how to select realistic goals, how to translate these goals into target behaviors, how to create an action plan for change, and ways to self-monitor and evaluate their actions In self-management programs people make decisions concerning specific behaviors they want to control or change.

Explain how goals are set in behaviour therapy. Are these goals monitored?

The client, with the help of the therapist, defines specific treatment goals at the outset of the therapeutic process Contemporary behavior therapy stresses clients' active role in formulating specific measurable goals. Goals must be clear, concrete, understood, and agreed on by the client and the counselor. a formal assessment takes place prior to treatment to determine behaviors that are targets of change. Continual assessment throughout therapy determines the degree to which identified goals are being met.

What is the current trend in behavioural therapy?

The current trend in behavior therapy is toward developing procedures that give control to clients and thus increase their range of freedom

What are the Therapeutic Goals of behaviour therapy?

The general goals of behavior therapy are to increase personal choice and to create new conditions for learning

Behavioral group therapy has some unique characteristics that set it apart from most of the other group approaches.

The specific unique characteristics of behavioral group therapy include (1) conducting a behavioral assessment, (2) precisely spelling out collaborative treatment goals, (3) formulating a specific treatment procedure appropriate to a particular problem (4) objectively evaluating the outcomes of therapy. Behavioral group leaders assume the role of teacher and encourage members to learn and practice skills in the group that they can apply to everyday living.

Explain this key characteristic of behavioural therapy: This approach assumes that change can take place without insight into underlying dynamics

This approach assumes that change can take place without insight into underlying dynamics and without understanding the origins of a psychological problem Behavior therapists operate on the premise that changes in behavior can occur prior to or simultaneously with understanding of oneself, and that behavioral changes may well lead to an increased level of self-understanding.

When does systematic desensitization end?

Treatment ends when the client is able to remain in a relaxed state while imagining the scene that was formerly the most disturbing and anxiety-producing

Explain this limitation of behaviour therapy: Behavior therapy treats symptoms rather than causes

Unless historical causes of present behavior are therapeutically explored new symptoms will soon take the place of those that were "cured." Behaviorists rebut this assertion on both theoretical and empirical grounds

acceptance

a process involving receiving one's present experience without judgment or preference, but with curiosity and kindness, and striving for full aware- ness of the present moment. By replacing judgment, criticism, and avoid- ance with acceptance, the likely result is increased adaptive functioning

cognitive behavior therapy (cbt)

a structured approach to treatment that attempts to reduce psychological disorders through systematic procedures based on cognitive and behavioral principles operates on the assumption that what people believe influences how they act and feel represents the mainstream of contemporary behavior therapy and is a popular theoretical orientation among psychologists.

Progressive muscle relaxation

a technique of learning to relax by focusing on relaxing each of the body's muscle groups in turn method of teaching people to cope with the stresses produced by daily living. easily learned

social skills training

a therapy approach that helps people learn or improve social skills and assertiveness through role playing and rehearsing of desirable behaviors a broad category that deals with an individual's ability to interact effectively with others in various social situations; it is used to help clients develop and achieve skills in interpersonal competence involves various behavioral techniques such as psychoeducation, modeling, behavior rehearsal, and feedback effective in treating psychosocial problems by increasing clients' interpersonal skills

Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT)

aimed primarily at treating depression The program integrates techniques from MBSR with teaching cognitive behavioral skills to clients. The primary aim is to change clients' awareness of and relation to their negative thoughts. Participants are taught how to respond in skillful and intentional ways to their automatic negative thought patterns Mindfulness is a way of developing self-compassion, which is a form of self-care when facing difficult situations. When we acknowledge our shortcomings without critical judgment, we can begin to treat ourselves with kindness.

Imaginal flooding/exposure

based on similar principles and follows the same procedures except the exposure occurs in the client's imagination instead of in daily life --> there are no restrictions on the nature of the anxiety-arousing situations that can be treated. Can treat fear of plane crash, etc.

systematic desensitization

based on the principle of classical conditioning, is a basic behavioral procedure developed by Joseph Wolpe Clients imagine successively more anxiety-arousing situations at the same time that they engage in a behavior that competes with anxiety. Gradually, or systematically, clients become less sensitive (desensitized) to the anxiety- arousing situation This procedure can be considered a form of exposure therapy because clients are required to expose themselves to anxiety-arousing images as a way to reduce anxiety.

Desensitization is a type of..

classical conditioning

exposure therapies

designed to treat fears and other negative emotional responses by introducing clients, under carefully controlled conditions, to the situations that contributed to such problems. Exposure therapy involves systematic confrontation with a feared stimulus, either through imagination or in vivo (live) Imaginal exposure can be used prior to implementing in vivo exposure when a client's fears are so severe that the client is unable to participate in live exposure Desensitization is one type of exposure therapy Two variations of traditional systematic desensitization are in vivo exposure and flooding.

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)

encourages clients to accept unpleasant sensations rather than attempting to control or change them Another mindfulness-based approach is acceptance and commitment therapy uses acceptance and mindfulness strategies, together with commitment and behavior change strategies, to increase psychological flexibility.

Explain what behavior therapy practitioners focus on

focus on directly observable behavior, current determinants of behavior, learning experiences that promote change, tailoring treatment strategies to individual clients, and rigorous assessment and evaluation

eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR)

form of exposure therapy that entails assessment and preparation, imaginal flooding, and cognitive restructuring in the treatment of individuals with traumatic memories. The treatment involves the use of rapid, rhythmic eye movements and other bilateral stimulation to treat clients who have experienced traumatic stress.

Social skills training, cognitive therapy, stress management training, mindfulness, and acceptance-based practices all represent ________

forms of cognitive behavior therapy (cbt)

How is negative reinforcement used in behaviour therapy

negative reinforcement involves the escape from or the avoidance of aversive (unpleasant) stimuli. . The individual is motivated to exhibit a desired behavior to avoid the unpleasant condition. Ex. . For example, a friend of mine does not appreciate waking up to the shrill sound of an alarm clock. . She has trained herself to wake up a few minutes before the alarm sounds to avoid the aversive stimulus of the alarm buzzer.