Coach Jrod Chapter 20
What is harmattan sometimes called?
"the doctor" because of its dryness in contrast to the tropical humid air of the sub region which can be revitalizing for the health of the people.
How long did the Mali empire last?
1200 AD - 1600AD
When and why was the Manantali Dam in the Senegal built?
1986 and to prevent flooding during the rainy season while also providing freshwater during the dry season
When and why was the Diama Dam in the Senegal built?
1988 and helps prevent the intrusion of saltwater during the dry season while also creating reserves of water for irrigation
How many dams does the Senegal river have?
2
How long did the Kush Civilization last?
2000 BC- 300 AD
How long is long is Lake Volta and how much does it cover?
250 miles and 3,275 sq. miles
How much rainfall does the Sahel annually receive?
4-8 inches
When did North Africa receive a lot more rain fall than today?
9000 BC - 4000 BC
Why are some water resources in the African Transition Zone shrinking?
Annual precipitation is decreasing.
The topography is mainly flat with a series of plateaus, and runs in a band from the _________ _________ in the west to the _________________ in the east.
Atlantic Ocean; Red Sea(Indian Ocean)
In 1914, the Sahel was completely under _____________ control.
European
What is the East of the Sahel region known as for its distinctive shape?
Horn of Africa
What culture is dominant in North Africa?
Islamic
What is an example of a benefit of Lake Volta?
It supports fisheries.
What was Lake Volta intended for?
It was intended as a reservoir system to store for generating hydroelectric power.
Which lake is at the southern border of the Sahara Desert?
Lake Chad
List 4 major bodies of water in the African Transition Zone.
Lake Chad, Lake Volta, Niger, Cameroon
_____________ was once the second-largest _____________ in Africa, but now is shrinking since a drought that occurred in the 1970's.
Lake Chad; wetland
one of the largest human made lakes in the world
Lake Volta
What was the first Islamic empire of Africa?
Mali
Who was the famous ruler and made the Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca in Saudia Arabia)?
Mansa Musa
The climate has two hot seasons, with a rainy season between the months of _____________.
May - August
List 5 valuable resources found in the African Transition Zone at some point throughout history.
New discoveries of oil, natural gas, and coal as well as mining of uranium, gold, tin, copper, phosphates, and iron are helping the people of the ATZ transition to new economic opportunities.
The ____________ is the main waterway in western Africa.
Niger River
Which countries is lake chad bordered by?
Nigeria, Niger, Chad, and Cameroon
Why did people in farming communities in northern Africa begin moving south around 2000 B.C.?
Northern Africa became hotter and drier.
What is the main reason that population in the Transition Zone is not evenly distributed between herders, farmers, nomads, and city dwellers?
Only a small part of the land is usable for agriculture.
What are the negative aspects of Lake Volta?
Reduced agricultural production. (the lake stopped the annual flooding which deprived the land of new silt making the land less fertile) The ecology of the river systems feeding the lake changed because the water no longer flowed and certain species of animals could no longer survive.
What is part of the transition zone called an what does it mean?
Sahel ''border" in Berber and ''shore or coast'' in Arabic
The _________, another name for this area, is the place where __________ marks the border of the Sahara.
Sahel; vegetation
What countries border the Senegal River?
Senegal and Mauritania
an area of Africa that transitions from the arid Sahara Desert to the tropical savannas of Equatorial Africa covering 1,178,800 sq. miles
The African Transition Zone
Who were the first to domesticate plants and animals?
The people in North Africa
Why are farming and nomadic herding traditional economies of the Transition Zone?
There are few natural resources.
Where is the Senegal River and how long is it?
West Africa and 1,015
What is a major characteristic of a transition zone?
a radical change in the land
What was the Sahara years ago?
a savanna of extensive grasslands, lakes, and rivers
By the mid-1800's Europeans are beginning to see Africa as __________________________________.
a source for raw materials and a potential market
A culture that believes that elements of nature have spirits is
an animist culture.
What are domesticated animals?
animals that are tame
pertaining to the religious beliefs of animism in which nature, such as animals and mountains, has spirits
animist
In western Africa, why is the harmattan sometimes considered invigorating?
because it is dry
What kind of animals does the Sahel heard?
cattle, goats, and camels
List 4 WILD (untamed) animals found in the African Transition Zone
cheetahs, lions, elephants, giraffes
a large group of people descended from the same ancestor; a family group; a group of close-knit, interrelated families
clan
What is the main source of conflict between and within countries in the Transition Zone?
cultural differences
What is making lifestyles more difficult?
deforestation and drought
An area where a river, such as the Niger River, slows down and spreads out into smaller channels is
delta
a triangular section of land formed by sand and silt carried downriver; a triangular-shaped area of silt and sediment deposit found at the mouth of a river
delta
process in which arable land becomes desert; the destruction of land in arid and semiarid climates
desertification
to adapt plants and animals from the wild for human use
domesticate
What does the ATZ experience?
dryness, infrequent rainfall, and often drought
What often is a result of droughts killing thousands?
famine
What are some important traditional economies of the sub region?
farming and nomadic herding
What did Mansa Musa bring on his pilgrimages?
gold and salt
During the rainy season, what comes alive with the Sahel?
grassland, baobab tree, and jujube tree whose fruit is used to feed livestock in the area.
a hot, dry wind that blows from the northeast or east in the western Sahara
harmattan
4000 BC something happened and caused Africa to become ___________ and ___________.
hotter and dryer
Where did the Europeans draw geometric boundaries?
however they saw fit
Where and why did the Kush power end?
in Meroe (capital of Kush) and was captured by the Axum Empire in 300 AD
What does Eritrea almost never receive any rainfall?
it is the interior of the ATZ.
A key factor in the high mortality rates and number of infectious diseases in the Transition Zone is
lack of sanitation.
What area was once the second largest wetland of Africa?
lake chad
The Sahel has ___________, ____________ and ____________.
lakes, rivers, and wetlands
What are 3 major water sources in the Sahel?
lakes, rivers, and wetlands
Although the Nile was still _______ and _________, some Egyptians still migrated south
lush and green
when did Africa's of the Sahel want to stake their own government?
mid-1900's
Where did the Egyptians flourish?
modern day Sudan
a family unit made up of a husband, wife, and children
nuclear family
the practice of passing down stories from generation to generation by word of mouth
oral tradition
a family that is headed by a male family member
patriarchal
What kind of transition zone is the ATZ?
physical and cultural
What are benefits of Lake Volta?
providing irrigation for farming, an environment for fisheries, and also a transportation system linking different parts of the country. (In Ghana)
What has the biggest effect on determining climate, and therefore vegetation, in the Transition Zone?
rain
In 1885 a conference is held in Berlin, Germany to ______________________
regulate the colonization of Africa.
The Europeans cared little for the _________________ fragmentations that existed in Africa
religious and cultural
In which of the following parts of the Transition Zone are you most likely to find patriarchal families?
rural areas
the band of land extending from Senegal to Somalia; also called the African Transition Zone
sahel
the disposal of waste products
sanitation
What is the meaning of the Arabic word Sahel?
shore
What best describes the Sahel?
steppe
Which of the following ways of life in the Transition Zone has existed the longest?
subsistence farming
farming that provides the basic needs of a family with little surplus
subsistence farming
What gave rise to Egyptian civilization?
the fertile Nile Valley
What is the meaning of the Niger River and how long is it?
the great river and 2,600 miles long
What lack of rainfall puts serious strain on which lakes?
the sun regions natural lakes
What was the peoples reactions to Africa getting hotter and dryer?
they migrated south in search for water
The Mali Empire prospered due to
trade
In Africa's __________ ______, the physical characteristics change from arid to tropical.
transition zone
an area in which the properties of the land undergo a radical change
transition zone
Two ____________ of the Nile pass through the Transition Zone: the ____________ and the _________.
tributaries; Blue Nile and White Nile
