Cog Psych Exam 2 Part 2

C

A phrase-structure rule is a rule governing a. whether a proposition is expressed as a declarative sentence or as a question. b. whether a proposition is true or false. c. what the constituents must be for any syntactic element of a sentence. d. what contents can be expressed by a sentence.

C

Although we may contain the necessary neural substrates for language, humans will NOT develop language skill unless they a. have another human with whom to communicate. b. attend school. c. reach the critical age of five. d. are exposed to music.

D

Barbara is 6 years old and has normal intelligence and muscle control, but she has a hard time understanding and producing language. She likely has a. Broca's aphasia. b. anomia. c. Wernicke's aphasia. d. specific language impairment.

C

Bob does very well on all of his English papers and is praised for his skilled writing. However, when he is around his friends he says things like "ain't" and "like" often, though his sentences are still grammatical. When writing he is following ________, while when speaking he is following ________. a. prescriptive rules; prohibitive rules b. syntax; descriptive rules c. prescriptive rules; descriptive rules d. prescriptive rules; linguistic universals

D

Descriptive rules a. make "proper" or "good" judgments about language. b. are much like prescriptive rules. c. are mostly used by new speakers who do not yet understand slang or common expressions. d. describe how English is structured.

C

For fluent speakers of a language, rules of the language such as how to create new words are often a. deliberately followed by speakers of a language. b. developed through imitation. c. unconscious yet are reliably followed by speakers of the language. d. generally ignored.

B

Garden-path sentences illustrate that a. reading is difficult. b. interpreting a sentence as each word arrives may lead to errors. c. meaning changes depending on the situation. d. we should wait until the end of a sentence to interpret the meaning.

Which of the following provides an example of phrase-structure ambiguity?

I saw the bear with my binoculars. (who had the binoculars?)

D

In one study of sentence parsing, electroencephalogram (EEG) was used to record electrical activity when participants heard sentences that were either correct, had a semantic anomaly, or had a statement that contained false information. The evidence from that study suggests that a. electrical activity is the same, regardless of the content of the sentence. b. our previous knowledge of the world influences how we parse sentences. c. errors in syntax are worse than errors of semantics. d. incorrect statements are associated with lower levels of brain activity than correct statements.

D

In some cases factors outside the language (e.g., the setting in which a sentence occurs) can help us understand garden-path sentences. These factors are referred to as a. syntactic organization. b. noun phrasing. c. wording. d. extralinguistic context.

A

In speaking, the pattern of pauses and the rise and fall of pitch are technically referred to as a. prosody. b. musicality. c. stress patterns. d. expressiveness.

C

In the 1950s, the anthropologist Benjamin Whorf argued that our language determines the possible range of our thoughts. In subsequent decades, Whorf's theories a. have been repeatedly supported, with examples coming from many different content areas. b. have been supported by the discovery that different cultures describe spatial arrangements in different ways and seem unable to learn new ways to describe these arrangements. c. have found little specific support, with the implication that language may guide our thoughts and memories but does not influence what it is possible for us to think. d. seem correct for some domains (e.g., color perception) but not for other domains (e.g., thinking about spatial relations).

C

Knowing about how language is ordinarily used is technically called a. pronominalization. b. conversational implications. c. pragmatics. d. psycholinguistics.

Lindsie, a three-year-old, is being taught English and Spanish at the same time. Which of the following facts about Lindsie's language acquisition is true?

Lindsie will learn both languages as quickly and easily as she would if she was learning just one language

C

Lindsie, a three-year-old, is being taught English and Spanish at the same time. Which of the following facts about Lindsie's language acquisition is true? a. Lindsie will learn one language more quickly than the other language. b. Lindsie will likely become confused and mix up the languages. c. Lindsie will learn both languages as quickly and easily as she would if she was learning just one language. d. Lindsie will not be able to learn two languages simultaneously.

C

Linguistic rules seem to be the source of children's overregularization errors. This sort of error is visible, for example, whenever a child a. uses a regular sequence of words to express an idea even though a different sequence would be more effective. b. sees a squirrel and says, "There's a cat!" c. says, "I goed," or, "He runned." d. fails to distinguish between similar speech sounds.

C

Mike suffered damage to the left frontal lobe of his brain and now has a difficult time speaking or writing. Mike most likely has a. Wernicke's aphasia. b. fluent aphasia. c. Broca's aphasia. d. anomia.

B

Nonfluent aphasia, in which a patient has good language comprehension but disrupted speech production, is typically associated with damage to a. the corpus callosum. b. Broca's area. c. Wernicke's area. d. the sensorimotor area.

D

Parsing is LEAST likely to be influenced by a. semantics. b. statistical probabilities in the language. c. context. d. the number of words in a sentence.

Participant M speaks a language with a variety of color words, while Participant Q speaks a language that only differentiates between light and dark. Who is more likely to have more specific color discrimination?

Participant M

A

Participant M speaks a language with a variety of color words, while Participant Q speaks a language that only differentiates between light and dark. Who is more likely to have more specific color discrimination? a. Participant M b. Participant Q c. They will have equal color perception. d. We cannot tell based on this evidence.

C

Research has shown that genetic factors contribute to language acquisition. For example, some people have an inherited syndrome known as specific language impairment. These people typically a. have underdeveloped muscles needed for speech production. b. have damage to Wernicke's area. c. are less likely to learn and use the rules of linguistics. d. also show an impairment in intelligence.

C

Rules that describe the proper way to speak, or the way language is supposed to be, are called a. rules of discourse. b. pragmatic rules. c. prescriptive rules. d. syntax rules.

D

Sentences such as "Colorless green ideas sleep furiously" indicate that a. not all sentences need to have a verb phrase. b. it is possible for a sentence to have an irregular phrase structure. c. the semantic content of a sentence governs its syntactic form. d. a sentence can be grammatical even if it is meaningless.

C

Stephen and Stephanie both have problems with speech. Stephen's disorder is characterized with speech such as, "Um . . . the . . . ahhh . . . I want . . . green . . . it's green. . . ." Stephanie's disorder is characterized with speech such as, "It is easy because . . . boys are looking but they look . . . see the cat is with the boys and machines and purple." Stephen is most likely suffering from ________ while Stephanie is suffering from ________. a. Wernicke's aphasia; Broca's aphasia b. Wernicke's aphasia; specific language impairment c. Broca's aphasia; Wernicke's aphasia d. specific language impairment; Broca's aphasia

B

The claim that "language is generative" is the claim that a. it is always possible to generate new sounds to add to the language. b. the units of language can be combined and recombined to create vast numbers of new linguistic entities. c. language can be used to generate new knowledge and new discoveries. d. scholars have been able to invent an unlimited number of new words, allowing them to express any concept they wish.

C

The evidence about animal language suggests that a. animals do not communicate. b. no animals, besides humans, can learn language. c. some animals can use language at a very basic level (akin to a three- or four-year-old). d. with enough training, some animals can acquire language skills similar to a human adult.

C

The fact that languages across the world show the same pattern of regularities leads researchers to believe that a. the pattern of learning across cultures is similar. b. our vocal muscles determine our language development. c. we have an innate biological heritage stipulating the structure of human language. d. the word order of subject-verb-object occurs in all languages.

B

The notion that language influences thought, called linguistic relativity, is controversial because a. there is debate about the role that memory plays in linguistic relativity. b. much of the supportive evidence can be explained via attention mechanisms. c. the evidence supporting it is probably forged. d. it is nearly impossible to test accurately.

D

The phrase-structure rule summarizes the fact that a. whenever a sentence is uttered, it must be followed by a noun phrase and a verb phrase. b. the subject of a sentence must specify both a noun phrase and a verb phrase. c. a sentence can consist of either a noun phrase or a verb phrase. d. a sentence consists of a noun phrase followed by a verb phrase.

A

The rules governing the sequence of words in forming phrases and sentences are rules of a. syntax. b. semantics. c. phonology. d. pragmatics.

B

The text argues that children's overregularization errors are caused by a(n) a. immature brain. b. overreliance on a linguistic rule that precedes a mature understanding of when rules apply. c. loss of previous understanding of irregular forms of words. d. lack of (even unconscious) understanding of linguistic rules.

D

There is some evidence that being bilingual has other cognitive advantages. Which of the following is NOT one of those advantages? a. improved executive control b. better at avoiding distraction c. improved ability to switch between tasks d. improved long-term memory for everyday events

C

To parse a sentence, one needs to a. figure out the sentence's meaning. b. determine whether the sentence is true or false. c. determine the syntactic role of each word in the sentence. d. determine the implications of the sentence.

B

Unlike other forms of animal communication, human communication includes a. sounds that are linked to ideas. b. syntax. c. someone to listen. d. gestures.

B

Which of the following claims about phrase-structure rules is FALSE? a. The rules govern the pattern of branching that is possible in a phrase-structure tree. b. The rules determine whether the sentence is true or false. c. Word sequences that break the rules are likely to be judged as ungrammatical. d. The rules identify natural groupings of words within a sentence.

B

Which of the following is FALSE about the pattern of linguistic performance? a. Performance often contains errors that the speaker knows how to correct. b. Performance provides a direct assessment of the extent of one's linguistic knowledge. c. Performance is influenced by slips, or mistakes, in language. d. Performance often omits language patterns that the speaker is able to use but chooses not to use.

A

Which of the following is NOT a principle that guides sentence parsing? a. Decisions about the parsing of individual words are not made until the entire sentence has been heard. b. In general, we assume that the sentences we hear will be in the active, not passive, voice. c. Parsing makes use of the small function words (e.g., "that" and "which") to identify the sentence's phrase structure. d. The semantics of the sentence are used as an aid in determining the source of the action and the recipient.

D

Which of the following is NOT consistent with the idea that children learn language even if their communication with adults is not linguistic? a. Children born deaf without the opportunity to learn sign language invent their own gestural language. b. Humans begin the language-learning process with a head start. c. Children have the brain structures in place at birth to facilitate language learning. d. Children learn languages more quickly than adults.

A

Which of the following provides an example of phrase-structure ambiguity? a. I saw the bear with my binoculars. (Who had the binoculars?) b. He paid a lot for the ball. (Was it a round toy or a formal party?) c. She loves a good whine. (This can be heard as "a good wine.") d. We saw it. (The reference of "it" is unspecified.)

D

Which of the following would be considered a garden-path sentence? a. This is it. b. Dogs need cats are silly. c. The woman was terribly happy, but she knew it couldn't last for long, because for as long as she could possibly remember everything in her life had ended badly. d. Fat people eat accumulates.

In the word "cats" the "s" is

a morpheme and a phoneme

What happens if children learn language with adults in a non-linguistic manner:

a. Children born deaf without the opportunity to learn sign language invent their own gestural language. b. Humans begin the language-learning process with a head start. c. Children have the brain structures in place at birth to facilitate language learning.

You are flipping through channels when you come upon a French-speaking station. You do not speak French and you are amazed at how quickly it is spoken. Which of the following facts is most important to your perception? a. You are not able to segment the speech sounds into phonemes, making it sound faster. b. You are not able to produce the speech, therefore you cannot perceive it correctly. c. You do not know the appropriate pronunciation or syntax rules in French. d. French phonemes overlap mor

a. You are not able to segment the speech sounds into phonemes, making it sound faster.

If you are asked to imagine a three-dimensional cube, like a Necker cube, that is ambiguous with respect to depth, your mental image will be a. based on one configuration or the other. b. able to be viewed from several angles, just as the picture would be. c. indeterminate with regard to depth. d. static and incapable of being altered.

a. based on one configuration or the other.

People tend to be more alert and responsive to evidence that supports that preexisting notions and beliefs than to evidence that challenges them. This effect is called a. confirmation bias. b. stereotypy. c. base-rate error. d. the covariation law.

a. confirmation bias.

Participants tend NOT to use base-rate information if they are also given a. diagnostic information. b. the prior probabilities. c. statistical information. d. information about the random device used to select the test case.

a. diagnostic information.

In using the representativeness heuristic, participants a. extrapolate from a sample of evidence if the category is homogenous but not if the category is heterogenous. b. are sensitive to the sample size and draw conclusions more readily from a large sample. c. seem to assume that all instances of a category are unique, and when taken together, simple represent the large amount of possible variation that exists in this wonderful and magical world we all live in. d. are unable to discriminate act

a. extrapolate from a sample of evidence if the category is homogeneous but not if the category is heterogeneous.

Dual-process models state that people a. have two ways of thinking: one is a fast and automatic process, whereas the other is slower but more accurate. b. have two ways of thinking, one involved in heuristics and the other involved in anchoring. c. have two ways of thinking, one involved in availability heuristics and the other involved in representative heuristics. d. can simultaneously be both a lover and a fighter.

a. have two ways of thinking: one is a fast and automatic process, whereas the other is slower but more accurate.

In speaking, the pattern of pauses and the rise & fall of pitch are technically referred to as a. prosody. b. musicality. c. stress patterns. d. expressiveness.

a. prosody.

Heuristics are strategies that a. sometimes risk error in order to gain efficiency. b. are underused, despite their advantages. c. protect us from overestimating that frequency of real-life events. d. ensure step-by-step procedures for finding correct conclusions.

a. sometimes risk error in order to gain efficiency.

Participants are given a task that requires them to zoom in on a mental image in order to inspect a detail. Evidence indicates that a. the greater the distance to be zoomed, the more time is required. b. the shorter the distance to be zoomed, the more time is required. c. zooming in on an image is a virtually instantaneous process. d. there is no regular relationship between the amount of zoom and the time required.

a. the greater the distance to be zoomed, the more time is required.

What is Professor Fox's favorite fruit?

apple

Which of the following phrases would we describe the notion of boundary extension? a. "Think outside the box." b. "Think about the big picture." c. "Fill in the blanks." d. "Seeing is believing."

b. "Think about the big picture."

In many studies, participants fail to use analogies as an aid to problem solving. Of the following, which is the MOST plausible explanation of this fact? a. Participants do not understand the value of analogies, so they do not bother searching for them. b. Participants search their memories based on the surface structure of the problem and thus fail to think of many useful analogies. c. Participants pay too much attention to the deep structure of a problem, and so they fail to see the features

b. Participants search their memories based on the surface structure of the problem and thus fail to think of many useful analogies.

A base rate is defined as information a. that helps us to identify which specific candidates have a target property. b. about the broad likelihood of a particular type of event. c. indicating the internal variability of a set or category. d. that can used to diagnose an individual category member.

b. about the broad likelihood of a particular type of event.

_____ intelligence refers to a general flexibility of thought, while _____ intelligence refers to acquired knowledge and skills. a. general; specific b. crystallized; fluid c. quantum; super-duper d. general; learned

b. crystallized; fluid

Researchers have argued that visual images are created by a. activating large-scale "templates" in long-term memory. b. following "recipes" for the image construction, with the recipes drawn from image files in long-term memory. c. activating relevant neurons on the retina. d. activating nodes within long-term memory that happens to be associated with sensory information.

b. following "recipes" for the image construction, with the recipes drawn from image files in long-term memory.

A group of participants has just completed a series of problems involving water jars. In each problem, the participants needed to fill the largest jar, pour from it once into the middle-sized jar, and then pour from the largest jar twice into the smallest jar. The participants are now given a new problem, which cannot be solved via their procedure. We would expect that the participants will a. quickly solve the new problem because they had practice with a series of very similar problems. b. have

b. have difficulty with the new problem because they are now locked into the procedure they used successfully.

Garden-path sentences illustrate that a. reading is difficult. b. interpreting a sentence as each word arrives may lead to errors. c. meaning changes depending on the situation. d. we should wait until the end of a sentence to interpret meaning.

b. interpreting a sentence as each word arrives may lead to errors.

In a memory experiment, participants were shown a form that could be interpreted in more than one way. Half the participants were told, "Here is a picture of the sun." The other participants were told, "Here is a picture of a ship's steering wheel." Some time later, participants were asked to draw the exact form they had seen earlier. The data indicate that a. participants' visual memories were distinct from their verbal memories, so participants were uninfluenced by the labels. b. participants

b. participants' drawings were biased in a fashion that reflected the labels that they had been given earlier.

The availability heuristic is a strategy in which a. category frequencies tend to be overwhelmed. b. people base their estimates of frequency on how easily they can think of examples of the relevant category. c. people judge frequency by referring to their sense of familiarity with the category. d. category frequencies are estimated on the basis of schematic knowledge.

b. people base their estimates of frequency on how easily they can think of examples of the relevant category.

Participants use of "hill climbing" is evident in that a. Participants solve problems more quickly if they can divide the problem into smaller subproblems. b. problem solving often gets stalled if a problem requires the participant to move briefly away from the goal state in order (ultimately) to reach the goal. c. participants are disrupted in their problem solving if they are asked to think out loud as they proceed. d. participants are often confused unless the problem's path constraints are c

b. problem solving often gets stalled if a problem requires the participant to move briefly away from the goal state in order (ultimately) to reach the goal.

When asked to determine which city is farther south, Seattle or Montreal, people are likely to mistakenly say "Seattle." This is probably because a. people depend on their "gut feelings" when they don't know an answer. b. some spatial information is stored in memory in a propositional form rather than an image form. c. people are great at reading visual images and can discover surprising facts in them. d. people are miserably bad at reading visual images, and so images are no help in this type

b. some spatial information is stored in memory in a propositional form rather than an image form.

Information about an image is stored as a "package" made up of both the perceptual frame of reference and a. information on the relative size of the image. b. the depiction of the image. c. information as to whether the item is ambiguous. d. verbal labels of the image.

b. the depiction of the image.

Studies of mental rotation indicate that a. participants are able to imagine the rotation of a two-dimensional display but are unable to imagine rotation in depth. b. the greater the degree of rotation required, the more time is needed to complete the rotation. c. participants seem able to compare objects in mental imagery without bothering to imagine these objects rotated into adjustment. d. imagined rotation in depth is appreciably faster than imagined rotation in two dimensions.

b. the grater the degree of rotation required, the more time is needed to complete the rotation.

The claim that language is generative is the claim that a. it is always possible to generate new sounds to add to the language. b. the units of language can be combined and recombined to create vast numbers of new linguistic entities. c. language can be used to generate new knowledge and new discoveries. d. scholars have been able to invent an unlimited number of new words, allowing them to express any concept they wish.

b. the units of language can be combined and recombined to create vast numbers of new linguistic entities.

The term "categorical perception" refers to the fact that we are

better at hearing the difference between sounds from different categories than we are distinguishing sounds from the same category

Blair is female and Alex is male. Which of the following statements about their IQs is most likely to be true? a. Blair has a much higher IQ than Alex. b. Alex has a much higher IQ than Blair. c. Blair and Alex are likely to have similar IQs; however, Blair will likely score higher on verbal tests of intelligence. d. Blair and Alex are likely to have similar IQs; however, Blair will likely score higher on visuospatial tests of intelligence.

c. Blair and Alex are likely to have similar IQs; however, Blair will likely score higher on verbal tests of intelligence.

If you are trying to help a friend use analogies in problem solving, which piece of advice should you NOT give? a. You should attend to the deep structure of the problem. b. Try to see the mapping between problems you already know and test problems. c. Memorize as many problems as you can. d. Search your memory for content related to the deep structure of the problem, not surface details.

c. Memorize as many problems as you can.

It was starting to rain and Marcus did not have an umbrella or a hat. To keep dry, he held his psychology textbook over his head. In this case, Marcus a. is showing the influence of Einstellung. b. has solved the problem by using functional fixedness. c. has managed to overcome functional fixedness. d. is making the best possible use of his textbook.

c. has managed to overcome functional fixedness.

The term "illusory covariation" refers to an error in which a. participants perceive an event as occurring far more often than it actually does. b. participants perceive two variables as being somehow linked to each other when in fact they are not. c. participants draw a conclusion on the basis of a biased or small sample of evidence. d. participants refuse to change their minds even though the available evidence clearly challenges their belief.

c. participants draw a conclusion on the basis of a biased or small sample of evidence.

Bob does very well on all of his English papers and is praised for his skilled writing. However, when he is around his friends he says things like "ain't" and "like" often, though his sentences are still grammatical. When writing he is following ______, while when speaking he is following ______. a. prescriptive rules; prohibitive rules b. syntax; descriptive rules c. prescriptive rules; descriptive rules d. prescriptive rules; linguistic universals

c. prescriptive rules; descriptive rules

In memorizing new material, the pattern of "dual coding" refers to a. the strategy of encoding the material from two separate visual perspectives b. the process of encoding the material not two separate occasions. c. steps that lead to both a verbal memory and a visual memory. d. the formation of a mental image in which the target item is in two separate relationships with its surrounding context.

c. steps that lead to both a verbal memory and a visual memory.

The fact that language across the world show the same pattern of regularities leads researchers to believe that a. the pattern of learning across cultures is similar. b. our vocal muscles determine our language development. c. we have an innate biological heritage stipulating the structure of human language. d. the word order of subject-verb-object occurs in all languages.

c. we have an innate biological heritage stipulating the structure of human language.

Which of the following would NOT be a reason to use Raven Progressive Matrices instead of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale to measure the intelligence of an individual? a. The participant is not a native English speaker. b. The participant was not raised in the United States of America. c. The participant has a verbal disability. d. The participant has never taken an intelligence test before.

d. The participant has never taken an intelligence test before.

Sentences such as, "Colorless green ideas sleep furiously," indicate that a. not all sentences need to have a verb phase. b. it is possible for a sentence to have an irregular phrase structure. c. the semantic content of a sentence governs its syntactic form. d. a sentence can be grammatical even if it is meaningless.

d. a sentence can be grammatical even if it is meaningless.

The technique of transcranial magnetic stimulation employs strong magnetic pulses at a particular site on the scalp. When it is used on the scalp near the visual processing area, the effect is a. to give the participant rich and detailed hallucinations. b. a temporary disruption of vision but not visual imagery. c. a permanent disruption of visual imagery, and therefore use of the technique is unethical. d. a temporary disruption of vision and visual imagery.

d. a temporary disruption of vision and visual imagery.

A group of participants is interrupted while working on a problem. The participants then spend some time on an unrelated task and, finally, return to the initial problem. Studies of this sort show that the a. participants will benefit from the interruption and are more likely to solve the problem when they return to it. b. participants will be disrupted by the interruption and are less likely to solve the problem when they return to it. c. participants will not be affected by the interruption. d

d. data are mixed, with some showing a benefit from the interruption but with many studies showing no effect.

Experts seem able to break a problem into meaningful chunks. This strategy provides all of the following advantages EXCEPT for a. making it easier to remember the various elements of the problem. b. highlighting the organization of the problem's elements, making it easier to see the problem's structure. c. helping in the identification of subproblems and therefore in the creation of subgoals. d. drawing the expert's attention to the problem's microstructure.

d. drawing the expert's attention to the problem's microstructure.

In some cases factors outside the language (e.g., the setting in which a sentence occurs) can help us understand garden-path sentences. These factors are referred to as a. syntactic organization. b. noun phrasing. c. wording. d. extralinguistic context.

d. extralinguistic context.

Reasoning from "man who" arguments is usually inappropriate because generalizing from a single case is justified only a. for heterogeneous categories. b. when the sample size is adequate. c. when the base rates are unknown. d. for truly homogeneous categories.

d. for truly homogeneous categories.

The principle of minimal attachment refers to a a. rule of conversation governing how successive statements within a conversation are related to each other. b. principle of speech perception determining the connection between adjacent phonemes. c. heuristic used to determine the referent of pronouns with a sentence. d. processing strategy in which the listener seeks the simplest possible phrase structure that will accommodate the words heard to that point.

d. processing strategy in which the listener seeks the simplest possible phrase structure that will accommodate the words heard to that point.

In the 1950s, the anthropologist Benjamin Whorf argued that our language determines the possible range of our thoughts. In subsequent decades, Whorf's theories a. have been repeatedly supported, with examples coming from many different content areas. b. have been supported by the discovery that different cultures describe spatial arrangements in different ways and seem unable to learn new ways to describe these arrangements. c. have found little specific support, since it is difficult to trust

d. seem correct for some domains (e.g., color perception) but not for other domains (e.g., thinking about spatial relations).

The term "covariation" refers to a. the relationship between the frequency of objects in the world and their availability in memory. b. the pattern of evidence leading participants to the gambler's fallacy. c. a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables. d. the tendency in a pattern of data for observations of one sort to be linked to observations of another sort.

d. the tendency in a pattern of data for observations of one sort to be linked to observations of another sort.

***Which of the following is NOT consistent with the idea that children learn language even if their communication with adults is not linguistic?

d.Children learn languages more quickly than adults.

Which of the following would be considered a garden-path-sentence? a. The woman was terribly happy, but she knew it couldn't last for long, because for as long as she could possibly remember everything in her life had ended badly. b. Fat people eat accumulates. c. Dogs need cats are silly. d. This is it

fat people eat accumulates

In the 1950s, the anthropologist Benjamin Whorf argued that or language determines our possible range of our thoughts. In subsequent decades, Whorf's theories

have found little specific support, with the implication that everyday language may guide our thoughts and memories but does not influence what it is possible for us to think

What are some cognitive advantages of being bilingual:

improved executive control, better at avoiding distraction, improved ability to switch between tasks

There is some evidence that being bilingual has other cognitive advantages. Which of the following is NOT one of those advantages?

improved long-term memory for everyday events

In one study of sentence parsing, electroencephalogram (EEG) was used to record electrical activity when participants heard sentences that were either correct, had a semantic anomaly, or had a statement that contained false information. The evidence from that study suggests that

incorrect statements are associated with lower levels of brain activity than correct statements

In some speech sounds, the flow of air out of the lungs is entirely interrupted for a moment; for other sounds, the flow of air is restricted but air continues to flow. This feature of sound production is referred to as

manner of production

The notion that language influences thought, called linguistic relativity, is controversial because

much of the supportive evidence can be explained via attention mechanisms

In ordinary speech production, the boundaries between syllables or between words are usually

not marked, so they must be determined by the perceiver

"Coarticulation" refers to the fact that in producing speech

phonemes overlap, both in their production and in their sound pattern

***Although we may contain the necessary neural substrates for language, humans will NOT develop language skill unless they

reach the critical age of 5

The rules governing the sequence of words in forming phrases and sentences are rules of

syntax

Often extraneous noise interferes with our ability to hear all speech sounds. If a brief burst of noise prevents a phoneme from being heard (e.g., "His *ame is Barre"), what is most likely to occur?

the listener will be able to understand the sentence and will realize that a burst of noise occurred but will not know where the burst occurred

The claim that "language is generative" is the claim that

the units of language can be combined and recombined to create vast numbers of new linguistic entities

For fluent speakers of a language, rules of the language such as how to create new words are often

unconscious yet reliably followed by speakers of the language