Cog Psych Modules 1-4

Sperling (1960) developed the (a)________ technique to estimate the capacity of iconic memory more accurately than before. Specifically, with this new technique, Sperling was able to show that the capacity of iconic memory is (b) _______, even though its contents fade away very rapidly.

(a) partial report; (b) quite large

Consider the following two ideas: (a) Testing is effective for learning (b) Having good background knowledge about a topic you will be learning helps you integrate new information into your existing knowledge really well Which of the seven principles of effective learning covered in the Module 1 lectures is MOST STRONGLY associated with each of these two ideas?

(a) retrieval practice; (b) deep & elaborative processing

Which of the following statements about the mnemonic technique is TRUE?

(b) If memory athletes know that they have to memorize a deck of cards in a correct sequential order, then they will use some mnemonic techniques that allow them to encode and recall the cards sequentially (e.g., the method of loci). This strategy of selecting the right technique for encoding that helps you maximize the match between encoding and retrieval contexts is called transfer-appropriate processing.

Which of the following statements about the critical period for language is TRUE?

Adults are much faster L2 learners than children, even though their ultimate level of L2 attainment might be lower

Which of the following statements is TRUE? (a) Thanks to schemas and scripts, we do not have to mention all the relevant things about familiar concepts in everyday conversations (b) Both schemas and scripts can be a source of memory distortion (c) Schemas are a type of semantic memory, whereas scripts are a type of procedural memory

Both (a) and (b) are true, but not (c)

In a Module 1 lecture, we went over a study that examined the effect of texting (IM-ing) while reading a long passage for comprehension. In this study, a group of subjects focused on reading the passage (Group 1), whereas another group of subjects tried to read and comprehend the passage while exchanging text messages with a confederate (Group 2). The researchers measured the amount of time subjects in each group spent reading the passage (excluding the texting time for Group 2, of course) and then tested their comprehension of the passage at a later time. Which of the following statements is TRUE about the results of this study?

Both B and C

ZAPS Sensory Memory Learning Check Question: Which of the following statements BEST describes a key difference between echoic memory and iconic memory?

Echoic memory lasts for a number of seconds, rather than a fraction of a second

The misinformation effect does NOT occur when people are explicitly warned in advance that post-event information they receive may be incorrect.

False

Which of the following statements is MOST consistent with recognition-by-components theory?

Humans can identify an object if sufficient information is available to enable us to identify an object's basic features

In the "False Photograph" study conducted by Wade, Garry, & Lindsay, participants were exposed to "fake" photographs (e.g., a hot air balloon ride with your father) and asked about their childhood experience about what is depicted in the photographs. Which of the following statements about this study and its results is TRUE?

Many participants developed a substantial amount of false memories surrounding those "fake" photographs, and the rate of recalling events that did not actually happen increased from the first interview to the third interview.

Consider the following two statements about mnemonic techniques: Although their applicability to various memorization situations might be limited, mnemonic techniques can be useful for the memorization of certain types of complex material. For example, the method of loci can be used to remember the outline of a talk you need to deliver (e.g., memorizing what you need to say in what order in your talk). A memory principle that is the MOST fundamental to using any mnemonic techniques like the method of loci is retrieval practice, but, in addition, if you want to be competitive at a memory championship, the principle of focused learning also becomes critically important Are these statements TRUE?

Only 1 is true

Which of the following statements is NOT true about attention?

Research on the effect of cellphone use on driving consistently indicates that using a handheld phone is substantially more harmful than using a hands-free phone.

Strayer and Johnston's (2001) finding that the negative effect on driving was the same for handheld and hands-free cell phones DIRECTLY DISCONFIRMS which of the hypotheses or theories?

The peripheral interference hypothesis

Which of the following proposes that common objects (e.g., telephone, suitcase) can be recognized in terms of their basic elements known as "geons" and their configurations?

The recognition-by-components (RBC) theory

ZAPS Sentence Verification Learning Check Question: The Collins and Quillian model proposes that categorical information is organized hierarchically. What is one important difference between this model and a spreading activation model?

The relationship between concepts in a spreading activation model can strengthen or weaken depending on typicality and frequency of occurrence.

The interactive activation model (of word recognition) assumes both top-down and bottom-up processes, whereas the pandemonium model (of letter recognition) assumes only bottom-up processes.

True

According to the authors of the Five Popular Study Strategies article, note-taking has been shown to be beneficial for:

both encoding and storage (reviewing)

We tend to perceive different variations of /b/-like and /p/-like sounds that vary along the dimensions of voice-onset time (VOT) as either the /b/ sound or the /p/ sound. This tendency is known as:

categorical perception

The principle of ________ states that properties and facts are stored at the highest appropriate level of nodes in hierarchical network models, not at all relevant levels.

cognitive economy

Having good prior knowledge before studying a topic allows you to engage in more effective ___________ because it makes it easier for you to integrate the new information into your existing knowledge.

deep and elaborative processing

Sperling's partial report procedure provided evidence that:

none of the above (none of the above conclusions can be drawn from Sperling's study and his results)

A researcher creates a series of synthetic speech sounds gradually ranging, in uniformly small steps, from a "ta" sound at one extreme to a "da" sound at the other extreme. Participants are asked to identify each of these sounds. The researcher should expect to find that

participants' perceptions of the sounds show an abrupt transition, with all of the sounds closer to "ta" clearly identified as "ta" and all of the sounds closer to "da" clearly identified as "da."

When people who share no common language come into constant contact, they develop a rudimentary communication system that lacks systematic grammatical rules. This system is known as __________.

pidgin

According to the spreading activation model, what words would come to mind when you hear the trigger word red?

rose; fire engine

When presented with a list of words along with a theme (e.g., bed, rest, slumber, dream, tired), participants often (mis)recall the theme word as part of the list (e.g., sleep). This procedure is commonly referred to as __________.

the DRM procedure