Cognitive Chapter 3

Members of a security team are stationed on rooftops surrounding a large city plaza before a scheduled rally. Suddenly, three team members in different locations radio in to the command center, each stating that they have spotted a suspicious box on the ground with a pipe coming from the top. What enables the security team members to report seeing the same object despite being stationed on different rooftops?

Viewpoint invariance

When does bottom-up processing start?

When environmental energy stimulates the receptors

What is the process of unconscious inference?

When our perceptions are the result of inferences that we make about the environment

Which of the following is a basic principle of Gestalt psychology?

The whole is different from the sum of its parts.

Evidence for the role of top-down processing in perception is shown by which of the following examples?

When someone accurately identifies a word in a song on a radio broadcast despite static interfering with reception

Which of the following would have the most semantic regularities?

a shopping mall

Viewpoint ________ is the ability to recognize the same object even if it is seen from different perspectives.

invariance

The task of determining the object responsible for a particular image on one's retina is called the

inverse projection problem

The process by which small objects become perceptually grouped to form larger objects is the principle of perceptual

organization

Speech segmentation is defined as

organizing the sounds of speech into individual words

The landmark discrimination problem is more difficult to do if you have damage to your __________ lobe.

parietal

How does the phenomenon of apparent movement work?

The perceptual system creates the perception of movement from stationary images

Which of the following is true about Bayesian inference?

The probability of an outcome is determined by the prior probability and the likelihood of the outcome.

According to your textbook, perception goes beyond the simple receipt of sensory information. It is involved in many different cognitive skills. Which of the following is NOT one of those skills as noted by the chapter?

Experiencing neuromodulation

Which of the following is true about perception?

It involves rapid processes.

What is a scene schema?

Knowledge of what a scene typically contains

Which of the following is an example of unconscious inference?

Perceiving that a partially covered automobile continues beneath the cover

In the text's use of the Olympic Rings example, which Gestalt law contributes to the correct perception of five interlocking circles rather than nine separate segments?

Simplicity

The results of Gauthier's "Greeble" experiment illustrate

an effect of experience-dependent plasticity

Which of the following is NOT an example of a physical regularity in your text?

angled orientation

The existence of transitional probabilities adds a(n) ________ quality to learning and using language.

anticipatory

A person with strong ________ would likely have a deeper experience of Bayesian influence.

beliefs

The sequence of steps that includes the image on the retina, changing the image into electrical signals, and neural processing is an example of _____ processing.

bottom-up

Which of the following adjectives has the LEAST connection to perception?

conscious

Which of the following word strings all refer to the same pathway?

dorsal, where, action

You look at a rope coiled on a beach and are able to perceive it as a single strand because of the law of

good continuation.

Perception is NOT essential for

improving empathy.

The saying, "If you've seen one, you've seen them all" best reflects which of the following?

likelihood principle

The theory of unconscious inference includes the

likelihood principle

Semantic regularity refers to the _________________ .

meaning between properties of an object

The term semantics, when applied to perception, means the

meaning of a scene, often related to what is happening within the scene.

Amhad is doing an experiment in which he has to choose between the object he has been shown previously (the target object) and another object. Choosing the target object will result in a reward. What sort of task is Amhad doing?

object discrimination problem

People perceive vertical and horizontal orientations more easily than other orientations according to the

oblique effect

The Gestalt psychologists believe that _________ .

perception is affected by experience, but built in principles can override experience

The fact that trees are more likely to be vertical or horizontal than slanted is an example of __________ .

physical regularity

The notion that every stimulus pattern is seen in such a way that the resulting structure is as simple as possible is called the law of

pragnanz.

Which of the following is an example of an effect of top-down processing?

recognizing a crying friend's sounds as words in a sentence

Entering a church service and seeing someone selling hot dogs and cotton candy from a cart near the altar would be perceived as a violation of

scene schema

The demonstration in your text that asks you to visualize scenes such as an office, a department store clothing section, a lion, and a microscope often results in more details in the scene of the office or department store than the scene with the lion or microscope. The latter two tend to have fewer details because most individuals from modern society have less knowledge of _____ in those scenes.

semantic regularities

When Carlos moved to the United States, he did not understand any English. Phrases like "Anna Mary Can Pi and I Scream Class Hick" didn't make any sense to him. Now that Carlos has been learning English, he recognizes this phrase as "An American Pie and Ice Cream Classic." This example illustrates that Carlos was not capable of ____ in English.

speech segmentation

You are at a parade where there are a number of marching bands. You perceive the bands that are all in the same uniforms as being grouped together. The red uniforms are one band, the green uniforms another, and so forth. You have this perceptual experience because of the law of

similarity.

If a Gestalt psychologist was baking a cake for an event, what would they be most focused on?

the cake

What differentiates bottom-up processing from top-down processing?

the source of information

Which of the following is NOT considered a starting point for perception?

thinking

"Perceiving machines" are used by the U.S. Postal service to "read" the addresses on letters and sort them quickly to their correct destinations. Sometimes, these machines cannot read an address, because the writing on the envelope is not sufficiently clear for the machine to match the writing to an example it has stored in memory. Human postal workers are much more successful at reading unclear addresses, most likterm-5ely because of

top down processing

Maria took a drink from a container marked "milk." Surprised, she quickly spit out the liquid because it turned out the container was filled with orange juice instead. Maria likes orange juice, so why did she have such a negative reaction to it? Her response was most affected by

top down processing

If a word is identified more easily when it is in a sentence than when it is presented alone, this would be an example of _____ processing.

top-down

Which term best reflects what we do with an image projected onto our retina?

we interpret it

The likelihood principle states that

we perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the pattern of stimuli we have received

The perception pathway corresponds to the _____ pathway, while the action pathway corresponds to the _____ pathway.

what; where