Cognitive exam 2 book questions

STM capacity is best explained as 7 plus or minus two ...

meaningful units

Observations that people may actually process and manipulate information rather than simply store it for brief periods of time challenged the conceptualization of

short term memory

Given the different theoretical components of working memory, the code for these memories is most likely based on the _____ of the stimulus.

sound

One function of ____ is to pull information out of long-term memory.

the central executive

Which of the following is most closely associated with implicit memory?

the propaganda effect

The predominant type of coding in LTM is

semantic

A study participant is given a list of words to remember. One week later, he recalls the list. Let's say that one of the list words was PEAR. Which of the following, none of which actually appeared on the list, would be most likely incorrectly recalled if the participant doesn't remember PEAR?

APPLE

Remembering that a tomato is actually a fruit rather than vegetable is an example of ________ memory.

semantic memory

Why is classical conditioning considered a form of implicit memory?

Because it involves learning an association without being aware of the reasons behind it.

Conduct an experiment where participants see a number of target letters flashed briefly on a screen and are told to immediately write down the letters in the order they were presented. It is most likely that the target letter "P" will be misidentified as

C

Which task below would most likely be used to test for implicit memory?

Completing a word for which the first and last letter have been supplied

f Peyton Manning, a professional football player, wanted to remember his 16-digit credit card number, which of the following memory techniques would you recommend?

He should think of the numbers as a sequence of football statistics.

Which of the following would most likely be a detailed long-term memory?

I was talking to that girl just before class

A patient suffering from Korsakoff's syndrome, such as "Jimmy G" who is described in your text, would be able to perform which of the following activities without difficulty?

Identifying a photograph of his childhood home

Articulatory suppression does all but which of the following?

It interferes with semantic coding.

Imagine that the students described below are all taking a multiple choice test. Which student's behavior best describes an example of implicit memory?

One student comes to a question for which he is unsure of the answer, but choice b seems familiar so he decides that it must be right.

Models designed to explain mental functioning are constantly refined and modified to explain new results. Which of the following exemplifies this concept based on the results presented in your text?

Replacing the STM component of the modal model with working memory

Your book discusses the memory functioning of patient H.M. who underwent brain surgery to relieve severe epileptic seizures. H.M.'s case has been extremely informative to psychologists by demonstrating that

STM can operate normally while LTM is impaired.

The three structural components of the modal model of memory are

STM, sensory, LTM

The episodic buffer directly connects to which two components in Baddeley's model of memory?

The central executive and long-term memory

According to the model of working memory, which of the following mental tasks should LEAST adversely affect people's driving performance while operating a car along an unfamiliar, winding road?

Trying to remember the definition of a word they just learned

The word-length effect shows that it is more difficult to remember

a list of long words rather than a list of short words

Compared to the whole-report technique, the partial-report procedure involves

a smaller response set

People who suffer from alcohol abuse may suffer from ________ brought on by Korsakoff's syndrome, and be unable to form new long-term memories.

amnesia

Neuropsychological evidence indicates that STM and LTM probably

are caused by different mechanisms that act independently

Have you ever tried to think of the words and hum the melody of one song while the radio is playing a different song? People have often noted that this is very difficult to do. This difficulty can be understood as

articulatory suppression

Ming is taking a memory test. She is more likely to recall the name of a popular singer if she had

attended the singer's concert last year with her boyfriend.

Carrie answers her phone with "Hello?" A response, "Hi, Carrie!" comes from the other end of the line. Carrie responds back with "Hi, Dad!" Carrie processed "Hi, Carrie" using an

auditory code in LTM

magine you are driving to a friend's new house. In your mind, you say the address repeatedly until you arrive. Once you arrive, you stop thinking about the address and start to think about buying a housewarming gift for your friend. To remember the address, you used a(n) _______ process in STM.

control

The research by Ericsson and colleagues (1980) examined the ability of a college student to achieve amazing feats of memory by having him remember strings of random digits that were recited to him. They found that this student used his experience with running times to help him retain these strings of numbers. The significance of this finding was that

chunking requires familiar knowledge of patterns or concepts

Peterson and Peterson studied how well participants can remember groups of three letters (like BRT, QSD) after various delays. They found that participants remembered an average of 80 percent of the groups after 3 seconds but only 10 percent after 18 seconds. They hypothesized that this decrease in performance was due to _____, but later research showed that it was actually due to _____.

decay, interference

Phoebe steps up to the golf ball and hits it down the fairway. She sees that the ball is heading towards someone, so she yells "Fore!" After her two partners hit their balls, they pick up their bags and start walking to the next hole. But Phoebe says, "Wait a minute, I haven't teed off yet." This behavior shows that Phoebe has a problem with ____ memory.

episodic

_ are memories we are not aware of

implicit

The primary effect of chunking is to

increase the efficiency of STM

According to Tulving, the defining properties of the experience of episodic memory is that

it involves mental time travel

According to your text, when students are asked the top functions for which they use their memories, all but which of the following are commonly identified?

labeling familiar objects

if a person has a digit span of two, this indicates he has

poor STM

Funahashi et al.'s work on monkeys doing a delayed response task examined the role of neurons in the

prefrontal cortex

Physiological studies indicate that damage to the area of the brain known as the _____ can disrupt behaviors that depend on working memory.

prefrontal cortex

Research on monkeys has shown that the part of the brain most closely associated with working memory is the

prefrontal cortex

Shanta has frontal lobe damage. She is doing a problem solving task in which she has to choose the red object out of many choices. She can easily complete this repeatedly, but when the experimenter asks her to choose the blue object on a new trial of the task, she continues to choose the red one, even when the experimenter gives her feedback that she is incorrect. Shanta is displaying

preservation

Suppose you (a student) are asked by a teacher to learn a poem you will recite in front of your class. Soon after, both you and a classmate, J.P., are asked by another teacher to learn the lyrics to an unfamiliar song. When you and J.P. are later asked to remember the song lyrics, you have a much more difficult time recalling them than J.P. does. This impairment of your performance is most likely attributable to

proactive interference

the primacy effect is attributed to

recall of info stored in STM

This multiple choice question is an example of a ____ test.

recognition test

A patient with impaired episodic memory would most likely have the greatest difficulty in

remembering graduating from college

Lamar has just gotten a new job and is attending a company party where he will meet his colleagues for the first time. His boss escorts him around to small groups to introduce him. At the first group, Lamar meets four people and is told only their first names. The same thing happens with a second group and a third group. At the fourth group, Lamar is told their names and that one of the women in the group is the company accountant. A little while later, Lamar realizes that while remembers the names of the people in the fourth group, he can no longer recall the names of anyone he met earlier in the party. Lamar's experience demonstrates

retroactive interference

info remains in STM for

seconds or a fraction of a second

Wickens et al.'s "fruit, meat, and professions" experiment failed to show a release from proactive interference in the "fruit" group because

the stimulus category remained the same

memory enhancement due to repetition priming is a result of

the test stimulus being the same or resembling the priming stimulus.

Imagine yourself walking from your car, bus stop, or dorm to your first class. Your ability to form such a picture in your mind depends on which of the following components of working memory?

the visuospatial sketch pad

One way to ensure that a person does not remember that a word was presented to them in the past (when testing priming) is to

utilize proactive interference when administering the memory task.

Working memory differs from short-term memory in that

working memory is concerned with both holding and processing information