Cognitive Neuroscience quiz 1

La reazione nera, or "the black reaction," refers to

a cell stain developed by Golgi

Researchers Fritsch and Hitzig found support for the idea that specific functions are localized to discrete parts of the cortex in an experiment using electrical stimulation of a dog's brain. More specifically, they found

a systematic relationship between the portion of cortex stimulated and specific movements

We can trace the origins of the term cognitive neuroscience to

a taxi that Michael Gazzaniga and George Miller shared in the 1970s.

In the early 20th century, American departments of psychology were dominated by the rationalist school of psychology.

false

Noam Chomsky's behaviorist-associationist view of language had a major influence in the development of cognitive psychology

false

Phrenologists argued that higher cognitive functions were carried out holistically by the entire brain.

false

The neuron doctrine holds that the brain is a syncytium of continuous, interconnected neural tissue.

false

The two main philosophical positions regarding how humans come to know things are associationism and empiricism

false

Thorndike's Law of Effect

stated that a behavior that is followed by a reward is likely to occur again.

A major question in cognitive neuroscience is the extent to which regions of the brain are specialized and independent rather than holistic and integrated.

true

Some of the techniques developed to detect submarines during the Second World War led to refinements in the study of human perception.

true

The development of cognitive psychology in the second half of the 20th century can be seen, in part, as a movement away from an empiricist philosophical view.

true

The psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud is believed to have argued for the idea of the neuron as a separate and distinct physiological unit.

true

Two famous neurological case studies have to do with language were described by Paul Broca and Carl Wernicke

true

All of the following are representative of the emergence of the field of cognitive science in the second half of the 20th century EXCEPT - New developments in computer technology and artificial intelligence. - A philosophical shift in the field toward empiricism and associationism. - Chomsky's work arguing that behaviorist theories cannot explain language acquisition. - Miller's work showing that internal processes like short-term memory can be quantified.

A philosophical shift in the field toward empiricism and associationism.

Which 19th-century scientist suggested that the frontal lobe contributes to language and speech production?

Broca

The neuroanatomist who described 52 distinct cortical areas based on cell structure and arrangement, and whose classification scheme is often used today, was

Brodmann

Which of the following people did Not play a strong role in the theoretical shift in psychology in the latter part of the 20th century? - Noam Chomsky - Charles Sherrington - George A. Miller - Claude Shannon

Charles Sherrington

Which of the following individuals was NOT associated with a major histological discovery in neuroscience?

Edward Thorndike

The view known as aggregate field theory, which stated that the whole brain participates in behavior, is most associated with

Flourens

Localization is to ____ as holistic is to ______

Gall / Flourens

The discipline of phrenology was founded by

Gall and Spurzheim

________ was one of the first brain scientists to realize that specific cognitive functions can be localized to specific parts of the brain and that many different functional regions can take part in a given behavior.

Hughlings Jackson

Ebbinghaus, who is considered the father of modern memory research, was among the first to demonstrate that

Internal mental processes can be measured in rigorous and reproductive ways.

Empiricism is to ________ as rationalism is to ________.

Locke and Hume / Descartes and Kant

The neuron doctrine is usually credited to _______, who used a staining technique pioneered by __________.

Ramon y Cajal / Golgi

Which of the following things would have been the most difficult for the famous individual studied by Paul Broca, compared to before his stroke?

Reading a book aloud

Who is known as the father of modern neuroscience?

Santiago Ramon y Cajal

Which of the following terms refers to the idea of a continuous mass of tissue that shares a common cytoplasm?

Syncytium

Which of the following statements best describes the "neuron doctrine"? - The nervous system consists of a fused network of interconnected fibers - The brain can be subdivided into regions that are distinct in cytoarchitectonics yet functionally interactive - The nervous system consists of physically distinct cells that are functionally interactive - The brain can be subdivided into functionally autonomous modules

The nervous system consists of physically distinct cells that are functionally interactive

Which of the following things would have been the most difficult for the famous individual described by Carl Wernicke, compared to before his stroke?

Understanding a speech

The view developed by Marie Jean Pierre Flourens, based on the idea that processes like language and memory cannot be localized within circumscribed brain regions, was known as

aggregated field theory

A central issue of modern cognitive neuroscience is whether specific human cognitive abilities

can be localized to particular parts of the brain

John Watson famously argued that newborn babies

can be raised to become anything

Generally, it has been found that different cortical regions that contain cells with different morphologies

carry out different functions from one another

The primary contribution of Golgi to the field of cognitive neuroscience was that he

developed a staining technique that permitted full visualization of individual neurons

Noam Chomsky argued that the structure of human languages is ________, in contrast to B. F. Skinner's assertion that languages are ________.

innate / learned

Wernicke was an early researcher who suggested that the _________ contributes to language comprehension.

left temporoparietal area

One reason the early research on specific human cognitive capacities and the brain areas that are responsible for them developed rather slowly before the 20th century is that

most early investigators were limited to postmortem studies to localize lesions

Rationalism is the philosophical position that knowledge

must be deduced and justified through reason

Empiricism is the philosophical position that all knowledge

originates from sensory experience

The Gestalt psychologists argued that

percepts are best understood in relation to a stimulus's emergent properties.

The case of Anne Green was remarkable in that after being falsely convicted of murdering her newborn child,

she survived an attempted hanging.

Phrenologists believed that the contour of the skull could provide valuable information about an individual's cognitive capacities and personality traits. This approach was based on the assumption that

skull protrusions are caused by disproportionate development of the brain areas beneath them, which are responsible for different specific functions.

As a first approximation, individuals with damage to the left inferior lobe tend to have more difficulty with _______, whereas individuals with damage to the left posterior temporal lobe tend to have more difficulty with __________.

the production of language / the perception of language

Cytoarchitectonic maps distinguish different cortical regions by

their structure at the cellular level

Korbinian Brodmann used ________ techniques to document 52 regions of the brain that differed in ________.

tissue staining / cytoarchitectonics

John Hughlings Jackson proposed a _________ organization in the cerebral cortex, based on his work with people with ____________.

topographic / epilepsy

Which of the following is NOT true of empiricism? - Its primary associated with the British Philosophers Hobbes, Hume, and Mill - It was a foundation for the association-behaviorist school of psychology - Its postulates a special role for reason and introduction in human thought. - Its emphasizes sensory experience in the development of knowledge.

ts postulates a special role for reason and introduction in human thought.

The term synapse, coined by Sherrington, refers to the junction between

two adjacent neurons