Cognitive Processes Exam 2

what does the operation span task measure?

working memory's capacity when it is working

mnemonics

memory aids

semantic memory

memory for facts

Modal Model of Memory

memory model with capacity and duration limits

episodic memory

memory of life experiences

Schemas

pattern associated with a particular situation

Korsakoff's syndrome patients will:

prefer a song you played them an hour before over a song they haven't heard, but not recall ever hearing the song insist they've never seen a puzzle before, but solve it faster the 2nd and 3rd time they are presented with it know the answer to a trivia question they had previously been told the correct answer to without memory of where they heard the answer

serial position effect

primacy and recency effect

processing fluency

priming a network will make activation move through the network faster the next time you use it

the cerebellum is involved in

procedural memory, priming, perceptual learning, classical conditioning and implicit memory

memory aquisition

process of gaining information and placing it into memory

Baddeley's model of working memory theory

proposes central executive is used to manipulate and process information

decay theory

proposes that forgetting occurs because memory traces fade with time

reconsolidation

putting a memory back in the long term memory after remembering it

perceptual learning

recalibration of perceptual systems as a result of experience

recollection

recall of the context in which a certain stimulus was encountered

Brewer and Treyens (1981) Results

recalled items in an office schema and tended to misremember books

familiarity

recognize stimuli but not where we encountered it

the hippocampus is involved in

recollection and episodic memory

deep processing

remember information using the definition

Barlett's "war of the ghosts" experiment results

remembered canoes as boats and seal hunting as fishing

rehearsal

repeating information to keep it in working memory and increasing the likelihood of LTM storage

the temporal lobe is involved in

semantic memory

Types of memory

sensory, short term, long term

how do cases of amnesia inform our understanding of LTM's structure?

study of amnesia patients help us learn about long term memory

operation span task

subjects are asked to do a simple mathematical problem then repeat a word, followed by a recall test

threshold activation

sufficient activation to retrieve and move memory from long term memory to working memory

Slots models

suggest that visual working memory is made up of slots that hold individual items

Memory as a reconstruction process

we don't remember events completely but instead use schemas

Schacter's patient

lost semantic memory but kept episodic memory

types of rehearsal

maintenance and elaborate

indirect tests of memory

measure implicit memory

iconic memory

visual sensory memory

visuospatial sketchpad capacity

3-4 items for 3-4 seconds

Visual Working Memory Capacity

3-5 items

recall

A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier

Blocking (Seven Sins of Memory)

Accessibility of information is temporarily blocked

visual working memory

Based on images and uses perceptual, spatial representations.

experimental evidence of slots

ERP evidence and the contralateral delay activity

Barlett's "war of the ghosts" experiment

Had participants attempt to remember a story from a different culture

Brewer and Treyens (1981) experiment

Participants left in office, then asked to write everything they remembered from room

Baddeley's model of working memory

Phonological loop, central executive, Visuospatial sketchpad

shallow processing

Remember information using superficial characteristics

maintenance rehearsal

Repeating information to keep it active in working memory

contralateral delay activity

Subjects have to remember locations of shapes on screen over a delay in EEG experiment

memory failure

The inability to accurately recall something from memory

Forgetting

The inability to recall information that was previously available

when does the familiarity effect occur?

When processing fluency is high

When does consolidation take place?

a few hours after the event and during sleep

absentmindedness

a lapse in attention that results in memory failure

working memory

a memory system for active processing and manipulation

false memories

memories for events that never happened, but were suggested by someone or something

source memory

ability to remember where we learned something which is enabled by encoding specificity

short-term memory

activated memory that holds a few items briefly before the information is stored or forgotten

subthreshold activation

activation that does not trigger conscious awareness but increases the likelihood of retrieval through summation

Korsakoff's syndrome

amnesia caused by a vitamin B1 deficiency

anterograde amnesia

an inability to form new memories

span tasks

assessing the amount of information someone can hold in working memory at one time

memory misattribution

assigning a memory to the wrong source

echoic memory

auditory sensory memory

explicit memory

conscious memory of facts and experiences

Consolidation

biological process of saving a memory

elaborative rehearsal

linking new information to material that is already known

types of long term memory

explicit and implicit

DRM paradigm

false recall for a theme word is almost as likely as recall of the actual item on the list

sensory memory

first stop for storing sensory information lasting a few seconds

transience

forgetting over time

misinformation effect experimental evidence

loftus & palmer (1974)

long-term memory

long term storage of information

retrograde amnesia

loss of memories from before injury

amnesia

loss of memory

misinformation effect

incorrect information provided after an event can influence memory of the event

spreading activation

increases activity of associated nodes

How is implicit memory proven?

indirect tests

disadvantages of the seven sins of memory

k

episodic buffer

keeps track of the order of events that have recently occured

procedural memory

knowing how to do something

Complex Event Processing

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Complex events

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Patient K.C. & implications

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The Advantages of the "Seven Sins" of Memory

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What does Clive Wearing's tell us about consciousness?

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Working Memory Model

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experimental evidence of the modal model of memory

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resource model

suggests visual working memory relies on a pool of limited resources

visuospatial sketchpad

temporary snapshot of visual information

primacy effect

tendency to remember words at the beginning of a list especially well

recency effect

tendency to remember words at the end of a list especially well

direct tests of memory

test of explicit memory which requires an individual to make reference to specific prior experiences

working memory capacity

the amount of information that can be kept active in working memory

memory bias

the changing of memories over time so that they become consistent with current beliefs or attitudes

suggestibility

the development of biased memories from misleading information

retrieval failure

the inability to recall long-term memories

memory persistence

the intrusive recollection of events that we wish we could forget

why was Schacter's patient studied

to understand memory distortions

seven sins of memory

transience, absentmindedness, blocking, memory misattribution, suggestibility, bias, persistence

7 plus or minus 2 items

typical working memory capacity

implicit memory

unconscious memory

long term memory capacity

unlimited capacity and unlimited duration