Cognitive Processes Exam 2
what does the operation span task measure?
working memory's capacity when it is working
mnemonics
memory aids
semantic memory
memory for facts
Modal Model of Memory
memory model with capacity and duration limits
episodic memory
memory of life experiences
Schemas
pattern associated with a particular situation
Korsakoff's syndrome patients will:
prefer a song you played them an hour before over a song they haven't heard, but not recall ever hearing the song insist they've never seen a puzzle before, but solve it faster the 2nd and 3rd time they are presented with it know the answer to a trivia question they had previously been told the correct answer to without memory of where they heard the answer
serial position effect
primacy and recency effect
processing fluency
priming a network will make activation move through the network faster the next time you use it
the cerebellum is involved in
procedural memory, priming, perceptual learning, classical conditioning and implicit memory
memory aquisition
process of gaining information and placing it into memory
Baddeley's model of working memory theory
proposes central executive is used to manipulate and process information
decay theory
proposes that forgetting occurs because memory traces fade with time
reconsolidation
putting a memory back in the long term memory after remembering it
perceptual learning
recalibration of perceptual systems as a result of experience
recollection
recall of the context in which a certain stimulus was encountered
Brewer and Treyens (1981) Results
recalled items in an office schema and tended to misremember books
familiarity
recognize stimuli but not where we encountered it
the hippocampus is involved in
recollection and episodic memory
deep processing
remember information using the definition
Barlett's "war of the ghosts" experiment results
remembered canoes as boats and seal hunting as fishing
rehearsal
repeating information to keep it in working memory and increasing the likelihood of LTM storage
the temporal lobe is involved in
semantic memory
Types of memory
sensory, short term, long term
how do cases of amnesia inform our understanding of LTM's structure?
study of amnesia patients help us learn about long term memory
operation span task
subjects are asked to do a simple mathematical problem then repeat a word, followed by a recall test
threshold activation
sufficient activation to retrieve and move memory from long term memory to working memory
Slots models
suggest that visual working memory is made up of slots that hold individual items
Memory as a reconstruction process
we don't remember events completely but instead use schemas
Schacter's patient
lost semantic memory but kept episodic memory
types of rehearsal
maintenance and elaborate
indirect tests of memory
measure implicit memory
iconic memory
visual sensory memory
visuospatial sketchpad capacity
3-4 items for 3-4 seconds
Visual Working Memory Capacity
3-5 items
recall
A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier
Blocking (Seven Sins of Memory)
Accessibility of information is temporarily blocked
visual working memory
Based on images and uses perceptual, spatial representations.
experimental evidence of slots
ERP evidence and the contralateral delay activity
Barlett's "war of the ghosts" experiment
Had participants attempt to remember a story from a different culture
Brewer and Treyens (1981) experiment
Participants left in office, then asked to write everything they remembered from room
Baddeley's model of working memory
Phonological loop, central executive, Visuospatial sketchpad
shallow processing
Remember information using superficial characteristics
maintenance rehearsal
Repeating information to keep it active in working memory
contralateral delay activity
Subjects have to remember locations of shapes on screen over a delay in EEG experiment
memory failure
The inability to accurately recall something from memory
Forgetting
The inability to recall information that was previously available
when does the familiarity effect occur?
When processing fluency is high
When does consolidation take place?
a few hours after the event and during sleep
absentmindedness
a lapse in attention that results in memory failure
working memory
a memory system for active processing and manipulation
false memories
memories for events that never happened, but were suggested by someone or something
source memory
ability to remember where we learned something which is enabled by encoding specificity
short-term memory
activated memory that holds a few items briefly before the information is stored or forgotten
subthreshold activation
activation that does not trigger conscious awareness but increases the likelihood of retrieval through summation
Korsakoff's syndrome
amnesia caused by a vitamin B1 deficiency
anterograde amnesia
an inability to form new memories
span tasks
assessing the amount of information someone can hold in working memory at one time
memory misattribution
assigning a memory to the wrong source
echoic memory
auditory sensory memory
explicit memory
conscious memory of facts and experiences
Consolidation
biological process of saving a memory
elaborative rehearsal
linking new information to material that is already known
types of long term memory
explicit and implicit
DRM paradigm
false recall for a theme word is almost as likely as recall of the actual item on the list
sensory memory
first stop for storing sensory information lasting a few seconds
transience
forgetting over time
misinformation effect experimental evidence
loftus & palmer (1974)
long-term memory
long term storage of information
retrograde amnesia
loss of memories from before injury
amnesia
loss of memory
misinformation effect
incorrect information provided after an event can influence memory of the event
spreading activation
increases activity of associated nodes
How is implicit memory proven?
indirect tests
disadvantages of the seven sins of memory
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episodic buffer
keeps track of the order of events that have recently occured
procedural memory
knowing how to do something
Complex Event Processing
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Complex events
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Patient K.C. & implications
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The Advantages of the "Seven Sins" of Memory
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What does Clive Wearing's tell us about consciousness?
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Working Memory Model
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experimental evidence of the modal model of memory
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resource model
suggests visual working memory relies on a pool of limited resources
visuospatial sketchpad
temporary snapshot of visual information
primacy effect
tendency to remember words at the beginning of a list especially well
recency effect
tendency to remember words at the end of a list especially well
direct tests of memory
test of explicit memory which requires an individual to make reference to specific prior experiences
working memory capacity
the amount of information that can be kept active in working memory
memory bias
the changing of memories over time so that they become consistent with current beliefs or attitudes
suggestibility
the development of biased memories from misleading information
retrieval failure
the inability to recall long-term memories
memory persistence
the intrusive recollection of events that we wish we could forget
why was Schacter's patient studied
to understand memory distortions
seven sins of memory
transience, absentmindedness, blocking, memory misattribution, suggestibility, bias, persistence
7 plus or minus 2 items
typical working memory capacity
implicit memory
unconscious memory
long term memory capacity
unlimited capacity and unlimited duration