Cognitive Psych. Exam 2 Study Guide

The misinformation effect occurs when a person's memory for an event is modified by misleading information presented

after the event

K.C., who was injured in a motorcycle accident, remembers facts like the difference between a strike and a spare in bowling, but he is unaware of experiencing things like hearing about the circumstances of his brother's death, which occurred two years before the accident. His memory behavior suggests

an intact semantic memory but defective episodic memory.

Your text's discussion of false memories leads to the conclusion that false memories

are a natural consequence of a largely adaptive memory system

Mantyla's "banana / yellow, bunches, edible" experiment demonstrates that, for best memory performance, retrieval cues should be created

by the person whose memory will be tested.

For most adults over age 40, the reminiscence bump describes enhanced memory for:

adolescence and early adulthood

Loftus and Palmer's "car-crash slides" experiment described in the text shows how a seemingly minor word change can produce a change in a person's memory report. In this study, the Misleading Post event Information was (were) the word(s)

"smashed"

Clive Wearing, the ex-choral director, experienced what memory problem?.

An inability to form new long-term memories

The inability to assimilate or retain new knowledge is known as

Anterograde amnesia

Atkinson and Shiffrin

Computer as a model for human cognition Memory is an integrated system that processes information Acquire, store, and retrieve information Components of memory do not act in isolation Memory has a limited capacity Limited space Limited resources Limited time

Information is coded in Short Term Memory EXCLUSIVELY through an auditory code.

FALSE

Extrapolating from the cultural life script hypothesis, which of the following events would be easiest to recall?

Graduating from college at age 22

The primacy effect (from the serial position curve experiment) is associated with

Long term memory

The memory-trace replacement hypothesis states that the misinformation effect occurs because

MPI (Misleading Post event Information) impairs or replaces memories formed during the original experiencing of an event.

If a person has a digit span of two, this indicates that he has _____ memory

Poor short-term memory

Physiological studies indicate that damage to the area of the brain known as the _____ can disrupt behaviors that depend on working memory.

Prefrontal cortex

Your book discusses the memory functioning of patient H.M. who underwent brain surgery to relieve severe epileptic seizures. H.M.'s case has been extremely informative to psychologists by demonstrating that

STM can operate normally while LTM is impaired.

Sensory Memory

Short-lived sensory memory registers all or most information that hits our visual receptors Information decays very quickly Persistence of vision: retention of the perception of light Sparkler's trail of light Frames in film Holds large amount of information for a short period of time Collects information Holds information for initial processing Fills in in the blank

The experiment for which people were asked to make fame judgments for both famous and non-famous names (and for which Sebastian Weissdorf was one of the names to be remembered) illustrated the effect of _____ on memory.

Source misattributions

The word-length effect shows that it is more difficult to remember

a list of long words than a list of short words.

The elaborative rehearsal task of learning a word by using it in a sentence is generally most effective if the generated sentence is

complex

The "telephone game" is often played by children. One child creates a story and whispers it to a second child, who does the same to a third child, and so on. When the last child recites the story to the group, his or her reproduction of the story is generally shorter than the original and contains many omissions and inaccuracies. This game shows how memory is a ______ process.

constructive

Explicit memory is to ____ as implicit memory is to _______.

declarative; nondeclarative

According to the levels of processing theory, memory durability depends on how information is

encoded

Acquiring information and transforming it into memory is

encoding

People often report an annoying memory failure when they walk from one end of the house to the other for something and then forgetting what they went to retrieve when they reach their destination. As soon as they return to the first room, they are reminded of what they wanted in the first place. This common experience best illustrates the principle of

encoding specificity

"I remember being really excited last year, when my college team won the national championship in basketball." This statement is an example of _____ memory.

episodic

A lesson to be learned from the research on flashbulb memories is that:

extreme vividness of a memory does not mean it is accurate

Your text's discussion of eyewitness testimony illustrates that this type of memory is frequently influenced by all of the following EXCEPT

failing to elaboratively rehearse these kinds of events due to fear

In Slameka and Graf's (1978) study, some participants read word pairs, while other participants had to fill in the blank letters of the second word in a pair with a word related to the first word. The latter group performed better on a later memory task, illustrating the

generation effect

One of the defining properties of the experience of episodic memory is that

it involves mental time travel.

The emphasis of the concept of working memory is on how information is

manipulated

Which task should be easier: keeping a sentence like "John went to the store to buy some oranges" in your mind AND

pointing to the word "yes" for each word that is a noun and "no" for each word that is not a noun?

According to the multiple trace hypothesis, the hippocampus is involved in retrieval of

remote, episodic memories

Elaborative rehearsal of a word will LEAST likely be accomplished by

repeating it over and over

Information remains in sensory memory for

seconds or a fraction of a second

The primary effect of chunking is to

stretch the capacity of STM

____ consolidation involves the gradual reorganization of circuits within brain regions and takes place on a fairly long time scale, lasting weeks, months, or even years.

systems

One function of ____ is controlling the suppression of irrelevant information.

the central executive

Memory enhancement due to conceptual priming is a result of

the test stimulus being similar in meaning to the priming stimulus.

Memory enhancement due to repetition priming is a result of

the test stimulus being the same or resembling the priming stimulus.

Transfer-appropriate processing is likely to occur if

the type of encoding and type of retrieval match.

The defining characteristic of implicit memory is that

we are not conscious we are using it