cognitive psych exam 3

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T/F does being in the same environment help remember a list of words later on

T being in the same environment as when they first learned it helped remember later on

T/F flashbulb memory decline in accuracy overtime

TRUE

T/F the best way to study is the retrieval practice?

TRUE

T/F Nelson Mandela was written about dying in a prison in the 1980

TRUE, he was written about but he did not die in 1980s he died in 2013

You decide to study for your exam outside because the weather was nice. Based on this knowledge, which of the following should lead to the best performance on your exam?

Taking the exam outside, since you studied outside

Godden and Baddeley (1975)

experiment on encoding specificity

weapon focus

eyewitnesses focus on one important aspect of an event and ignore details

Fazio and Cooper (1983)

repeated statements = more likely to be rated as true

Memory tends to be best when our internal states are congruent during retrieval and encoding. This is referred to as...

state-dependent memory

Why does infantile amnesia occur underdeveloped language abilities?

the ability to reconstruct episodic events may depend on being able to encode them as an linguistic story, verbal and nonverbal

rehersal

the conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage

encoding specificity principle

the idea that cues and contexts specific to a particular memory will be most effective in helping us recall it

infantile amnesia

the inability to remember events from early childhood

autobiographical memory (AM)

the memory for events and facts related to one's personal life story

Which of the following is NOT a function of autobiographical memory?

Facilitating problem-solving abilities

The Mandela Effect refers to:

A collective misremembering of a fact or event by a large group of people

method of Loci

A mnemonic technique that involves associating items on a list with a sequence of familiar physical locations

My friend thinks I told her a piece of information, when really she must have heard it from somewhere else. This is an example of

A source monitoring error

pegword method

A strategy for memorization in which images are used to link lists of facts to a familiar set of words or numbers.

What is infantile amnesia?

Adults not having episodic memories before the ages of 2-4 years old

Which of the following describes the pegword mnemonic technique?

Associating items with a list of prememorized rhyming words

One thing that can help improve eyewitness testimony is...

B Informing witnesses during a lineup procedure that the perpetrator may not be in the lineup

T/F does it matter how much we encode if we cant retrieve it

F no matter how much we encode it, we have to be able to retrieve it

. The method of loci is a mnemonic technique that involves:

Creating an image of each item on a list interacting with a familiar location

T/F sleep plays no role in memory consolidation

F sleep is extremely important to memory consolidation

T/F memory is not like a Wikipedia page

FALSE is is just like a Wikipedia page... mostly accurate but can be wrong and edited

What does the NEUROGENESIS explanation of infantile amnesia state?

During childhood, the brain produces a lot of new neurons in the hippocampus, which could cause memories to be overwritten.

example of elaborative rehearsal

Echoic memory reminds me of echo which is how I remember that it's the name for the sound memory.

What is one reason why there are so many errors with eyewitness testimony?

Emotion and stress can affect perception and attention

The story of Joshua Foer, the 2006 USA Memory Champion, helped demonstrate that

Exceptional memory is a skill that can be learned

Elizabeth Loftus

Her research on memory construction and the misinformation effect created doubts about the accuracy of eye-witness testimony

What does the reminiscence bump refer to?

High memory for events that occur between approximately 10 and 30 years of age

Despite scientific evidence to the contrary, Harry believes that drinking dandelion tea would improve his long-term memory because he saw several news stories and articles about it online. What is Harry experiencing?

Illusory truth effect

Which of the following is true about the DRM paradigm?

It involves presenting words RELATED to a critical lure (but never the critical lure), It is a laboratory procedure used to study false memory and It stands for the Deese-RoedigerMcDermott paradigm

What effect does weapon focus have on eyewitness testimony?

It reduces the accuracy of eyewitness testimony, by causing witnesses to overlook other details of the crime

Abigail and Kathryn decide to quiz themselves on the material for their next exam. Abigail asks herself easy questions that she can answer immediately, whereas Kathryn asks herself harder questions that requires some thinking to arrive at the correct answer. According to the desirable difficulties theory...

Kathryn should do better on the upcoming exam

Which of the following is true about the misinformation effect and misleading post event information (MPI)?

MPI presented AFTER a person witnesses an event can change how the person describes the event later

Amelia's mom calls and asks Amelia to pick her up at 23 Washington Road. To remember this, Amelia repeats "23 Washington Road" over and over, until Amelia is able to write it down on a piece of paper. This is an example of..

Maintenance rehearsal

Sleep is particularly important for memory because it helps transform new memories from a fragile state to a more permanent state. This process is called...

Memory consolidation

What is the spacing effect?

Memory is better when learning events are spaced out over time

Which of the following is an example of a retrieval cue?

Remembering you have to buy fruit after seeing your friend pull an apple out of their bag

When focusing on visual imagery and memory, which of the following statements are true?

Something that is easy to visualize should be remembered better

Neisser and Harsch (1992)

Tested theory of flashbulb memory. Participants had to write a description of how they heard a certain shocking event, and answer questions about where they were. What they were doing, their feelings, etc. answered less than 24 hours after disaster, then asked 2 1/2 years later. Many could not remember most of the things they remembered 24 hours after. Challenged flashbulb memory theory, although no sure way to measure levels of emotional arousal of each individual.

Which of the following is a potential explanation for infantile amnesia?

The hippocampus is underdeveloped until about 4 years old

constructive nature of memory

The idea that what people report as memories are constructed based on what actually happened plus additional factors, such as expectations, other knowledge, and other life experiences.

music mnemonic

The use of music to learn and retain information

Which of the following is true about flashbulb memories?

They are vivid, but not necessarily accurate over time.

How does emotion affect memory?

We tend to remember very positive and negative events more than daily events

To help remember the levels of biological classification, James taught his students the sentence "King Philip Came Over For Good Spaghetti" (Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species). This is an example of:

a Mnemonic

flashbulb memory

a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

cognitive interview

a technique that decreases the likelihood of any suggestive input by the person conducting the interview

Acronyms

abbreviations that stand in for common phrases

Am social meaning

allows people with shared experiences to increase their social bonds

Am self- representation meaning

analyzing what you've done in the past to help you maintain a stable identity in the future

Mandela Effect

being positive something happened when it didn't

Unconscious plagiarism of the work of others is known as

cryptomnesia

example of source monitoring errors

cryptomnesia

retrieval failures

decay and interference

three functions in AM

directive, social, self-representation

Why does infantile amnesia occur neurogenesis?

during childhood the brain produces a lot of new neurons in the hippocampus, could lead to memories being overwritten

Three steps of memory

encoding, storage, retrieval

Reminiscence bump

enhanced memory for adolescence and young adulthood found in people over 40

the testing effect

enhanced performance due to retrieval practice

Illusory truth effect

enhanced probability of evaluating a statement as being true upon repeated presentation

why are their so many errors associated with eyewitness testimony?

errors of identification, errors with perception and attention, errors due to familiarity, errors due to suggestion

Craik and Tulving (1972)

found that the more deeply people had processed a word, the better they remembered it

visual imagery

generating images in our head--> can enhance memory

generation effect

generating material yourself, rather than passively receiving it, enhances learning and retention

Slameka & Graf (1978)

generation effect

Why does infantile amnesia occur neurological?

hippocampus is underdeveloped until around 4 years old

The "levels" in levels-of-processing theory refer to:

how deeply information is processed

Jacoby and Colleagues (1989)

how do I get famous overnight? results: immediate- participants could pick out the made up non famous ones. delayed- participants were more likely to identify the old nonfamous names as being famous

desirable difficulties theory

in order for a person to learn and remember information for a long time, learning must be challenging a desirable degree

misinformation effect

incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event

deep processing

involves close to attention to meaning and relationships

shallow processing

involves little attention to meaning

The problem with rereading notes as a study technique is that

it contributes to the illusion of knowing

what's being done to improve eyewitness testimony?

lineup procedures, interviewing techniques,

examples of retrieval cues

location, smell, sounds

Goodwin and colleagues (1969)

medical students were asked to perform memory tests drunk or sober. sober was best as encoding and retrieval but drunk at encoding and sober at retrieval.

mnemonics

memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

AM directive meaning

memory can serve to guide current actions

Joshua Foer

memory champion

Autobiographical memory can be defined as

memory for specific experiences from our life, including both semantic and episodic memory

self reference effect

memory is better when we relate information to ourselves

Erik and Leshikar and colleagues (2015)

memory was better when participants indicated whether a list of adjectives described themselves compared to when they indicated whether the list contained commonly used words or not

examples of mnemonic devices

music mnemonics, acronyms, rhymes, method of Loci, Pegword

Eric Eich and Janet Metcalfe (1989)

overall people remembered better if their moods are the same as taking the test as they are doing it a second round

Morris and colleagues (1977)

part I encoding, part II retrieval, result: participants did better when encoding matched retrieval

false memory

people remember things that never happened or remember things different than how they actually happened

transfer-appropriate processing

performance is better when the type of processing matches in encoding and retrieval

Distrubuted Practice

practice in brief periods with rest intervals

levels of processing theory

proposes that deeper levels of processing result in longer-lasting memory codes

Mantyla (1986)

retrieval cues are significantly more effective when they are created by the person whose memory is being tested

When Danika first met her colleague, she noted that he has the same name as her Uncle. Now Danika always remembers his name. This is BEST explained by...

self-reference effect

Simons and Chabris

showed that half of the observers failed to see the gorilla-suited assistant in a ball passing game

The experiment for which people were asked to make fame judgments for both famous and non-famous names (and for which Sebastian Weissdorf was one of the names to be remembered) illustrated the effect of __________ on memory

source monitoring errors

retrieval cues

stimuli that may jog our memory and help us retrieve information from our LTM

Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM Paradigm)

test of false memory - recalling word not in list, where the list implies the word could be there, but it isn't

Bower and Winzenz (1970)

tested whether visual imagery can enhance paired-associate learning

Consolidation

the process by which memories become stable in the brain

source monitoring

the processing of determining the ORIGIN of our memories, knowledge or beliefs

Rhymes

using words with similar sounds, usually at the end of the word, to emphasize a point

Testing yourself on information tends to lead to better long-term memory than restudying (i.e., rereading) the information. This is referred to as...

the testing effect

How do mnemonics work?

they engage the three step sequence of how information is learned and remembered

illusion of knowing

thinking that one knows something that one actually does not know

cryptomnesia

unconscious plagiarism of the work of others

elborative rehearsal

way of transferring information from STM to LTM by making that information meaningful

state-dependent memory

when our internal states or mood are congruent during retrieval and encoding, we have improved memory

Why does infantile amnesia occur emotional?

young children may process emotional information differently


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