cognitive psych exam 3
T/F does being in the same environment help remember a list of words later on
T being in the same environment as when they first learned it helped remember later on
T/F flashbulb memory decline in accuracy overtime
TRUE
T/F the best way to study is the retrieval practice?
TRUE
T/F Nelson Mandela was written about dying in a prison in the 1980
TRUE, he was written about but he did not die in 1980s he died in 2013
You decide to study for your exam outside because the weather was nice. Based on this knowledge, which of the following should lead to the best performance on your exam?
Taking the exam outside, since you studied outside
Godden and Baddeley (1975)
experiment on encoding specificity
weapon focus
eyewitnesses focus on one important aspect of an event and ignore details
Fazio and Cooper (1983)
repeated statements = more likely to be rated as true
Memory tends to be best when our internal states are congruent during retrieval and encoding. This is referred to as...
state-dependent memory
Why does infantile amnesia occur underdeveloped language abilities?
the ability to reconstruct episodic events may depend on being able to encode them as an linguistic story, verbal and nonverbal
rehersal
the conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage
encoding specificity principle
the idea that cues and contexts specific to a particular memory will be most effective in helping us recall it
infantile amnesia
the inability to remember events from early childhood
autobiographical memory (AM)
the memory for events and facts related to one's personal life story
Which of the following is NOT a function of autobiographical memory?
Facilitating problem-solving abilities
The Mandela Effect refers to:
A collective misremembering of a fact or event by a large group of people
method of Loci
A mnemonic technique that involves associating items on a list with a sequence of familiar physical locations
My friend thinks I told her a piece of information, when really she must have heard it from somewhere else. This is an example of
A source monitoring error
pegword method
A strategy for memorization in which images are used to link lists of facts to a familiar set of words or numbers.
What is infantile amnesia?
Adults not having episodic memories before the ages of 2-4 years old
Which of the following describes the pegword mnemonic technique?
Associating items with a list of prememorized rhyming words
One thing that can help improve eyewitness testimony is...
B Informing witnesses during a lineup procedure that the perpetrator may not be in the lineup
T/F does it matter how much we encode if we cant retrieve it
F no matter how much we encode it, we have to be able to retrieve it
. The method of loci is a mnemonic technique that involves:
Creating an image of each item on a list interacting with a familiar location
T/F sleep plays no role in memory consolidation
F sleep is extremely important to memory consolidation
T/F memory is not like a Wikipedia page
FALSE is is just like a Wikipedia page... mostly accurate but can be wrong and edited
What does the NEUROGENESIS explanation of infantile amnesia state?
During childhood, the brain produces a lot of new neurons in the hippocampus, which could cause memories to be overwritten.
example of elaborative rehearsal
Echoic memory reminds me of echo which is how I remember that it's the name for the sound memory.
What is one reason why there are so many errors with eyewitness testimony?
Emotion and stress can affect perception and attention
The story of Joshua Foer, the 2006 USA Memory Champion, helped demonstrate that
Exceptional memory is a skill that can be learned
Elizabeth Loftus
Her research on memory construction and the misinformation effect created doubts about the accuracy of eye-witness testimony
What does the reminiscence bump refer to?
High memory for events that occur between approximately 10 and 30 years of age
Despite scientific evidence to the contrary, Harry believes that drinking dandelion tea would improve his long-term memory because he saw several news stories and articles about it online. What is Harry experiencing?
Illusory truth effect
Which of the following is true about the DRM paradigm?
It involves presenting words RELATED to a critical lure (but never the critical lure), It is a laboratory procedure used to study false memory and It stands for the Deese-RoedigerMcDermott paradigm
What effect does weapon focus have on eyewitness testimony?
It reduces the accuracy of eyewitness testimony, by causing witnesses to overlook other details of the crime
Abigail and Kathryn decide to quiz themselves on the material for their next exam. Abigail asks herself easy questions that she can answer immediately, whereas Kathryn asks herself harder questions that requires some thinking to arrive at the correct answer. According to the desirable difficulties theory...
Kathryn should do better on the upcoming exam
Which of the following is true about the misinformation effect and misleading post event information (MPI)?
MPI presented AFTER a person witnesses an event can change how the person describes the event later
Amelia's mom calls and asks Amelia to pick her up at 23 Washington Road. To remember this, Amelia repeats "23 Washington Road" over and over, until Amelia is able to write it down on a piece of paper. This is an example of..
Maintenance rehearsal
Sleep is particularly important for memory because it helps transform new memories from a fragile state to a more permanent state. This process is called...
Memory consolidation
What is the spacing effect?
Memory is better when learning events are spaced out over time
Which of the following is an example of a retrieval cue?
Remembering you have to buy fruit after seeing your friend pull an apple out of their bag
When focusing on visual imagery and memory, which of the following statements are true?
Something that is easy to visualize should be remembered better
Neisser and Harsch (1992)
Tested theory of flashbulb memory. Participants had to write a description of how they heard a certain shocking event, and answer questions about where they were. What they were doing, their feelings, etc. answered less than 24 hours after disaster, then asked 2 1/2 years later. Many could not remember most of the things they remembered 24 hours after. Challenged flashbulb memory theory, although no sure way to measure levels of emotional arousal of each individual.
Which of the following is a potential explanation for infantile amnesia?
The hippocampus is underdeveloped until about 4 years old
constructive nature of memory
The idea that what people report as memories are constructed based on what actually happened plus additional factors, such as expectations, other knowledge, and other life experiences.
music mnemonic
The use of music to learn and retain information
Which of the following is true about flashbulb memories?
They are vivid, but not necessarily accurate over time.
How does emotion affect memory?
We tend to remember very positive and negative events more than daily events
To help remember the levels of biological classification, James taught his students the sentence "King Philip Came Over For Good Spaghetti" (Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species). This is an example of:
a Mnemonic
flashbulb memory
a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
cognitive interview
a technique that decreases the likelihood of any suggestive input by the person conducting the interview
Acronyms
abbreviations that stand in for common phrases
Am social meaning
allows people with shared experiences to increase their social bonds
Am self- representation meaning
analyzing what you've done in the past to help you maintain a stable identity in the future
Mandela Effect
being positive something happened when it didn't
Unconscious plagiarism of the work of others is known as
cryptomnesia
example of source monitoring errors
cryptomnesia
retrieval failures
decay and interference
three functions in AM
directive, social, self-representation
Why does infantile amnesia occur neurogenesis?
during childhood the brain produces a lot of new neurons in the hippocampus, could lead to memories being overwritten
Three steps of memory
encoding, storage, retrieval
Reminiscence bump
enhanced memory for adolescence and young adulthood found in people over 40
the testing effect
enhanced performance due to retrieval practice
Illusory truth effect
enhanced probability of evaluating a statement as being true upon repeated presentation
why are their so many errors associated with eyewitness testimony?
errors of identification, errors with perception and attention, errors due to familiarity, errors due to suggestion
Craik and Tulving (1972)
found that the more deeply people had processed a word, the better they remembered it
visual imagery
generating images in our head--> can enhance memory
generation effect
generating material yourself, rather than passively receiving it, enhances learning and retention
Slameka & Graf (1978)
generation effect
Why does infantile amnesia occur neurological?
hippocampus is underdeveloped until around 4 years old
The "levels" in levels-of-processing theory refer to:
how deeply information is processed
Jacoby and Colleagues (1989)
how do I get famous overnight? results: immediate- participants could pick out the made up non famous ones. delayed- participants were more likely to identify the old nonfamous names as being famous
desirable difficulties theory
in order for a person to learn and remember information for a long time, learning must be challenging a desirable degree
misinformation effect
incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event
deep processing
involves close to attention to meaning and relationships
shallow processing
involves little attention to meaning
The problem with rereading notes as a study technique is that
it contributes to the illusion of knowing
what's being done to improve eyewitness testimony?
lineup procedures, interviewing techniques,
examples of retrieval cues
location, smell, sounds
Goodwin and colleagues (1969)
medical students were asked to perform memory tests drunk or sober. sober was best as encoding and retrieval but drunk at encoding and sober at retrieval.
mnemonics
memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices
AM directive meaning
memory can serve to guide current actions
Joshua Foer
memory champion
Autobiographical memory can be defined as
memory for specific experiences from our life, including both semantic and episodic memory
self reference effect
memory is better when we relate information to ourselves
Erik and Leshikar and colleagues (2015)
memory was better when participants indicated whether a list of adjectives described themselves compared to when they indicated whether the list contained commonly used words or not
examples of mnemonic devices
music mnemonics, acronyms, rhymes, method of Loci, Pegword
Eric Eich and Janet Metcalfe (1989)
overall people remembered better if their moods are the same as taking the test as they are doing it a second round
Morris and colleagues (1977)
part I encoding, part II retrieval, result: participants did better when encoding matched retrieval
false memory
people remember things that never happened or remember things different than how they actually happened
transfer-appropriate processing
performance is better when the type of processing matches in encoding and retrieval
Distrubuted Practice
practice in brief periods with rest intervals
levels of processing theory
proposes that deeper levels of processing result in longer-lasting memory codes
Mantyla (1986)
retrieval cues are significantly more effective when they are created by the person whose memory is being tested
When Danika first met her colleague, she noted that he has the same name as her Uncle. Now Danika always remembers his name. This is BEST explained by...
self-reference effect
Simons and Chabris
showed that half of the observers failed to see the gorilla-suited assistant in a ball passing game
The experiment for which people were asked to make fame judgments for both famous and non-famous names (and for which Sebastian Weissdorf was one of the names to be remembered) illustrated the effect of __________ on memory
source monitoring errors
retrieval cues
stimuli that may jog our memory and help us retrieve information from our LTM
Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM Paradigm)
test of false memory - recalling word not in list, where the list implies the word could be there, but it isn't
Bower and Winzenz (1970)
tested whether visual imagery can enhance paired-associate learning
Consolidation
the process by which memories become stable in the brain
source monitoring
the processing of determining the ORIGIN of our memories, knowledge or beliefs
Rhymes
using words with similar sounds, usually at the end of the word, to emphasize a point
Testing yourself on information tends to lead to better long-term memory than restudying (i.e., rereading) the information. This is referred to as...
the testing effect
How do mnemonics work?
they engage the three step sequence of how information is learned and remembered
illusion of knowing
thinking that one knows something that one actually does not know
cryptomnesia
unconscious plagiarism of the work of others
elborative rehearsal
way of transferring information from STM to LTM by making that information meaningful
state-dependent memory
when our internal states or mood are congruent during retrieval and encoding, we have improved memory
Why does infantile amnesia occur emotional?
young children may process emotional information differently