Cognitive Psych Quiz 2: Chapter 4

In Schneider and Shiffrin's experiment, in which participants were asked to indicate whether a target stimulus was present in a series of rapidly presented "frames," divided attention was easier

In the consistent-mapping condition.

Lan has no idea what she just read in her text because she was thinking about how hungry she is and what she is going to have for dinner. This is a real-world example of

Inattentional blindness.

A high threshold in Treisman's model of attention implies that

It takes a strong signal to cause activation.

Scene schema is

Knowledge about what is contained in a typical scene.

Automatic attraction of attention by a sudden visual or auditory stimulus is called

Exogenous attention.

A bottom-up process is involved in fixating on an area of a scene that

Has high stimulus salience.

Experiments that support the idea of early selection involve

High-load tasks.

When we search a scene, initial fixations are most likely to occur on ____ areas.

High-saliency

The Stroop effect demonstrates

How automatic processing can interfere with intended processing.

Colby and coworkers' study showed that a monkey's parietal cortex responded best to the appearance of a light when it was the focus of the monkey's

Attention.

Which of the following is an experimental procedure used to study how attention affects the processing of competing stimuli?

Dichotic listening

Which of the following is most closely associated with Treisman's attenuation theory of selective attention?

Dictionary unit

Dichotic listening occurs when

Different messages are presented to the left and right ears.

In support of late selection models, Donald MacKay showed that the presentation of a biasing word on the unattended ear influenced participants' processing of ____ when they were ____ of that word.

Ambiguous sentences; unaware

Which of the following would likely be an input message into the detector in Broadbent's model?

A message with a German accent

The ability to pay attention to, or carry out, two or more different tasks simultaneously is known as

Divided attention.

Controlled processing involves

Close attention.

Illusory conjunctions are

Combinations of features from different stimuli.

Which of the following everyday scenarios is most likely to support what the early selection approach would say about how attention will affect the performance of the two tasks involved?

Conversing on the phone while doing a crossword puzzle

Colin Cherry's experiment in which participants listened to two different messages, one presented to each ear, found that people

Could focus on one message and ignore the other one at the same time.

Imagine that U.S. lawmakers are considering changing the driving laws and that you have been consulted as an attention expert. Given the principles of consistent vs. varied mapping, which of the following possible changes to driving laws would most interfere with a skilled driver's automatic performance when driving a car?

Creating conditions where sometimes a green light meant "stop"

Results of precueing experiments show that participants respond more rapidly to a stimulus that appeared at the ____ location.

Cued

Suppose you are in your kitchen writing a grocery list, while your roommate is watching TV in the next room. A commercial for spaghetti sauce comes on TV. Although you are not paying attention to the TV, you "suddenly" remember that you need to pick up spaghetti sauce and add it to the list. Your behavior is best predicted by which of the following models of attention?

Late selection

In the flanker compatibility procedure, flanker stimuli and target stimuli must necessarily differ in terms of

Location.

The Stroop effect demonstrates people's inability to ignore the ______ of words.

Meaning

The main difference between early and late selection models of attention is that in late selection models, selection of stimuli for final processing doesn't occur until the information is analyzed for

Meaning

Suppose twin teenagers are vying for their mother's attention. The mother is trying to pay attention to one of her daughters, though both girls are talking (one about her boyfriend, one about a school project). According to the operating characteristics of Treisman's attenuator, it is most likely the attenuator is analyzing the incoming messages in terms of

Meaning.

A dynamic environment, in which objects move throughout a scene, is likely to invoke ____ attention.

Object-based

In Klin and coworkers' research that investigated autistic reactions to the film Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?, autistic people primarily attended to ____ in the scene.

Objects

The use of an eye tracker can help reveal the shifting of one's _____ attention.

Overt

In Simons and Chabris's "change blindness" experiment, participants watch a film of people playing basketball. Many participants failed to report that that a woman carrying an umbrella walked through because the A. woman with the umbrella was in motion, just like the players. B. the umbrella was the same color as the floor. C. participants were counting the number of ball passes. D. participants were not asked if they saw anything unusual.

Participants were counting the number of ball passes.

Location-based attention is when

People move their attention from one place to another.

Selection of the attended message in the Broadbent model occurs based on the

Physical characteristics of the message.

Broadbent's "filter model" proposes that the filter identifies the attended message based on

Physical characteristics.

According to Treisman's feature integration theory, the first stage of perception is called the _____ stage.

Preattentive

The automatic process exhibited in the standard Stroop effect is

Reading words.

Imagine we conducted a series of attention experiments. The idea that attention is associated with objects would be indicated if reaction time were

Reduced when targets appeared within a cued object compared to within an adjacent object.

When a person is shadowing a message, he or she is

Saying the message out loud.

When Sam listens to his girlfriend Susan in the restaurant and ignores other people's conversations, he is engaged in the process of ____ attention.

Selective

In Broadbent's filter model, the stages of information processing occur in which order?

Sensory store, filter, detector, memory

In a dichotic listening experiment, ______ refers to the procedure that is used to force participants to pay attention to a specific message among competing messages.

Shadowing

Strayer and Johnston's (2001) experiment involving simulated driving and the use of "hands-free" vs. "handheld" cell phones found that A. talking on either kind of phone impairs driving performance significantly and to the same extent. B. driving performance was impaired only with the handheld cell phones. C. driving performance was impaired less with the hands-free phones than with the handheld phones. D. divided attention (driving and talking on the phone) did not affect performance.

Talking on either kind of phone impairs driving performance significantly and to the same extent.

According to your text, the ability to divide attention depends on all of the following EXCEPT

Task cueing.

Automatic processing occurs when

Tasks are well-practiced.

The cocktail party effect is

The ability to pay attention to one message and ignore others, yet hear distinctive features of the unattended messages.

With the Stroop effect, you would expect to find longest response times when

The color and the name differed.

Which stage in Treisman's "attenuation model" has a threshold component?

The dictionary unit

Broadbent's model is called an early selection model because

The filtering step occurs before the meaning of the incoming information is analyzed.

Research on the use of cell phones while driving indicates that

The main effect of cell phone use on driving safety can be attributed to the fact that attention is used up by the cognitive task of talking on the phone.

Which experimental result caused problems for Broadbent's filter model of selective attention?

The result of the "Dear Aunt Jane" experiment

According to Treisman's "attenuation model," which of the following would you expect to have the highest threshold for most people?

The word "platypus"

The Stroop effect occurs when participants

Try to name colors and ignore words.

Which of the following statements concerning the "100-car naturalistic driving study" is true?

Video recorders created records of both what the drivers were doing and the views out the front and rear windows

23. Flanker compatibility experiments have been conducted using a variety of stimulus conditions. By definition, this procedure must include at least one target and one distractor. In any condition where we find that a distractor influenced reaction time, we can conclude that the distractor

Was processed.

Eye tracker studies investigating attention as we carry out actions such as making a peanut butter sandwich shows that a person's eye movements

Were determined primarily by the task.