Cognitive Psychology

Which of the following is NOT a property of the connectionist approach?

Before any learning has occurred in the network, the weights in the network all equal zero

Which of the following is the best example of a garden path sentence?

Before the police stopped the Toyota disappeared into the night

Which of the following statements does NOT apply to the results of research on differences between how experts and novices solve problems?

Being an expert in one field can transfer to better problem solving in another field

Your text describes cross-cultural studies of categorization with US and Itza participants. Given the results of these studies, we know that if asked to name basic level objects for a category, U.S. participants would answer _____ and Itza participants would answer _____

Bird; sparrow

Swinney did an experiment in which he presented participants with the sentence "The man was not surprised to find several spiders, roaches, and other bugs n the corner of the room". He found that immediately after hearing the word "bug", the participants accessed

Both the "insect" and the "hidden listening device" meanings of the word

In Kaplan and Simon's experiment, they presented different versions of the mutilated checkerboard problem. Participants in the ______ group had the fastest response time

Bread and butter

The typical purpose of subgoals is to

Bring the problem solver closer and closer to the goal state

Given its definition, expected utility theory is most applicable to decising whether to

Buy first class or coach tickets for a spring break trip

Of the following real world phenomena, the confirmation bias best explains the observation that people

Can cite several reasons for their position on a controversial issue but none for the opposing side

How is cognitive economy represented in the following example? The property _____ is stored at the ______ node

Can fly; bird

Imagine you are interpreting a pair of sentences such as "The sidwalk was covered with ice" and "Ramona fell down".. This kind of inference we use to link these sentece together would most likely be a(n) ______ inference

Casual

What is NOT cited in the text as a reason why categories are useful?

Categories provide definitions of groups of related objects

The similarity-convergence model demonstrates the influence of _____ on the strength of inductive arguments

Categorization

The prototype approach to categorization states that a standard representation of a category is based on

Category members that have been encountered in the past

Which term below is most closely associated with semantic networks?

Cognitive economy

The given-new contract is a method for creating

Coherence in people's conversations

Which property is NOT one of the characteristics that makes human language unique?

Communication

A mental representation used for a variety of cognitive functions, including memory, reasoning, and using and understanding language

Concept

Connectionist networks are modeled after neural networks in the nervous system and incorporate all of the following features of the nervous system EXCEPT

Concepts represented by activity in individual nodes

Consider the following syllogism: If it's a robin then it is a bird. It is a bird. Therefore, it is a robin. In this example, "Therefore, it is a robin" is a _______ of a ________ syllogism

Conclusion; conditional

When the process of analogical problem solving was applied to the fortress and radiation problems, which of the following represented the mapping step of this process?

Connecting the fortress with the tumor

One of the key properties of the _____ approach is that a scientific concept is represented by activity that is distributed over many units in the network

Connectionist

The process of back propogation is most closely associated with

Connectionist networks

Intermediate states can be created by

Creating subgoals

In the movies Apollo 13, astronauts aboard a damaged spacecraft have to build a carbon dioxide filter out of random items that are aboard the ship with them. If they do not, they will all die rapidly of carbon dioxide poisoning. The fact that they are able to do so with the help of experts on Earth is similar to the _________ approach developed by Ronald Finke

Creative cognition

If a system has the property of graceful degradation, this means that

Damage to the system doesn't completely disrupt its operation

In the lexical decision task, participants are asked to

Decide whether a string of letters is a word or a non-word

Connectionist theory states that a particular object (like a canary) is identified by activity in the specific "canary" output unity of the network

False

Evidence that languages is a social process that must be learned comes from the fact that when deaf children find themselves in an environment where there are no people who speak or use sign language, they are unable to develop any formal language skills

False

Cosmides and Tooby tested participants' abilities to solve variabtions of the Wason problem, including ones containing stories about a particular culture. Their results showed that _____ is not always necessary for conditional reasoning

Familiarity

Which methodology is used to study categorization processes in very young infants?

Familiarization/novelty preference procedure

Which is NOT associated with the semantic network model?

Family resemblance

The principle illustrated when most people are able to recognize a variety of examples of something even though no one category member may have all of the characteristic properties of it is

Family resemblence

Collins and Quillian's semantic network model predicts that the reaction time to verify "a canary is a bird" is ______ the reaction time to verify "an ostrich is a bird"

Faster than

In an eye-movement study, Rayner and coworkers had participants read sentences that contained either a high- or low-frequency target word. For example, the sentence "Sam wore the horrid coat though his _____ girlfriend complained" contained either the target word "pretty" or "demure". Results showed the participants ______ was shorter for the target word ______

Fixation; pretty

Which of the following is an example of the sentence verification technique?

Indicate whether the following statement is true: An apple is a fruit. Yes/No

Making probable conclusions based on evidence involves _______ reasoning

Inductive

Bonnie has ordered her monthly supply of medicines through the mail for the past five years. Except for one order, all orders have arrived within two business days. Bonnie placed an order yesterday, and she expects to receive her order tomorrow. Bonnie is using

Inductive reasoning

Most of the coherence in text is created by

Inference

In the tower of Hanoi problem, the _____ state involves having three discs stacked on the left peg, with the middle and right pegs empty

Initial

Newell and Simon called the conditions at the beginning of the problem the

Initial state

Chaz is listening to his grandma reminisce about the first time she danced with his grandpa 60 years ago. when his grandma says, "It seemed like the song would play forever", Chaz understands that it is more likley his grandma was listening to a radio playing and not a CD. This understanding requires Chaz use a(n)

Instrument inference

Josiah is trying to decide whether or not to take a new job in a new city. The decision is creating a lot of anxiety in him, which is an example of an

Integral immediate emotion

In the two-string problem, tying the pliers to one of the strings best represents a(n) __________ state

Intermediate

Sanfey and coworkers' "ultimatum game" experiment revealed that people tended to make the _____ decision of ________

Irrational; accepting only high offers

Imagine that a young child is just learning about the category "dog". Thus far, she has experienced only two dogs, one small poodle and one large German shepherd. On her third encounter with a dog, she will be LEAST likely to categorize the animal as a dog if that animal

Is a dog that does not bark

When we look at a record of the physical energy produced by conversational speech, we see that the speech signal

Is continuous

Collins and Loftus modified the original semantic network theory of Collins and Quillian to satisfy some of the criticisms of the original model. However, their revised model was not immune to criticism. One criticism of Collins and Loftus' semantic network theory is that it

Is of little explanatory value because it can explain just about any result

Which of the following is not true about divergent thinking?

It has a single correct answer

According to the typicality effect,

Items that are high in prototypicality are judges more rapidly as being in a group

The validity of a syllogism depends on

Its form

The study by Tversky and Shafir, in which college students decided whether or not to purchase a vacation package after taking a difficult end-of-semester exam, showed the influence of ________ in decision making

Justification

The analogical paradox refers to problem-solving differences between

Laboratory and real-world settings

Lilo can't wait for school to start. This year is the first time she gets to take a foreign language class, and she is taking Japanese. Dr. Nabuto is a professor interested in studying how people learn additional languages later in life, and he is including Lilo's class in his research. Dr. Nabuto is most likely studying

Language acquisition

Yoda, a central character of the Star Wards movies created by George Lucas, has a distinctive way of speaking. His statement, "Afraid you will be", violates which English language property?

Language has a structure that is governed by rules

The textbook suggests that a trait that appears to be common to both mental illness and creativity is

Latent inhibition

Swinney's research measuring response time to different words with either similar or different meanings is an example of which research methodology?

Lexical priming

Ron is an avid reader. He has a large vocabulary because every time he comes across a word he doesn't know, he looks it up in the dictionary. Ron encounters "wanderlust" in a novel, reaches for the dictionary, and finds out this word means "desire to travel". The process of looking up unfamiliar words increases Ron's

Lexicon

Lydia is 48 years old, single, outspoken, and very bright. She majored in philosophy as an undergraduate. As a student, she was deeply concerned with issues of discrimination and social justice, and she participated in anti-nuclear demonstrations. Which of the following alternatives is most probable?

Lydia is a US Congresswoman

Finke's creating an object studies show that people were more likely to come up with creative uses for preventive objects if they

Made the object themselves

The solution to the candle problem involves realizing that the

Matchbox can be used as a shelf

Olin and Bob are neighbors. Olin loves birds and his father works for the zoo. He has been to a dozen bird sanctuaries, and he and his dad go on bird watching hikes once a month. In contrast, Bob doesn't think much about birds. His only contact with them is in his backyard. It would be correct to say that Olin's standard probably involves

More exemplars than Bob's

Lexical ambiguity studies show that people initially access

Multiple meanings of an ambiguous word

In the semantic network model, a specific category is represented at a

Node

Gick and Holyoak consider which of the following to be the most difficult step to achieve in the process of analogical problem solving?

Noticing that there is an analogous relationship between problems because most participants need prompting before they notice a connection

Gick and Holyoak proposed that analogical problem solving involves the following three steps

Noticing, mapping, and applying

Functional fixedness would be LOWEST for a(n)

Novel object

Fink's "creating an object" experiment had participants create a novel object by combining parts. Once they created an object they were given the name of an object category and instructed to interpret their creation as a practical object or device within that category. Finke used the term preventative forms to describe the

Novem objects before a function was described

Inductive reasoning involves

Observational premises

Actions that take the problems from one state to another are known as

Operators

The elements of the problem space include all of the following EXCEPT

Operators

By using a(n) ________, a country could increase the percentage of individuals agreeing to be organ donors dramatically

Opt-out procedure

Utility refers to

Outcomes that achieve a person's goals

Your research advisor asks you to create stimuli for a discourse processing experiment to be run in the lab. Most likely, you would create stimuli where each trial you present a(n)

Paragraph of text

Which of the following is most closely modeled on the way the nervous system operates?

Parallel distributed processing theory

According to the situation model of text processing

People create a mental representation of what the text is about in terms of people, objects, locations, and events

When the "abstract" version of the Wason four-card problem is compared to a "concrete" version of the problem (in which beer, soda, and ages are substitutes for the letters and numbers)

Performance is better for the concrete task

The application of a(n) _______- makes it easier to solve the "drinking beer" version of the Wason problem

Permission schema

The permission schema is an example of a(n)

Pragmatic reasoning schema

Spreadking activation

Primes associated concepts

One of Chomsky's most persuasive arguments for refuting Skinner's theory of language acquisition was his observation that children

Produce sentences they have never heard

An average representation of a category

Prototype

Rosch found that participants respond more rapidly in a same-different task when presented with "good" examples of colors such as "red" and "green" than when they are presented with "poor" examples such as "pink" or "light green". The result of this experiment was interpreted as supporting the _______ approach to categorization

Prototype

Which approach to categorization involves forming a representation based on an average of category members that a person has encountered in the past?

Prototype

Ty has finished work on his doctoral dissertation. He studied how most adults understand words, specifically the priming effects of categorically related words and submitted a proposal to be included in a psychological conference to present his work to his peers. presentation at the conference is segregated based on the particular topic in psychology under consideration. It is most likely that Ty's work will be presented in a conference session on

Psycholinguistics

BF Skinner, the modern champion of behaviorism, proposed that language is learned through

Reinforcement

Gestalt psychologists consider problem solving as a processing involving

Reorganization or restructuring

The circle problem, in which the task is to determine the length of a line inside a circle, was proposed to illustrate

Representation and restructuring

The radiation problem can be solved using

Representation and restructuring

Coherence refers to the

Representation of the text in a reader's mind, so that information in one part of the text is related to information in another part of the text

Warmth judgements on nearness to a solution ______ prior to the solution of an insight problem and ______ prior to the solution of a non-insight problem

Rise suddenly just; gradually rise

The analogy that makes the solution to the mutilated checkerboard problem obvious is the ______ problem

Russian marriage

Imagine that your friend James has just taken up the habit of smoking cigars because he thinks it makes him look cool. You are concerned about the detrimental effects of smoking on his health, and you raise that concern to him. James gets a bit annoyed with your criticism and says "George Burns smoked cigars, and he lived to be 100!" You might point out that a major problem with his "George Burns" argument involves

Sample size

The _____ states that the nature of a culture's language can affect the way people thing

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

Newell and Simon were early pioneers in deigning computer programs that could solve problems. Their research program was based on the idea that problem solving is a process that involves

Search

The information processing approach describes problem solving as a process involving

Search

Mr. Huff always passes back exams to his algebra class in descending order of grade. Today, Maddelyn was the first to receive her exam. Joy complained, remarking, "Maddelyn, you always get the highest grade in algebra. It was true all last year and so far this year." Maddelyn was not sure if this was correct. To figure out if this was true, Maddelyn should

Search her memory for instances when she did get her exam back first and instances when she did not

The water-jub problem demonstrates that one consequence of having a procedure that does provide asolution to a problem is that, if well-learned, it may prevent us from

Seeing more efficient solutions to the problem

The _______ model includes associations between concepts and the property of spreading activation

Semantic network

The interactionist approach to parsing states that

Semantics is activated as a sentence is being read

Preservation represents difficulty in

Shifting to a new behavior

According to the idea of ______, when we read a sentence like, "Carmelo grabbed his coat from his bedroom and his backpack from the living room, walked downstairs, and called his friend Gerry", we create a map of Carmelo's apartment and keep track of his location as he moves throughout the apartment

Situation models

The word frequency effect refers to the fact that we respond more

Slowly to low-frequency words than high-frequency words

Which concept below is most closely associated with the evolutionary perspective to solving the Wason four-card problem?

Social-exchange theory

Considering the fortress and the radiation problems together, the fortress problem represents the _____ problem

Source

Which of the following members would most likely be ranked highest in prototypicality in the "birds" category?

Sparrow

When the front part of a sentence can be interpreted more than one way, but the end of the sentence clarifies which meaning is correct, we say that the sentence is an example of

Speech segmentation

Collins and Quillian explained the results of priming experiments by introducing the concept of _______ into their network model

Spreading activation

Items high on prototypicality have _____ family resemblances

Strong

People are most successful at noticing an analogous relationship between problems if they focus on

Structural features

The fortress problem involves a fortress and marching soldiers, while the radiation problem involves a tumor and rays. Therefore the two problems have very different

Structural features

Gentner and Goldinmeadow illustrated that analogical encoding causes problem solvers to pay attention to _______ features that ________ their ability to solve other problems

Structural; enhance

The crucial question in comparing syntax-first and interactionist approaches to parsing is ______ is involved

When semantics

Which of the following is NOT influenced by meaning?

Word frequency effect

Which set of stimuli would be the best selection for having people perform a lexical decision task?

Words "pizza, history" and non-words "pibble, girk"

One beneficial property of connectionist networks is graceful degradation, which refers to the property that

damage to the system does not completely disrupt its operation

Donovan volunteers his time to campaign for Joel Goodman. He spent all afternoon putting up "Goodman for Congress" signs around his town and arrived back at Goodman headquarters just in time to watch the Goodman-Hernandez debate on TV. Donovan was eager to watch the candidates debate each other, even though he was 100% sure he was going to vote for Goodman. Donovan's first response to the debate will most likely be

"Did you hear how well Goodman answered that question on job creation?"

At what age do infants begin forming basic level categories?

3-4 months

One hundred students are enrolled in State University's course on introductory physics for math and science majors. In the group, 60 students are math majors and 40 are science majors. Sarah is in the class. She got all As in her high school science courses, and she would like to be a chemist someday. She lives on campus. Her boyfriend is also in the class. There is a ____ chance that Sarah is a science major

40%

Pollacj and Pickett's experiment on understanding speech found that when participants were presented with individual words taken out of conversations (single words presented alone with no context) they could identify

50% of the words spoken by their own voices

The rule of the Wason four-card problem is "If there is a vowel on one side, then there is an even number on the other side". Let's say you are presented with A, 8, M, and 13, each showing on one of four cards. To see if the rule is valid, you would have to turn over the cards showing

A and 13

When a participant is asked to list examples of the category vegetables, it is most likely that

A carrot would be named before eggplant

In evaluating retrieval rates for category information for a concept, Collins and Quillian's semantic network approach would predict the slowest reaction times for which of the following statements using sentence verification?

A field sparrow is an animal

In a lexical decision task, participants have to decide whether

A letter string is a word

in the phonemic restoration effect, participants "fill in" the missing phoeme based on all of the following EXCEPT

A mental "skimming" of the lexicon to find likely words

Amber lives in a housing development between two parallel streets that both connect to a freeway. she usually takes the street to the south when heading southbound on the freeway to work, but that street is closed for repairs for three months. Amber takes the street to the north during that time. After the street to the south is reopened, she continues to the street to the north, even though it is a slightly longer route. Continuing to take the street to the north represents

A mental set

According to Collin and Quillian's semantic network model, it should take longest to verify which statement?

A pig is an animal

A task for determining how prototypical an object would be

A task where participants rate the extend to which each member represents the category title

The evolutionary approach proposes that the Wason problem can be understood in terms of people's

Ability to detect cheaters

Consider the following syllogism: If p then q. p. q. This syllogism is a(n) _________ syllogism

Abstract conditional

The activity that represents a particular object is established in a connectionist network through a process of learning that involves

Adjusting the weights of inhibitory and excitatory

For which type of syllogisms do people exhibit the best performance in judging validity?

Affirming the consequent

An omission bias would be most likely to occur when deciding whether to

Allow your pre-teen nephew to attend an unsupervised pool party

An experiment on the phonemic restoration effect would most likely include

An extraneous cough

Mia has lived in New York City all her life. She has noticed that people from upper Manhattan walk really fast, but people from lower Manhattan tend to walk slowly. Mia's observations are likely influenced from a judgement error based on her using

An illusory correlation

Physiological research on problem solving as concluded that the prefrontal cortex is important in problem solving because damage to this area causes

An increase in preservation

The ability to shift experience from one problem solving situation to a similar problem is known as

Analogical transfer

The text's discussion of the resarch on in vivo problem solving highlighted that _______ play(s) an important role in solving scientific problems

Analogies

The radiation problem was used in the text to illustrate the role of _____ in problem solving

Analogy

Boxing champion George Foreman recently described his family vacations with the statement, "At our ranch in Marchall, Texas, there are lots of ponds and I take the kids out we fish. And then of course, we grill them". That a reader understands "them" appropriately is a result of a(n) inference

Anaphoric

Consider the following sentences: "Captain Ahab wanted to kill the whale. He cursed at it". These two sentences taken together provide an example of a(n)

Anaphoric inference

Derric purchased a new car, a Ford Mustang, less than a month ago. While sitting in traffic, Derrick says to his girlfriend, "Mustangs must be the best-selling car now. I can't remember seeing as many on the road as I have recently." Derrick's judgement is most likely biased by a(n)

Availability heuristic

The finding that people tend to incorrectly conclude that more people die from tornados than from asthma has been explained in terms of the

Availability heuristic

Wally and Sharon are out on a date. When Sharon asks Wally where they should go for dinner, Wally says "My coworkers keep telling me about that new Japanese place downtown, so it must be a great place to eat." Wally's response illustrates the use of a(n)

Availability heuristic

Learning takes place in a connectionist network through a process of ______ in which an error signal is transmitted from output units towards the input units

Back propagation

According to Rosch, the _____ level of categories is the psychologically "privilege" 'evel of category that reflects people's everyday experience

Basic

Consider the sentence "Because he always jogs a mile seems like a short distance to him". The principle of late closure states that this sentence would first be parsed into what phrase?

Because he always jogs a mile

An experiment measures participants' performance in judging syllogisms. Two premises and a conclusion are presented as stimuli, and participants are asked to indicate if the conclusion logically follows from the premises. Error rates are then calculated for each syllogism. This experiment studies ______ reasoning

Deductive

If you are given the information that in order to vote in a presidential election, you must be at least 18 years of age, and that Will voted in the last presidential election, you can logically conclude that Will is at least 18 years old. This is an example of using _______ reasoning

Deductive

Not all of the members of everyday categories have the same features. Most fish have gills, fins, and scales. Sharks lack the features of scales, yet are still categorized as fish. This poses a problem for what approach to categorization?

Definitional

Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make "warmth" judgements every 15 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. The purpose of this experiment was to

Demonstrate a difference between how people solve insight and non-insight problems

Consider the following conditional syllogism: If I don't eat lunch today, I will be hungry tonight. I ate lunch today. Therefore, I wasn't hungry tonight. This syllogism is an example of

Denying the antecedent

Consider the following conditional syllogism: If I study, then I'll get a good grade. I didn't study. Therefore, I didn't get a good grade. This syllogism is an example of

Denying the antecedent

If it is raining, then I will take my umbrella. It is not raining. Therefore, I didn't take my umbrella. This syllogism is an example of

Denying the antecedent

Greg was recounting a fishing tale of the one that got away: "I had a huge ahi on my line. I fought for it for a few minutes, then my line snapped. The ahi swam away across the pond." George's friend, Matt, didn't believe his story because Matt new that ahi are salt-water fish and aren't found ing ponds. Greg's account contains

Descriptive information that is inconsistent with base rate information

Brain imaging studies reveal that semantics and syntax are associated with ______ brain mechanisms

Different

research on the physiology of semantic memory has shown that the representation of different categories in the brain (like living and non-living things) is best described as being

Disturbed

Ali works for Citrus Squeeze, a company that makes orange juice. Scales of their calcium-enhanced OJ have been poor, and the product was cancelled. His factory still had three cases of cartons, and Ali was told he could take them if he wanted them. With the cartons, Ali made several bird feeders for his backyard and also planted tree seedlings in some of them; he used the remaining ones to build a "fort" for his four-year-old son. Ali's use of carton's represents

Divergent thinking

The definitional approach to categorization

Doesn't work well for most natural objects like birds, trees, and plants

Tanehaus and coworkers' eye movement study presented participants with different pictures for interpreting the sentence, "Put the apple on the towel in the box". Their results showed the importance of _________ in how we understand sentences in real-life situations

Environmental context

If you say that "a Labrador retriever is my idea of a typical dog", you would be using the _____ approach to categorization

Exemplar

Research suggests that the _____ approach to categorization works best for small categories

Exemplar

Which approach to categorization can more easily take into account atypical cases such as flightless birds?

Exemplar

What are actual members of a category that a person has encountered in the past?

Exemplars

Glinda is sure that if her boyfriend proposes, she will feel elation. This is an example of an

Expected emotion

Priming occurs when presentation of one stimulus

Facilitates the response to another stimulus

An advantage of prototype approach over the exemplar approach is that the prototype approach provides a better explanation of the typicality effect

False

Collins and Loftus modified the original semantic network theory of Collins and Quillian to satisfy some of the criticisms of the original model. People consider this to be a strong theory because it is powerful enough to explain just about any result

False

In its discussion of expertise and problem solving, the text identifies the kind of scientists who are most likely to make revolutionary discoveries in their fields. This particular discussion suggests that ________ may be more important than _________ in creative thinking

Flexibility; experience

PFC-damaged patients have trouble with reading comprehension tasks. They are unable to

Follow the order of events in the story

Holyoak and Koh presented different versions of the light bulb problem to assist in solving the radiation problem. They found the ________ version to be more effective, because it had _________ features in common with the radiation problem

Fragile glass; structured

Cecile has dreamed of owning her own home for years, and she can finally afford a small cottage in an older neighborhood. She notices that she feels more positive about her home when she drives home by the abandoned shacks, but she hates her home when driving past the fancy mansions with their large lawns. Cecile's emotions are influenced by

Framing

Holly was in her mother-in-law's kitchen preparing lunch for her family. When she was ready to dish up the soup, she searched all the cupboards and drawers for a ladle but couldn't find one. She decided to wait until her mother-in-law returned to ask her where the ladle was, leaving the soup in the stove pot. Her mother-in-law later explained that the ladle had been broken, so she told Holly to use a coffee mug to "spoon" the soup into bowls. Holly's ability to solve the "dish up the soup" problem was hindered by which of the following obstacles?

Functional fixedness

Juanita is an a convenience store considering which soda to buy. She recalls a commercial for BigFizz she saw on TV last night. BigFizz is running a promotion where you look under the bottle cap, and one in five bottles has a voucher for a free soda. If Juanita decides to purchase a BigFizz based on this promotion, which is framed in terms of ______, she will use a ________ strategy

Gains; risk-aversion

Experts categorize problems based on

General principles that problems share

_________ identified people's tendency to focus on a spefic characteristic of a problem that keeps them from arriving at a solution as a major obstacle to successful problem solving

Gestalt psychologists

Phoenix Decorating Company is responsible for designing and building many of the floral floats seen in the Tournament of Roses parade every New Year's Day. Phoenix's designers start preparing the floats for the next year's parade soon after the first of the year. For each corporate sponsor, Phoenix gets their best advertising team members, and they sit i a room for several hours throwing out every idea they can come up with, no matter how good or bad it is. After a substantial list has been created, they then go through every idea and rate its merits or deficits, until they come up with the best idea to pitch to the corporate sponsor. This process demonstrates

Group brainstorming

What would be a basic level item?

Guitar

In New Guinea, tribes that had been isolated for centuries were found that

Had a large number of sophisticated language systems

Which of the following is not part of the complete definition of a problem?

Has one correct answer

There are two gumball machines outside the local grocery store, one large machine and one small machine. Both machines have only yellow and orange gumballs, and each machine contains 50% of each color. For each coin, the large gumball machine dispenses 15 gumballs, while the small machine dispenses 5. Tim is a young genius whose interests include probability and sound decision making. His "probability project of the day" is to get a greater percentage of either of the colors, but not an equal amount of each color. Given this, and presuming Tim only has one coin

He shouldn't use his coin in the small machine

The principle of late closure can be described as a(n) _______ since it provides a best guess about the unfolding meaning of a sentence

Heuristic

Language consists of smaller components, like words, that can be combined to form larger ones, like phrases, to create sentences, which themselves can be components of a larger story. This property is known as

Hierarchical structure

Noam Chomsky proposed that

Humans are genetically programmed to acquire and use language

Which of the following statements owuld most likely invoke the operation of a permission schema?

If I get an A on my cognitive psychology exam, I can go out with my friends Saturday night

One reason that most people do not easily solve the original (abstract) version of the Wason four-card problem is that they

Ignore the falsification principle

A researcher records a brainstorming session in an industrial research and development department rather than in an artifical laboratory setting. Later, she analyzes the recorded discussions, identifying certain problem-solving techniques. This research is an example of ____________ research

In vivo problem-solving

Kirk is a generally anxious person. His anxiety sometimes gets in the way when he tries to make decisions. The anxiety Kirk feel is an example of an

Incidental immediate emotion

People playing the parlor game "20 questions" often use hierarchical organization strategies. One player asks up to 20 yes/no questions to determine the identity of an object another player has selected. The player's questions usually start as general and get more specific as the player approaches a likely guess. Initial questions asked by a player are often one of three questions: "Is it an animal? Is it a vegetable? Is it a mineral?" Each of these three questions describes which level of categorization?

Superordinate

According to the text, jumping from _________ categories result in the largest gain in information

Superordinate level to basic level

A psycholonguist conducts an experiment with a group of participants from a small village in Asia and another from a small village in South America. She asked the gorups to describe the bands of color they saw in a rainbow and found they reported the same number of bands as their language possessed primary color words. These results

Support the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

A ________ string led to a restructured representation in the two-string problem

Swinging

When two people engage in a conversation, if one person produces a specific grammatical construction in their speech and then the other person does the same this phenomenon is reffered to as

Syntactic priming

The idea that the grammatical structure of a sentence is the primary determinant of the way a sentence is parsed is part of the _______ approach to parsing

Syntax-first

Experts ___________ than novices

Take a more effective approach to organizing the solution to a problem

In analogical problem solving, the ____ problem is the problem that an individual is trying to solve, and the ____ problem, which has been solved in the past, is used as a guide for reaching that solution

Target; source

Omission bias involves

Tending to do nothing rather than making a decision that could be interpreted as causing harm

Consider the following argument: Here in Nashville, the sun has risen every morning. The sun is going to rise in Nashville tomorrow

The argument is strong because there are a large number of observations

The connectionist network has learned the correct pattern for a concept when

The back propagated error signal is zero

Illustrative of functional fixedness, people are more likely to solve the candle problem if

The box is empty

A syllogism is valid if

The conclusion follows logically from the two premises

Consider the following syllogism: All dogs are cats. All cats say "meow". Therefore, all dogs say "meow". What statement describes this syllogism?

The conclusion is valid

The semantic network model predicts that the time it takes for a person to retrieve information about a concept should be determined by

The distance that must be traveled through the network

Stereotypes are reinforced by all of the following EXCEPT

The falsification principle

You are conducting a study on how fluency influences the phonemic restoration effect. You study two groups of non=native English speakers, one with a year of English classes and the other with 10 years. All of your stimuli are in English. Who would you expect to show the greatest phonemic restoration effect?

The group with 10 years of English instruction

Tanenhaus and coworkers' eye movement study presented participants with different pictures for interpreting the sentence, "Put the apple on the towel in the box". Their results support

The interactionist approach to parsing

Within the realm of conversational speech, context refers to

The meaning of a conversation

At a lunch meeting with a client, the GEO of Gossip Polls, Inc., was asked to determine America's favorite day of the week. Hundreds of Gossip employees across the US started collecting data immediately, calling people at their residences. One hour later, the attitudes from 10,000 Americans, across all 50 states, were collected. A staff member called the CEO, still at her lunch meeting, to tell her the results of the poll: America's favorite day of the week is Monday. Given the text's discussion of inductive reasoning in science, we might suspect that the observations in this poll are not representative because

The people who are home to answer the phone early in the afternoon are not an approprate cross-section of the US population

Rosch and coworkers conducted an experiment in which participants were shown a category label, like car or vehicle, and then, after a brief delay, saw a picture. The participants' task was to indicate as rapidly as possible whether the picture was a member of the category. Their results showed

The priming effect was most robust for basic level categories

The conjunction rule states that

The probability of two events co-occurring is equal to or less than the probability of either event occurring alone

Gabrielle is blonde, extremely attractive, and lives in an expensive condo. If we judge the probability of Gabrielle's being a model quite high because she represents our stereotype of a model, we are using

The representative heuristic

Failing to consider the law of large numbers most likely results in errors concerning

The representativeness heuristic

Syntax is

The rules for combining words into sentences

In an experiment that combined both physiological and behavioral approaches to the study of decision making, PFC activity was recorded while participants accepted or rejected proposals to split a sum of money ($10). PFC activation was

The same for accepted and rejected offers

A phoneme refers to

The shortest segment of speech that, if changed, changes the meaning of the word

Janet is alone in a room that contains a chair and a shelf with a book resting on top. She attempts to retrieve the book, but the shelf is a food above her reach. How will Janet retrieve the book? Psychologists would NOT classify this scenario as a problem because

The solution is immediately obvious

Insight refers to

The sudden realization of a problem's solution

Kaplan and Simon's experiment presented different versions of the mutilated checkerboard problem. The main purpose of their experiment was to demonstrate that

The way the problem is represented can influence the ease of problem solving

For the category "fruit", people give a higher typicality rating to "banana" than to "kiwi". Knowing that, we can also reason that

The word "fruit" will lead to a larger priming effect for banana than for kiwi

"Kitchen tables" consists of how many morpheme?

Three

How many phonemes does the word "bad" have?

Three

In a study by Tversky and Shafir, college students were asked to read a scenario and make a decision regarding the purchase of a vacation package following a difficult end-of-semester exam. The independent variable was whether or not the students were told the results of the exam (pass/fail) or that the final scores were not yet known. This study found that participants were more likely to purchase the vacation package if they were

Told the results of the exam, regardless of passing or failing

Good psychological theories must have all of the following properties EXCEPT being

Too powerful to be refuted by empirical evidence

A researcher had participants read each of the sentences below and measured the time it took to read each sentence. -The lamb ran past the cottage into the pasture -The dog ran past the house into the yard The participants response times were longer for _______ because of the ________ effect

Trial 1; word frequency

What would be in a basic level category?

Truck

Which problem provides an example of how functional fixedness can hinder solution of a problem?

Two-string problem

If a motorcycle cop believes that young female drivers speed more than other drivers, he will likely notice young female drivers speeding in the fast line but fail to notice young male or older drives doing the same. In this case, the police officer's judgements are biased by the operation of the

Typicality principle

Which of the following provides the best example of functional fixedness?

Using a juice glass as a container for orange juice

Collins and Loftus modified the original semantic network theory of Collins and Quillian to satisfy some of the criticisms of the orignial model. In their modification, Collins and Loftus account for the typicality effect by

Using shorter links to connect more closely related concepts

Consider the following conditional syllogism: If I study, then I'll get a good grade. I got a good grade. Therefore, I studied. This syllogism is

Valid

Consider the following syllogism: All cats are birds. All birds have wings. All cats have wings. This syllogism is

Valid

Consider the following syllogism: All of the students are tired. Some tired people are irritable. Some of the students are irritable. It is likely most people will judge this syllogism as

Valid because this conclusion is believable

Learning in the connectionist network is represented by adjustments to network

Weights

Let's say you are testing a patient with damage to the prefrontal cortex. You present the patient with relationships such as the following: (1) Alia is taller than Ian, who is taller than Mandy. (2) Margy is taller than Michelle. Lisa is taller than Margy. The patient's task is to arrange the names in order of the people's heights. The patient will perform

Well with Relationship #1 only

The best description of the purpose of think-aloud protocols is that they are used to determine

What information a person is attending to while solving a problem

People tend to overestimate

What negative feelings will ocur following a decision more so than positive feelings