Cognitive Psychology Ch 8

Which of the following would NOT be due to schemata?

Witnesses to a crime blur together in memory what they saw with what they heard from another witness.

Which of the following statements about memory over the lifespan is most accurate?

Most adults have particularly clear and detailed memories of their late teens and 20s.

Which of these features reliably distinguishes false memories from true memories?

Nothing that we know of reliably distinguishes true from false memories

Which of the following about autobiographical memories is FALSE?

People tend to remember themselves as having been very different in the past.

Which hypothesis about forgetting points to the fact that over time, relevant brain cells die off and connections between memories gradually weaken?

decay hypothesis

According to interference theory, most forgetting is attributable to the fact that

new learning disrupts, or overwrites, old learning.

While under hypnosis, people

tend to talk more about the event they are being questioned about.

In one study, participants saw a video of a car wreck and were then asked questions about what they had seen. Participants who heard the question "How fast were the cars going when they hit each other?"

were less likely than those individuals who had heard "smashed into each other" to recall that they had seen broken glass.

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

Elements of a particular episode are stored in a "file" that separates them from elements of other episodes.

Which of the following is NOT true of the "narrowing" of focus that is often found in memories of emotional events?

Emotion improves memory for peripheral details of events, sometimes at the cost of memory for the central aspects.

Which statement pertaining to the overall state of memory is FALSE?

Errors in memory are more common than accurate memories.

Which of the following claims about false memories is accurate?

Researchers have used repeated interviews to give participants false memories for committing felonies.

Based on current knowledge, which of the following is the LEAST well-established reason for a traumatic childhood memory to come to light after many years?

The memory was repressed because it was too painful, but it has now been recovered.

Which of the following statements is the MOST accurate?

There is little or no relation between memory confidence and memory accuracy.

The 1995 bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City was a very emotional event, which, for many people, led to a flashbulb memory. Details of the day of this event are likely to be remembered MOST accurately by

an individual who worked in the immediate vicinity and narrowly escaped harm, and who is questioned immediately.

Memories that are not lost within a few years of their acquisition

have probably achieved a state of relatively permanent storage

Which of the following is LEAST likely to promote misremembering?

having some involvement in an event rather than just witnessing it

A study found that rugby players' recall of the names of opposing teams suffered based on the number of intervening games, and not based on the mere passage of time. This study demonstrates that

interference is a major contributor to forgetting.

Results of the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) procedure demonstrate

intrusion errors based on semantic knowledge.

Intrusion errors are NOT typically caused by

maintenance rehearsal.

Which of the following is likely to INCREASE the intrusion of schematic knowledge in later recall?

making an effort to fill in the gaps in one's memories

Schemata do all of the following EXCEPT

prevent us from confusing an event with other, similar events.

In the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) procedure, participants are asked to remember a list of words like "bed, snooze, awake, tired, dream, rest," which are all words concerning the topic of sleep, although the word "sleep" is not on the list. After this procedure, participants

recall the word "sleep" being on the list even if they were explicitly warned to be careful.

In a basic recall task, participants read a story about a character named Nancy and her behavior at a party. During recall, participants

remembered more details and made more inferences about the story if they received a prologue giving additional context.

Which is LEAST well established as a contributor to the forgetting of traumatic events?

self-protective memory repression on the part of the traumatized individual