Cohen psyc exam 2

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If a slamming door is a conditioned stimulus, then being able to distinguish between the sound of a slamming door and the sound of a heavy item being dropped would represent ________.

stimulus discrimination

Marilu Henner

superior autobiographical memory

Which of the following is an example of a fixed interval reinforcement schedule?

taking your dog to the park every afternoon at 4:00 p.m.

Wesley is in a movie theater with no windows—the only light is low illumination from the emergency lights on the floor. Which photoreceptors will be most useful to Wesley as he attempts to leave the theater?

rods

Which of the following exemplifies olfaction?

smelling cookies in the oven

sensory receptors

specialized cells that detect stimulus information and transmit it to sensory (afferent) nerves and the brain

positive punishment

the administration of a stimulus to decrease the probability of a behavior's recurring

somesthetic senses

the body senses consisting of the skin senses, the kinesthetic sense, and the vestibular senses

declarative memory

the cognitive information retrieved from explicit memory; knowledge that can be declared

taste buds

-the organ of taste transduction -located inside the papillae

time out

A disciplinary technique in which a child is separated from other people for a specified time.

contingency management

A form of behavior therapy in which certain behaviors are reliably followed by well-defined consequences.

Hippocampus

A neural center located in the limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage.

Saccade

A rapid movement of the eye between fixation points

unconditioned stimulus

A stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning

Reinforcement

An event following a response that strengthens the tendency to make that response.

What is the main idea of operant conditioning?

Behavior is motivated by consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments

PFC (prefrontal cortex)

Critical for concentration & working memory of spatial, verbal and nonverbal information.

Shirley Mason

Diagnosed with Multiple Personality Disorder by Dr. Cornelia Wilbur

Key Figures of Cognitive Learning Theory

Edward Tolman, Wolfgang Kohler, Martin Seligman

Which of the following statements about eyewitness testimony is correct?

Eyewitness testimony is vulnerable to the power of suggestion

Tolman's maze rats

Group 1: reinforced with food every time they made it out Group 2: received no reinforcement for completion the first 9 days, but did on the tenth Group 3: Received no reinforcement whatsoever

unconditioned response

In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth.

Kohler's Chimps

Kohler placed a piece of fruit just out of reach of each chimp to see how the chimps would make an attempt to get the fruit

Two lines appear to be a different length, though in reality they are the same length. This is known as the ________ illusion.

Muller-lyer

Oliver Sacks

Neurologist who studied brain damaged patients and was involved in the famous "awakenings" at a Bronx, NY psychiatric facility

Several studies have suggested that non-Black participants identify weapons faster and are more likely to identify non-weapons as weapons when the image of the weapon is paired with the image of a Black person. What does this imply about perception?

Perceptions our influenced by implicit prejudice and stereotypes.

Tolman's Results

Rats in Group 2 learned the maze

Rods

Specialized visual receptors that play a key role in night vision and peripheral vision.

acquisition

The initial stage in classical conditioning; the phase associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response.

imitation

The learner must be capable of reproducing, or imitating, the actions of the model.

Transduction

The process of converting outside stimuli, such as light, into neural activity

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "The central tenet of Gestalt psychology is that the pattern is different from the sum of its parts."

The word "pattern" should be changed to the word "whole."

purity

Timbre (richness in the tone of the sound)

flashbulb memory

a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

conditioned response

a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

sound waves

a longitudinal wave consisting of compressions and rarefactions, which travels through a medium

biological preparedness

a propensity for learning particular kinds of associations over others

procedural memory

a type of implicit memory that involves motor skills and behavioral habits

Which part of the brain is most involved in creating implicit memories?

cerebellum

working memory

active maintenance of information in short-term storage

Sariah enters a room with several chirping crickets in it. Upon first entering the room, Sariah can hear the chirping; however, as she begins to talk to her friends, she is no longer aware of the chirping even though it is still there. The fact that Sariah no longer perceives the chirping sound demonstrates sensory ________.

adaptation

What term describes the continuation of a visual sensation after removal of the stimulus?

afterimage

If I am looking at a snake and processing the fear caused by the snake, what part of my brain am I using?

amygdala

punishment

an event that decreases the behavior that it follows

primary reinforcer

an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need

Shaping

an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

Habituation

an organism's decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it

secondary reinforcer

any reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforcer, such as praise, tokens, or gold stars

Sarit is at a bar full of music, chatter, and laughter. He gets involved in an interesting conversation with a woman named Mona, and he tunes out all the background noise. Sarit's friend, Karen, taps him on the shoulder and asks what song just played on the jukebox. Sarit says he doesn't know, even though he is sitting right next to the jukebox and is familiar with popular music. This illustrates the role that ________ plays in what is sensed versus what is perceived.

attention

Inattentional ________ refers to the failure to notice something that is completely visible due to a lack of attention.

blindness

What kind of processing is exemplified by the following scenario? Esther's mother offers her a new dish she's been working on―a raisin-jalapeño quiche. Esther's body responds first: Esther eyes the content of the skillet, and smells the mix of raisins, jalapeños, and eggs. Her stomach churns and she looks away. Feeling disgust and disappointment, she says "I'm not hungry."

bottom-up

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In order for a memory to go into storage, it has to pass through three distinct stages: transitional memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

change the word "transitional" to the word "sensory"

Elena finds it very difficult to remember a long string of numbers, so she tries to memorize three numbers at a time. Later, she is able to repeat the numbers correctly because she grouped the numbers into more manageable groups of three. This is an example of ________.

chunking

cones

color vision

Mabel clicks her tongue while tickling Francis. Eventually, Francis starts to squirm and giggle every time Mabel clicks her tongue, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, tongue clicking is a ________.

conditioned stimulus

Petra walks into a brightly lit Psychology lab to participate in an experiment involving the ability to perceive the colors of the rainbow. Which photoreceptors will be most useful during this experiment?

cones

Synethesia

describing one kind of sensation in terms of another

color

determined by the length of the wave

Brightness

determined by wave amplitude

Lisa puts five quarters into the parking meter every time she goes downtown. However, when asked, Lisa cannot say if the head on a quarter is facing left or right. This may be an example of ________, because Lisa never paid attention to the picture in the first place.

encoding failure

What type of memories do we consciously try to remember and recall?

explicit memories

Which of the following is the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus?

extinction

semantic memory

general knowledge

________-frequency sound waves are perceived as high-pitched sounds, while ________-frequency sound waves are perceived as low-pitched sounds.

high; low

What is described by the concept of perception?

how sensory information in interpreted and consciously experienced

What is the main idea of levels of processing theory?

if you want to remember a piece of information, you should think about it more deeply and link it to other information and memories to make it more meaningful.

conditioned stimulus

in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response

If a stimulus plus a response results in a satisfying outcome, the probability of that response occurring again ________.

increases

Wavelength

interpreted as frequency or pitch

Amplitude

interpreted as volume

People may not intend to distort facts, but ________.

it can happen in the process of retrieving old memories and combining them with new memories

Which of the following describes the difference in stimuli required to detect a difference between the stimuli?

just noticeable

What is semantic memory?

knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts

Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ________ learning.

latent

memory

learner must be able to retain memory of what was done

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?

learning

problem solving

learning can occur without even watching a model

latent learning

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

classical conditioning (Pavlovian conditioning)

learning to make a reflex response to a stimulus other than the natural stimulus that produces the reflex

At the point of the optic chiasm, information from the right visual field (which comes from both eyes) is sent to the ________ side of the brain, and information from the left visual field is sent to the ________ side of the brain.

left; right

Longer wavelengths will have ________ frequencies, and shorter wavelengths will have ________ frequencies.

lower; higher

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, ________.

memories are processed the same way that a computer processes information

episodic memory

memory for one's personal past experiences

serial position effect

our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list

digit span test

memory test in which a series of numbers is read to subjects in the experiment who are then asked to recall the numbers in order

Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ________.

negative reinforcement

In operant conditioning, ________ is when something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior.

negative reinforcement

In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________.

neutral stimulus and an unconditioned response

Learning that occurs while watching others and then imitating, or modeling, what they do or say is called ________ learning.

observational

________ refers to the way that sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced; ________ refers to what happens when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor.

perception; reception

eidetic memory

photographic memory

Albert Bandura

pioneer in observational learning (AKA social learning), stated that people profit from the mistakes/successes of others; Studies: Bobo Dolls-adults demonstrated 'appropriate' play with dolls, children mimicked play

In operant conditioning, what describes adding something to decrease the likelihood of behavior?

punishment

When you take a multiple-choice test, you are relying on ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system that helps you choose the correct answer.

recognition

In order to remember his lines for the play, Guy repeats his lines over and over again. This process is called ________.

rehearsal

When experiencing ________ amnesia, you experience loss of memory for events that occurred prior to the trauma. When experiencing ________ amnesia, you cannot remember new information.

retrograde; anterograde

Ben is asked to memorize the words canine, feline, and avian. He remembers the words by associating them with their synonyms: dog, cat, and bird. This is an example of ________ encoding.

semantic

What are the two components of declarative memory?

semantic and episodic

Olfaction

sense of smell

What kind of memory involves storage of brief events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes?

sensory

Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior?

shaping

level of processing

the degree to which information is elaborated, reflected upon, or processed in a meaningful way during encoding of memory

Extinction

the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced.

selective attention

the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus

sensory memory

the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system iconic = visual echoic - auditory haptic = tactile olfactory = smell gustatory = taste

Motivation

the learner must have the desire to perform the action

Sensation

the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment

Perception

the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events

spontaneous recovery

the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

positive reinforcement

the reinforcement of a response by the addition or experiencing of a pleasurable stimulus

negative reinforcement

the reinforcement of a response by the removal, escape from, or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus

continuous reinforcement

the reinforcement of each and every correct response

long-term memory

the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.

negative punishment

the removal of a stimulus to decrease the probability of a behavior's recurring

vestibular sense

the sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance

partial reinforcement effect

the tendency for a response that is reinforced after some, but not all, correct responses to be very resistant to extinction

stimulus generalization

the tendency to respond to a stimulus that is only similar to the original conditioned stimulus with the conditioned response

stimulus discrimination

the tendency to stop making a generalized response to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus because the similar stimulus is never paired with the unconditioned stimulus

opponent-process theory

the theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision. For example, some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red; others are stimulated by red and inhibited by green

behavior modification

the use of operant conditioning techniques to bring about desired changes in behavior

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In operant conditioning, organisms learn to associate events that repeatedly happen together.

the word "operant" should be changed to the word "classical"

trichromatic theory

theory of color vision that proposes three types of cones: red, blue, and green

Elaborative rehearsal involves ________.

thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory

attention

to learn anything through observation, the learner must first pay attention to the model

What kind of processing is exemplified by the following scenario? Shimon offers Mouin some salmon. Mouin thinks, "How nice. My friend is offering me fish. I wonder where he got it." This thought leads Mouin to feel happy, appreciative, and curious; he responds with a smile and an extended hand.

top-down

Which type of processing involves the interpretation of sensations and is influenced by available knowledge, experiences, and thoughts?

top-down

Your ears receive sound waves and convert this energy into neural messages that travel to your brain and are processed as sounds. This is an example of ________.

transduction

token economy

type of behavior modification in which desired behavior is rewarded with tokens

What is procedural memory?

type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do things

In classical conditioning, the ________ is an unlearned reaction to a given stimulus. For example, if you have an allergy to pollen and sneeze, sneezing is an unlearned reaction to the pollen (i.e., the stimulus).

unconditioned response

Harold catches fish throughout the day at unpredictable intervals. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

variable interval

You call a friend on the phone and repeatedly get sent to voicemail, so you continue to call her every 5-20 minutes hoping to speak to her personally. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

variable interval

Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning?

when a dog plays dead she gets a treat in order to encourage her to repeat the behavior

Remembering ________ is a good example of episodic memory.

your first day of school


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