Cohen psyc exam 2
If a slamming door is a conditioned stimulus, then being able to distinguish between the sound of a slamming door and the sound of a heavy item being dropped would represent ________.
stimulus discrimination
Marilu Henner
superior autobiographical memory
Which of the following is an example of a fixed interval reinforcement schedule?
taking your dog to the park every afternoon at 4:00 p.m.
Wesley is in a movie theater with no windows—the only light is low illumination from the emergency lights on the floor. Which photoreceptors will be most useful to Wesley as he attempts to leave the theater?
rods
Which of the following exemplifies olfaction?
smelling cookies in the oven
sensory receptors
specialized cells that detect stimulus information and transmit it to sensory (afferent) nerves and the brain
positive punishment
the administration of a stimulus to decrease the probability of a behavior's recurring
somesthetic senses
the body senses consisting of the skin senses, the kinesthetic sense, and the vestibular senses
declarative memory
the cognitive information retrieved from explicit memory; knowledge that can be declared
taste buds
-the organ of taste transduction -located inside the papillae
time out
A disciplinary technique in which a child is separated from other people for a specified time.
contingency management
A form of behavior therapy in which certain behaviors are reliably followed by well-defined consequences.
Hippocampus
A neural center located in the limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage.
Saccade
A rapid movement of the eye between fixation points
unconditioned stimulus
A stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning
Reinforcement
An event following a response that strengthens the tendency to make that response.
What is the main idea of operant conditioning?
Behavior is motivated by consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments
PFC (prefrontal cortex)
Critical for concentration & working memory of spatial, verbal and nonverbal information.
Shirley Mason
Diagnosed with Multiple Personality Disorder by Dr. Cornelia Wilbur
Key Figures of Cognitive Learning Theory
Edward Tolman, Wolfgang Kohler, Martin Seligman
Which of the following statements about eyewitness testimony is correct?
Eyewitness testimony is vulnerable to the power of suggestion
Tolman's maze rats
Group 1: reinforced with food every time they made it out Group 2: received no reinforcement for completion the first 9 days, but did on the tenth Group 3: Received no reinforcement whatsoever
unconditioned response
In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth.
Kohler's Chimps
Kohler placed a piece of fruit just out of reach of each chimp to see how the chimps would make an attempt to get the fruit
Two lines appear to be a different length, though in reality they are the same length. This is known as the ________ illusion.
Muller-lyer
Oliver Sacks
Neurologist who studied brain damaged patients and was involved in the famous "awakenings" at a Bronx, NY psychiatric facility
Several studies have suggested that non-Black participants identify weapons faster and are more likely to identify non-weapons as weapons when the image of the weapon is paired with the image of a Black person. What does this imply about perception?
Perceptions our influenced by implicit prejudice and stereotypes.
Tolman's Results
Rats in Group 2 learned the maze
Rods
Specialized visual receptors that play a key role in night vision and peripheral vision.
acquisition
The initial stage in classical conditioning; the phase associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response.
imitation
The learner must be capable of reproducing, or imitating, the actions of the model.
Transduction
The process of converting outside stimuli, such as light, into neural activity
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "The central tenet of Gestalt psychology is that the pattern is different from the sum of its parts."
The word "pattern" should be changed to the word "whole."
purity
Timbre (richness in the tone of the sound)
flashbulb memory
a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
conditioned response
a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus
sound waves
a longitudinal wave consisting of compressions and rarefactions, which travels through a medium
biological preparedness
a propensity for learning particular kinds of associations over others
procedural memory
a type of implicit memory that involves motor skills and behavioral habits
Which part of the brain is most involved in creating implicit memories?
cerebellum
working memory
active maintenance of information in short-term storage
Sariah enters a room with several chirping crickets in it. Upon first entering the room, Sariah can hear the chirping; however, as she begins to talk to her friends, she is no longer aware of the chirping even though it is still there. The fact that Sariah no longer perceives the chirping sound demonstrates sensory ________.
adaptation
What term describes the continuation of a visual sensation after removal of the stimulus?
afterimage
If I am looking at a snake and processing the fear caused by the snake, what part of my brain am I using?
amygdala
punishment
an event that decreases the behavior that it follows
primary reinforcer
an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need
Shaping
an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior
Habituation
an organism's decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it
secondary reinforcer
any reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforcer, such as praise, tokens, or gold stars
Sarit is at a bar full of music, chatter, and laughter. He gets involved in an interesting conversation with a woman named Mona, and he tunes out all the background noise. Sarit's friend, Karen, taps him on the shoulder and asks what song just played on the jukebox. Sarit says he doesn't know, even though he is sitting right next to the jukebox and is familiar with popular music. This illustrates the role that ________ plays in what is sensed versus what is perceived.
attention
Inattentional ________ refers to the failure to notice something that is completely visible due to a lack of attention.
blindness
What kind of processing is exemplified by the following scenario? Esther's mother offers her a new dish she's been working on―a raisin-jalapeño quiche. Esther's body responds first: Esther eyes the content of the skillet, and smells the mix of raisins, jalapeños, and eggs. Her stomach churns and she looks away. Feeling disgust and disappointment, she says "I'm not hungry."
bottom-up
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In order for a memory to go into storage, it has to pass through three distinct stages: transitional memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
change the word "transitional" to the word "sensory"
Elena finds it very difficult to remember a long string of numbers, so she tries to memorize three numbers at a time. Later, she is able to repeat the numbers correctly because she grouped the numbers into more manageable groups of three. This is an example of ________.
chunking
cones
color vision
Mabel clicks her tongue while tickling Francis. Eventually, Francis starts to squirm and giggle every time Mabel clicks her tongue, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, tongue clicking is a ________.
conditioned stimulus
Petra walks into a brightly lit Psychology lab to participate in an experiment involving the ability to perceive the colors of the rainbow. Which photoreceptors will be most useful during this experiment?
cones
Synethesia
describing one kind of sensation in terms of another
color
determined by the length of the wave
Brightness
determined by wave amplitude
Lisa puts five quarters into the parking meter every time she goes downtown. However, when asked, Lisa cannot say if the head on a quarter is facing left or right. This may be an example of ________, because Lisa never paid attention to the picture in the first place.
encoding failure
What type of memories do we consciously try to remember and recall?
explicit memories
Which of the following is the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus?
extinction
semantic memory
general knowledge
________-frequency sound waves are perceived as high-pitched sounds, while ________-frequency sound waves are perceived as low-pitched sounds.
high; low
What is described by the concept of perception?
how sensory information in interpreted and consciously experienced
What is the main idea of levels of processing theory?
if you want to remember a piece of information, you should think about it more deeply and link it to other information and memories to make it more meaningful.
conditioned stimulus
in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response
If a stimulus plus a response results in a satisfying outcome, the probability of that response occurring again ________.
increases
Wavelength
interpreted as frequency or pitch
Amplitude
interpreted as volume
People may not intend to distort facts, but ________.
it can happen in the process of retrieving old memories and combining them with new memories
Which of the following describes the difference in stimuli required to detect a difference between the stimuli?
just noticeable
What is semantic memory?
knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts
Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ________ learning.
latent
memory
learner must be able to retain memory of what was done
What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?
learning
problem solving
learning can occur without even watching a model
latent learning
learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
classical conditioning (Pavlovian conditioning)
learning to make a reflex response to a stimulus other than the natural stimulus that produces the reflex
At the point of the optic chiasm, information from the right visual field (which comes from both eyes) is sent to the ________ side of the brain, and information from the left visual field is sent to the ________ side of the brain.
left; right
Longer wavelengths will have ________ frequencies, and shorter wavelengths will have ________ frequencies.
lower; higher
According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, ________.
memories are processed the same way that a computer processes information
episodic memory
memory for one's personal past experiences
serial position effect
our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
digit span test
memory test in which a series of numbers is read to subjects in the experiment who are then asked to recall the numbers in order
Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ________.
negative reinforcement
In operant conditioning, ________ is when something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior.
negative reinforcement
In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________.
neutral stimulus and an unconditioned response
Learning that occurs while watching others and then imitating, or modeling, what they do or say is called ________ learning.
observational
________ refers to the way that sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced; ________ refers to what happens when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor.
perception; reception
eidetic memory
photographic memory
Albert Bandura
pioneer in observational learning (AKA social learning), stated that people profit from the mistakes/successes of others; Studies: Bobo Dolls-adults demonstrated 'appropriate' play with dolls, children mimicked play
In operant conditioning, what describes adding something to decrease the likelihood of behavior?
punishment
When you take a multiple-choice test, you are relying on ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system that helps you choose the correct answer.
recognition
In order to remember his lines for the play, Guy repeats his lines over and over again. This process is called ________.
rehearsal
When experiencing ________ amnesia, you experience loss of memory for events that occurred prior to the trauma. When experiencing ________ amnesia, you cannot remember new information.
retrograde; anterograde
Ben is asked to memorize the words canine, feline, and avian. He remembers the words by associating them with their synonyms: dog, cat, and bird. This is an example of ________ encoding.
semantic
What are the two components of declarative memory?
semantic and episodic
Olfaction
sense of smell
What kind of memory involves storage of brief events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes?
sensory
Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior?
shaping
level of processing
the degree to which information is elaborated, reflected upon, or processed in a meaningful way during encoding of memory
Extinction
the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced.
selective attention
the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus
sensory memory
the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system iconic = visual echoic - auditory haptic = tactile olfactory = smell gustatory = taste
Motivation
the learner must have the desire to perform the action
Sensation
the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment
Perception
the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events
spontaneous recovery
the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response
positive reinforcement
the reinforcement of a response by the addition or experiencing of a pleasurable stimulus
negative reinforcement
the reinforcement of a response by the removal, escape from, or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus
continuous reinforcement
the reinforcement of each and every correct response
long-term memory
the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.
negative punishment
the removal of a stimulus to decrease the probability of a behavior's recurring
vestibular sense
the sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance
partial reinforcement effect
the tendency for a response that is reinforced after some, but not all, correct responses to be very resistant to extinction
stimulus generalization
the tendency to respond to a stimulus that is only similar to the original conditioned stimulus with the conditioned response
stimulus discrimination
the tendency to stop making a generalized response to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus because the similar stimulus is never paired with the unconditioned stimulus
opponent-process theory
the theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision. For example, some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red; others are stimulated by red and inhibited by green
behavior modification
the use of operant conditioning techniques to bring about desired changes in behavior
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In operant conditioning, organisms learn to associate events that repeatedly happen together.
the word "operant" should be changed to the word "classical"
trichromatic theory
theory of color vision that proposes three types of cones: red, blue, and green
Elaborative rehearsal involves ________.
thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory
attention
to learn anything through observation, the learner must first pay attention to the model
What kind of processing is exemplified by the following scenario? Shimon offers Mouin some salmon. Mouin thinks, "How nice. My friend is offering me fish. I wonder where he got it." This thought leads Mouin to feel happy, appreciative, and curious; he responds with a smile and an extended hand.
top-down
Which type of processing involves the interpretation of sensations and is influenced by available knowledge, experiences, and thoughts?
top-down
Your ears receive sound waves and convert this energy into neural messages that travel to your brain and are processed as sounds. This is an example of ________.
transduction
token economy
type of behavior modification in which desired behavior is rewarded with tokens
What is procedural memory?
type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do things
In classical conditioning, the ________ is an unlearned reaction to a given stimulus. For example, if you have an allergy to pollen and sneeze, sneezing is an unlearned reaction to the pollen (i.e., the stimulus).
unconditioned response
Harold catches fish throughout the day at unpredictable intervals. Which reinforcement schedule is this?
variable interval
You call a friend on the phone and repeatedly get sent to voicemail, so you continue to call her every 5-20 minutes hoping to speak to her personally. Which reinforcement schedule is this?
variable interval
Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning?
when a dog plays dead she gets a treat in order to encourage her to repeat the behavior
Remembering ________ is a good example of episodic memory.
your first day of school
