Pnemonics and pictures for biology

Main difference in arties and veins

Arteries have valves

Myeloma

cancerouse cell

Electron potential and a PH graduietnt

How the potetional energy is made

Products of the light reactions in the Grana

NADPH the ph its for photosynthesis and ATP this will go into the Cavlin cylce

Two types of vesicles from the Golgi body

Secretary into the blood cells Phospholipids that will become part of the plasma membrane Lyssomes-kill things

Converggetn evolution

TRAITS that CONVERNGE

Three main centers that produce steroid hormones

Testes, overies and the adrenal Cortex

S phase

Syntheises-- where the cell replicates its new stuff

To phosphoralte the glucose in the beginning of glycolysis what is the point

keeps it from leaking out of the membrane this is irreversible

Cytoxin T cells or natural killer cells

little proteins perferons that punch holes in the cel wall. Kills CANCER CELLS.

catecholamines

(epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine)

second trimester

most sensitive to drugs

At 5 weeks

organs and such start to devep right before it calleda embery that is 8 wekks

Sinosoids

sinus caities of the liver.

Copmetennce

the ability to uptake of naked cells of DNA from ite envirment. Ecoli is not.

Protostomes

the bastpore develops first is the mouth and the second that thing devolpes is the annus mollusk, earth worms and annelids.

Microtubeles

Cell division and Cell movemvent A tube top divides a girl and it also a tube on a lake is moving fast. motility and movement.

Amemboid

Characterized by a crawling type of movement

Head of sperm

Picture a a acorn on ti and is responsible for the acromsil reaction

Playcenta

Play=nursary in bonham withhas tanks hanging for the ceiling, and also release wast and gain nutreints

List the eras form oldest to most recent

Precambrian Era, Paleozoic Era, Menzoic Era, Cenozoic Era .. Pretty people Makes cum . Pr in pretty . is for Precambruim era

Nonsence mutation

Premutare stop Codon-- Muations are very unlikely

The difference between primary and seccondary succsion

Primary no soil so bacater a have to colinize and then make soil Something happened and there is now soil

Nurons

...

papliea projection on the tonuges surface

...

two components of starch

1 is amylose and the other is amylopectin. Plants use to store energy. Almost completly alpha 1-4 Amolose all 14 amoyloppectin also has the 1-4 and 1-6. The 1,4 beta humans are alpha

HOw many truns of the calcin cyle is required

6 each tie using one c02 and one Rubeph The three carbons in the 3PG are each coming from co2 there for you need 6 co2 and 6 turns ofthe cavlin cyle That 30 carbons from RUBP and 6 carbons from the 6 CO2 ecerything else gets recyled Rybees have 5 sides ( as in precoise stones)

Nuetrophiles

60 percent of the blood system they are the first on the seen. Nobody like my educational background

Nuclosome

A structural nit of histones wrapped around tightly coiled DNA. Histone do this through electrosstaitic interactions

Reactants of the Calvin cyle

ATp NADPH (exactly like cellular respiration just with a P for photsyntheisis) ANd now C02 comin and then glucos is produced

Thrombus

Abnormal blood clot

Photosystem 2

Absorbs red light each Tiny light harvesting complexes bounce the photons enregy untill ti gets to p680 in the center is the reaction center P680---gets an electron from water spitting water--Photon + eletctron makes a excited electron- First protein is PQ just like plasteqonine then travels down to PC. The ernergy state gets lower and lwoer as it travels from proetin to protein. AS the energy sytem goes down its prodcuing its pumping proteins to the inner membrean that will later go thru atp sutnahtse to make ATP Same process in photosystem 2 until it get to P 700 absorbs light at 700 nana meters. REd Light- Moves up erngy state into the reaction center . Then goes to the next proetin complex that is feriidoxyne is the last complex. This is where NADPH is produced Aborobs red light . Ctochrom C and Q are bestfreinds with the b in the middle

The hormones of the adreanal medulla

All the catecholamines

Animal pole vs vegetal pole

Animal Pole is does not have cytoplasm and the Vegetal pole does have yolk so it divide much slower.. A vegetable soup (cytoplasm)

SSB proteins

BInds so that the two strand that they wont go back together. This it the helicase of the bateira keeps dna from reforming it double helix . The holder open for proaketes

Sacormer

Basic fundamental unit of a stratied muscle

What is the first thing formed in a both protostomes and dueterstomes?

Bastopporee ALWAYS then fate of the blastopre depnds on the name o

Genetic drift

Change in DNA over time strcitly due to chance

Deuterstomes

Cleavage is right on top of each other and the fae fot he bastopore is the annus the mouth devoples later. DOODY has two )s staked right on tope of each other..

Thryoid hormone

Controlled by the thryoid realsing hrmone t3 trithroxin and T 4 and calintonin-tone down the calcuim in your blood----t3 and t4 increase you bodies metabolic rate.

DNA plolymerse can Proof read

D stands for proofread. Daneaille would always proof read becuase she was so smart

Recombinant DNA

DNA that can be shared in crossing over

List of nerotransmitters

Dopamine, GABA, Glutamate, Sertonine, epinphrine, Acytolcholine-voluntary muscle contraction, noepinephrine, epinephrein.

Trypnogin is converted to Trypsin by

Enteropeptidase and Trypsin

Mycorisha

FUNGI that live on roots to increase the diameter of the root and make it more efficient to absorb nutrients.

Microfillaments

Filliments- Go fishing in the morning (AM) my thick thinkig ass be filling

Anterior putiarity flat pig

Flat pig

FRAP

Florescent redistribution after photo bleaching. Bleach things the can moniter the rate of diffusion ie what and how fast things move in or out of the cel

4 phases of the ovarian cycle

Follicule- Follicules produce strogen Ovualtions- cuasued by a surge in LH Luteal phase Courpus leuten produces Proestregen Menstration coupus lutemn becsome corpus abalancans

Chitin

Glucose with nitrogen group, Fungi,arthropods, polysaccharide containing nitrogen

Glycosylation, sulfation and phosphorylation (

Golgi Body take and proteins and modifies. The arrive there in vescles the golgi aparetus modifes them by changin the stucuture then packeges them again to send them either out of the cell back in to the cell for further use

What is stomate surounded by

Guard cell. The only time that guard cells close the stomate in really hot days.

RNA primase

Has to set a lot of extra primers down on the lagging strand because rna polormrase can only go in one directions. Even tho it is DNA replication it is till referred to as rna Primase. Take longer to synthize it here. The primers are then cut and by the endonuclases and then have to be replaced by DNA since they are simply base paris. They will attach to the RNA primer at the RNAs 5 prime end but will actually be the original peace of DNAs 3 prime end. It needs this primer only for the lagging strand.

For most of a cells life what from is the DNA

It's unwound or in the chromotin form in interphase

Ligase

Joining the fragments

Choriine

Just like chlorine gas. Is the outer part of eggs and chords wrapped around the placenta

Alantois

Liquid waste

Gogi apreatus

Looks very simular to the as endrplasmic reticulum the inclods have Cys face is the reciving face. Facing toward the ER the trans facing the opoositie towward the outside of the cell . TRans facing the outside

Acydosine

MOth into a butterfly metamorhpisies

Channel proteins

Mainly used by Ions

Slime mold

Many cells combine in a mass.

Modification Methiliases

Methalsis- Add methyl groups to their own bacteral to protect it from the Endonucleases

Does the mouth always form first?

Not it depends on if it is a protostome or a duetoerstome. Blastapore is the first thing to develope Blast are first place

Calvin cyle

ONE turn Sarting materal is 5 carrbon RUBBP Ribulose bispohoasphate ( 5 rubisco cookies ) Rubisco- Enzyme for Carbon fixation makes it a 6 carbon change from the co2 Rudcution -to 3 -pga cost 6 atp and 6 nadh Regenertation of Rubp3 cost 3 atp . IT cost 18 atp 12 nadh and prodcue 6 g3p. For one glucose.

Carinoids

Orgainc pigemnts

Harvesion canals

Part of the bone that is living or innervated

Where do you see Spiral cleavage and what is it.

Protostome, this is where the cells are not sitting on top of each other but slighty roatated to make a spiral shape. Pro through a perfect spiral

Yolk sac

Provides food. Eggs are food

RNA and anticodons dont have

RNA They dont have T

Dinoflegetts

Red bloom from the bottum of the ocean and respocibly for large fish kills due to the toxinds that they realease

Aldosterone

Regulate blood pressure

Capsid

The head of a bactera phage

Natural killer cells

They do not need reconize in order kill . type of cytoxic T cells, A nature killer kills everything

Silent mutations

They do not show up in the phenotype.

Missence mutation

This is the insertion of incorrect amino acid but will still lead to a functional protein-

Major histocompatabilaity complxe MHC 1

This is where things are prestented after they are cut up and then preented to other things so that anitbodioes can be made.

Light reaction

Very simular to the ETC in the Mitrhcodnrea. Photsystem two and photsystem one. Pumping H ions through. Opposite of The ETC in the mitchrodia it is pumping H ion into of the thylokoid. So as the passively diffuse down their Concentraion graduient they pump out ATP of the GRana into the stroma

Reactants of the light reaction Water and sunlight

Water and lights

Glucocoirticocids

When things are energy expesive the body need sto do something to combat all this energy usage and be come more efficent some how. By either creating more energy or to redcue the amoun of eneryg bering used Usaull hase something to do with suguers orenergy. Glucose cortec (icoid) steroid Glucose matabilism made int hte ardreanal glands the oustide part

Hepatic vein

after the liver and to the inferar venn cava where it is returned to the heart

celeslose

beta 1-4 humans can not break the beta 1-4 bonds.

Helper t cells

bond to the antigen MHC1 complex and signal the alarm to things to come

Cilary Muscle

ceiling paintery gian lence

Restriction endonuclases

cuts DNA from the inside of the DNA? They cut them at the Pallindrome sequences. They can cleave in to ways pallindrome sequences and (AlLO 1 ) can do staggered or a dirct cut. Only in bacteria and not in eukaotes. Bacteria do this to bacterphage DNA that has been inserted into the cell.Protect this cell from Viral DN. Exxonuclueases cut DNA from the ends of the center or toward the end of the molecule

DNA microyarra

cutting up all the DNA with restrcitve endonuclases and then looking at all of them to determine which one could be expressed. Made so that you can see with microfloerescent die. Sothat you can see . See what gens could be expressed Cut Cut up those gens and reed it to the rays that you can see.

Allopatrach

different due to geographical baerres . Allo other

Merkal cells

fine touch recpetion

Intermegatry systme

hair skin fur and nails

REd blood cells

no nucluese

MHC 1

on every cell nuclated. Bad stuff get presented on this thing after they are cut up.

CAm plants

only open their stomate at night to get CO2 and store it then during the day the can close the stomata and they dont lose water

pelgiic

open water of any depth

Trypsin breaks down

protein and is cut by

Amnion

provides cushion right on top of the M

Portal vein

right before the hepatic protal vein that is the potal to the liver

What is more in the nueron where

salt on the outside the K on the inside

Stroma

thie is the fluid in the Chlorplaste but not in the GRanum. Granum is the thlylokoid stakcks

8 weeks

this is when it is not longer a embryo and now a fetus. A fetus looks like a 8

What is the point of Interphase

to get its self ready for Mitoses

illoececum valve

where the cecum is