Pnemonics and pictures for biology
Main difference in arties and veins
Arteries have valves
Myeloma
cancerouse cell
Electron potential and a PH graduietnt
How the potetional energy is made
Products of the light reactions in the Grana
NADPH the ph its for photosynthesis and ATP this will go into the Cavlin cylce
Two types of vesicles from the Golgi body
Secretary into the blood cells Phospholipids that will become part of the plasma membrane Lyssomes-kill things
Converggetn evolution
TRAITS that CONVERNGE
Three main centers that produce steroid hormones
Testes, overies and the adrenal Cortex
S phase
Syntheises-- where the cell replicates its new stuff
To phosphoralte the glucose in the beginning of glycolysis what is the point
keeps it from leaking out of the membrane this is irreversible
Cytoxin T cells or natural killer cells
little proteins perferons that punch holes in the cel wall. Kills CANCER CELLS.
catecholamines
(epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine)
second trimester
most sensitive to drugs
At 5 weeks
organs and such start to devep right before it calleda embery that is 8 wekks
Sinosoids
sinus caities of the liver.
Copmetennce
the ability to uptake of naked cells of DNA from ite envirment. Ecoli is not.
Protostomes
the bastpore develops first is the mouth and the second that thing devolpes is the annus mollusk, earth worms and annelids.
Microtubeles
Cell division and Cell movemvent A tube top divides a girl and it also a tube on a lake is moving fast. motility and movement.
Amemboid
Characterized by a crawling type of movement
Head of sperm
Picture a a acorn on ti and is responsible for the acromsil reaction
Playcenta
Play=nursary in bonham withhas tanks hanging for the ceiling, and also release wast and gain nutreints
List the eras form oldest to most recent
Precambrian Era, Paleozoic Era, Menzoic Era, Cenozoic Era .. Pretty people Makes cum . Pr in pretty . is for Precambruim era
Nonsence mutation
Premutare stop Codon-- Muations are very unlikely
The difference between primary and seccondary succsion
Primary no soil so bacater a have to colinize and then make soil Something happened and there is now soil
Nurons
...
papliea projection on the tonuges surface
...
two components of starch
1 is amylose and the other is amylopectin. Plants use to store energy. Almost completly alpha 1-4 Amolose all 14 amoyloppectin also has the 1-4 and 1-6. The 1,4 beta humans are alpha
HOw many truns of the calcin cyle is required
6 each tie using one c02 and one Rubeph The three carbons in the 3PG are each coming from co2 there for you need 6 co2 and 6 turns ofthe cavlin cyle That 30 carbons from RUBP and 6 carbons from the 6 CO2 ecerything else gets recyled Rybees have 5 sides ( as in precoise stones)
Nuetrophiles
60 percent of the blood system they are the first on the seen. Nobody like my educational background
Nuclosome
A structural nit of histones wrapped around tightly coiled DNA. Histone do this through electrosstaitic interactions
Reactants of the Calvin cyle
ATp NADPH (exactly like cellular respiration just with a P for photsyntheisis) ANd now C02 comin and then glucos is produced
Thrombus
Abnormal blood clot
Photosystem 2
Absorbs red light each Tiny light harvesting complexes bounce the photons enregy untill ti gets to p680 in the center is the reaction center P680---gets an electron from water spitting water--Photon + eletctron makes a excited electron- First protein is PQ just like plasteqonine then travels down to PC. The ernergy state gets lower and lwoer as it travels from proetin to protein. AS the energy sytem goes down its prodcuing its pumping proteins to the inner membrean that will later go thru atp sutnahtse to make ATP Same process in photosystem 2 until it get to P 700 absorbs light at 700 nana meters. REd Light- Moves up erngy state into the reaction center . Then goes to the next proetin complex that is feriidoxyne is the last complex. This is where NADPH is produced Aborobs red light . Ctochrom C and Q are bestfreinds with the b in the middle
The hormones of the adreanal medulla
All the catecholamines
Animal pole vs vegetal pole
Animal Pole is does not have cytoplasm and the Vegetal pole does have yolk so it divide much slower.. A vegetable soup (cytoplasm)
SSB proteins
BInds so that the two strand that they wont go back together. This it the helicase of the bateira keeps dna from reforming it double helix . The holder open for proaketes
Sacormer
Basic fundamental unit of a stratied muscle
What is the first thing formed in a both protostomes and dueterstomes?
Bastopporee ALWAYS then fate of the blastopre depnds on the name o
Genetic drift
Change in DNA over time strcitly due to chance
Deuterstomes
Cleavage is right on top of each other and the fae fot he bastopore is the annus the mouth devoples later. DOODY has two )s staked right on tope of each other..
Thryoid hormone
Controlled by the thryoid realsing hrmone t3 trithroxin and T 4 and calintonin-tone down the calcuim in your blood----t3 and t4 increase you bodies metabolic rate.
DNA plolymerse can Proof read
D stands for proofread. Daneaille would always proof read becuase she was so smart
Recombinant DNA
DNA that can be shared in crossing over
List of nerotransmitters
Dopamine, GABA, Glutamate, Sertonine, epinphrine, Acytolcholine-voluntary muscle contraction, noepinephrine, epinephrein.
Trypnogin is converted to Trypsin by
Enteropeptidase and Trypsin
Mycorisha
FUNGI that live on roots to increase the diameter of the root and make it more efficient to absorb nutrients.
Microfillaments
Filliments- Go fishing in the morning (AM) my thick thinkig ass be filling
Anterior putiarity flat pig
Flat pig
FRAP
Florescent redistribution after photo bleaching. Bleach things the can moniter the rate of diffusion ie what and how fast things move in or out of the cel
4 phases of the ovarian cycle
Follicule- Follicules produce strogen Ovualtions- cuasued by a surge in LH Luteal phase Courpus leuten produces Proestregen Menstration coupus lutemn becsome corpus abalancans
Chitin
Glucose with nitrogen group, Fungi,arthropods, polysaccharide containing nitrogen
Glycosylation, sulfation and phosphorylation (
Golgi Body take and proteins and modifies. The arrive there in vescles the golgi aparetus modifes them by changin the stucuture then packeges them again to send them either out of the cell back in to the cell for further use
What is stomate surounded by
Guard cell. The only time that guard cells close the stomate in really hot days.
RNA primase
Has to set a lot of extra primers down on the lagging strand because rna polormrase can only go in one directions. Even tho it is DNA replication it is till referred to as rna Primase. Take longer to synthize it here. The primers are then cut and by the endonuclases and then have to be replaced by DNA since they are simply base paris. They will attach to the RNA primer at the RNAs 5 prime end but will actually be the original peace of DNAs 3 prime end. It needs this primer only for the lagging strand.
For most of a cells life what from is the DNA
It's unwound or in the chromotin form in interphase
Ligase
Joining the fragments
Choriine
Just like chlorine gas. Is the outer part of eggs and chords wrapped around the placenta
Alantois
Liquid waste
Gogi apreatus
Looks very simular to the as endrplasmic reticulum the inclods have Cys face is the reciving face. Facing toward the ER the trans facing the opoositie towward the outside of the cell . TRans facing the outside
Acydosine
MOth into a butterfly metamorhpisies
Channel proteins
Mainly used by Ions
Slime mold
Many cells combine in a mass.
Modification Methiliases
Methalsis- Add methyl groups to their own bacteral to protect it from the Endonucleases
Does the mouth always form first?
Not it depends on if it is a protostome or a duetoerstome. Blastapore is the first thing to develope Blast are first place
Calvin cyle
ONE turn Sarting materal is 5 carrbon RUBBP Ribulose bispohoasphate ( 5 rubisco cookies ) Rubisco- Enzyme for Carbon fixation makes it a 6 carbon change from the co2 Rudcution -to 3 -pga cost 6 atp and 6 nadh Regenertation of Rubp3 cost 3 atp . IT cost 18 atp 12 nadh and prodcue 6 g3p. For one glucose.
Carinoids
Orgainc pigemnts
Harvesion canals
Part of the bone that is living or innervated
Where do you see Spiral cleavage and what is it.
Protostome, this is where the cells are not sitting on top of each other but slighty roatated to make a spiral shape. Pro through a perfect spiral
Yolk sac
Provides food. Eggs are food
RNA and anticodons dont have
RNA They dont have T
Dinoflegetts
Red bloom from the bottum of the ocean and respocibly for large fish kills due to the toxinds that they realease
Aldosterone
Regulate blood pressure
Capsid
The head of a bactera phage
Natural killer cells
They do not need reconize in order kill . type of cytoxic T cells, A nature killer kills everything
Silent mutations
They do not show up in the phenotype.
Missence mutation
This is the insertion of incorrect amino acid but will still lead to a functional protein-
Major histocompatabilaity complxe MHC 1
This is where things are prestented after they are cut up and then preented to other things so that anitbodioes can be made.
Light reaction
Very simular to the ETC in the Mitrhcodnrea. Photsystem two and photsystem one. Pumping H ions through. Opposite of The ETC in the mitchrodia it is pumping H ion into of the thylokoid. So as the passively diffuse down their Concentraion graduient they pump out ATP of the GRana into the stroma
Reactants of the light reaction Water and sunlight
Water and lights
Glucocoirticocids
When things are energy expesive the body need sto do something to combat all this energy usage and be come more efficent some how. By either creating more energy or to redcue the amoun of eneryg bering used Usaull hase something to do with suguers orenergy. Glucose cortec (icoid) steroid Glucose matabilism made int hte ardreanal glands the oustide part
Hepatic vein
after the liver and to the inferar venn cava where it is returned to the heart
celeslose
beta 1-4 humans can not break the beta 1-4 bonds.
Helper t cells
bond to the antigen MHC1 complex and signal the alarm to things to come
Cilary Muscle
ceiling paintery gian lence
Restriction endonuclases
cuts DNA from the inside of the DNA? They cut them at the Pallindrome sequences. They can cleave in to ways pallindrome sequences and (AlLO 1 ) can do staggered or a dirct cut. Only in bacteria and not in eukaotes. Bacteria do this to bacterphage DNA that has been inserted into the cell.Protect this cell from Viral DN. Exxonuclueases cut DNA from the ends of the center or toward the end of the molecule
DNA microyarra
cutting up all the DNA with restrcitve endonuclases and then looking at all of them to determine which one could be expressed. Made so that you can see with microfloerescent die. Sothat you can see . See what gens could be expressed Cut Cut up those gens and reed it to the rays that you can see.
Allopatrach
different due to geographical baerres . Allo other
Merkal cells
fine touch recpetion
Intermegatry systme
hair skin fur and nails
REd blood cells
no nucluese
MHC 1
on every cell nuclated. Bad stuff get presented on this thing after they are cut up.
CAm plants
only open their stomate at night to get CO2 and store it then during the day the can close the stomata and they dont lose water
pelgiic
open water of any depth
Trypsin breaks down
protein and is cut by
Amnion
provides cushion right on top of the M
Portal vein
right before the hepatic protal vein that is the potal to the liver
What is more in the nueron where
salt on the outside the K on the inside
Stroma
thie is the fluid in the Chlorplaste but not in the GRanum. Granum is the thlylokoid stakcks
8 weeks
this is when it is not longer a embryo and now a fetus. A fetus looks like a 8
What is the point of Interphase
to get its self ready for Mitoses
illoececum valve
where the cecum is
