Cold War/ Decolonization Questions

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"Prevailing Religions of the British Indian Empire, 1909." Digital image. Commons.wikimedia.org. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Apr. 2016. The Times of India, August 15, 1947. Digital image. Timesofindia.indiatimes.com. N.p., 13 Aug. 2013. Web. 4 Apr. 2016. According to the map and newspaper, in which of the following ways did religion have the greatest impact on the political independence of British India? A The Christian leaders of Great Britain felt conflicted about their imperialistic motives, and decided that self-determination would be the godly thing to do. B They have led to the division of four countries: Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, and Myanmar (Burma). C Since India was Hindu, countries were divided along caste divisions. D The Muslim belief in jihad complicated Great Britain's desire for a peaceful transfer of power.

Kwame Nkrumah, A Call for Unity, 1963 It is our duty to lay the foundation of our union at this conference. It is our responsibility to execute this mandate by creating here and now, the formula upon which the requisite superstructure may be created. On this continent, it has not taken us long to discover that the struggle against colonialism does not end with the attainment of national independence. Independence is only the prelude to a new and more involved struggle for the right to conduct our own economic and social affairs; to construct our society according to our aspirations, unhampered by crushing and humiliating neo-colonialist control and interference. From the start we have been threatened with frustration, and with instability ready to take hold, a sustained effort and ordered rule are essential. Nothing will be of avail, except the united act of a united Africa Kwame Nkrumah, First Prime Minister of Ghana, Speech at the founding of the OAU, Ethiopia, 1963, Nkrumah Infobank Jomo Kenyatta, A Call for Unity, 1952 ... I want you to know the purpose of K.A.U. (Kenyan African Union) It is the biggest purpose the African has. It involves every African in Kenya and it is their mouth piece which asks for freedom. K.A.U. is you and you are the K.A.U. If we unite now, each and every one of us, and each tribe to another, we will cause the implementation in this country of that which the European calls democracy. True democracy has no colour distinction. It does not choose between black and white. We are here in this tremendous gathering under the K.A.U. flag to find which road leads us from darkness into democracy. In order to find it we Africans must first achieve the right to elect our own representatives. That is surely the first principle of democracy. We are the only race in Kenya which does not elect its own representatives in the Legislature and we are going to set about to rectify this situation. We feel we are dominated by a handful of others who refuse to be just. God said this is our land. Land in which we are to flourish as a people. We are not worried that other races are here with us in our country, but we insist that we are the leaders here, and what we want we insist we get. We want our cattle to get fat on our land so that our children grow up in prosperity; we do not want that fat removed to feed others. He who has ears should now hear that K.A.U. claims this land as its own gift from God and I wish those who are black, white or brown at this meeting to know this. K.A.U. speaks in daylight. Jomo Kenyatta, First President of Kenya, Speech at the Kenya African Union Meeting, Nyeri, Kenya, 1952, Google books, p. 46. Based on the two passages above, it can be best concluded that in the 1950's and 1960's that A Independent African nations were seeking ways to industrialize and become equal partners with the Europeans in the globalizing economy. B Some regions in Africa were making the transition from colonies to sovereign and independent nations. C Africa continued to remain a colonized continent despite ineffective efforts at resisting colonial rule. D The new leaders in Africa turned out to be uniformly anti-democratic, leading authoritarian, single-party states.

"Prevailing Religions of the British Indian Empire, 1909." Digital image. Commons.wikimedia.org. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Apr. 2016. The Times of India, August 15, 1947. Digital image. Timesofindia.indiatimes.com. N.p., 13 Aug. 2013. Web. 4 Apr. 2016. The border dispute between India and Pakistan has manifested itself in which of the following ways? A There has never been a border dispute between India and Pakistan because of the divide between the Muslim and Hindu regions. B India deferred to Muslim requests to control all of the Kashmir region. C The border dispute between India and Pakistan has persisted to present day, resulting in migration and transnationalism. D Pakistan has persecuted Hindu minorities along the border, prompting India to react with physical resistance.

Kwame Nkrumah, A Call for Unity, 1963 It is our duty to lay the foundation of our union at this conference. It is our responsibility to execute this mandate by creating here and now, the formula upon which the requisite superstructure may be created. On this continent, it has not taken us long to discover that the struggle against colonialism does not end with the attainment of national independence. Independence is only the prelude to a new and more involved struggle for the right to conduct our own economic and social affairs; to construct our society according to our aspirations, unhampered by crushing and humiliating neo-colonialist control and interference. From the start we have been threatened with frustration, and with instability ready to take hold, a sustained effort and ordered rule are essential. Nothing will be of avail, except the united act of a united Africa. Kwame Nkrumah, First Prime Minister of Ghana, Speech at the founding of the OAU, Ethiopia, 1963, Nkrumah Infobank Jomo Kenyatta, A Call for Unity, 1952 ... I want you to know the purpose of K.A.U. (Kenyan African Union) It is the biggest purpose the African has. It involves every African in Kenya and it is their mouth piece which asks for freedom. K.A.U. is you and you are the K.A.U. If we unite now, each and every one of us, and each tribe to another, we will cause the implementation in this country of that which the European calls democracy. True democracy has no colour distinction. It does not choose between black and white. We are here in this tremendous gathering under the K.A.U. flag to find which road leads us from darkness into democracy. In order to find it we Africans must first achieve the right to elect our own representatives. That is surely the first principle of democracy. We are the only race in Kenya which does not elect its own representatives in the Legislature and we are going to set about to rectify this situation. We feel we are dominated by a handful of others who refuse to be just. God said this is our land. Land in which we are to flourish as a people. We are not worried that other races are here with us in our country, but we insist that we are the leaders here, and what we want we insist we get. We want our cattle to get fat on our land so that our children grow up in prosperity; we do not want that fat removed to feed others. He who has ears should now hear that K.A.U. claims this land as its own gift from God and I wish those who are black, white or brown at this meeting to know this. K.A.U. speaks in daylight. Jomo Kenyatta, First President of Kenya, Speech at the Kenya African Union Meeting, Nyeri, Kenya, 1952, Google books, p. 46. Which one of the statements below would be the BEST explanation for the difficulties Nkrumah had in achieving pan-African unity? A The existence of multiple tribal, linguistic, and religious groups within each nation made unification in Africa difficult. B Rapid population growth on the continent made it much harder to mobilize inhabitants to take on pan-African ideals. C A lack of industry on the continent prevented the consolidation of African nations. D Difficulties in putting in place strong democratic institutions in newly independent nations prevented pan-African ideals from taking root.

Birth rate and death rate in China 1950-2014. Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Foundation., Inc, 2015. Web. 3 April 2017. Which of the following programs shares basic common features with China's one-child policy? A An involuntary sterilization program put in place by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi in India in the 1970's. B The first five year plan instituted by Josef Stalin in the Soviet Union in the late 1920's. C Child Labor laws that were contained within the Factory Acts, passed by the British Parliament in the mid 1800's. D Legal protections put in place to protect children in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which was drafted by the United Nations in 1949.

"As a matter of fact, the [Second World War] broke out as the inevitable result of the development of world economic and political forces on the basis of present-day monopolistic capitalism. Marxists have more than once stated that the capitalist system of world economy contains the elements of a general crisis and military conflicts, that, in view of that, the development of world capitalism in our times does not proceed smoothly and evenly, but through crises and catastrophic wars. The point is that the uneven development of capitalist countries usually leads, in the course of time, to a sharp disturbance of the equilibrium within the world system of capitalism, and that group of capitalist countries regards itself as being less securely provides with raw materials and markets usually attempts to change the situation and to redistribute "spheres of influence" in its own favour -- by employing armed force. As a result of this, the capitalist world is split into two hostile camps, and war breaks out between them. Perhaps catastrophic wars could be avoided if it were possible periodically to redistribute raw materials and markets among the respective countries in conformity with their economic weight by means of concerted and peaceful decisions. But this is impossible under the present capitalist conditions of world economic development." From a speech given by Joseph Stalin at an electoral district meeting in Moscow, February 9, 1946. Stalin's remarks in the passage relate most to which of the following developments of the twentieth century? A Emergence of a rivalry and tension between the Soviet Union and the United States along with their respective allies. B Decolonization in Asia and Africa following the end of the Second World War and dozens of states achieving autonomy. C Growing international awareness of environmental issues caused by increasing industrialization, development, and consumption. D Concern that the harsh prosecution of Germany at the Nuremberg trials would ensure further conflict in Europe down the line.

"Gillo Pontecorvo is best remembered for [directing] 'The Battle of Algiers' (1966), regarded by many critics as a masterpiece. Made almost entirely with nonprofessional actors -- some of whom were guerrilla fighters -- the film has a semi-documentary feel with jittery, hand-held cameras that race around the casbah. This gave viewers a jarring and intimate sense of reality unfolding during the Algerian war for independence (1954 to 1962). Mr. Pontecorvo called his work 'fiction written under the dictatorship of fact.' Based on interviews with soldiers and Resistance leaders, Mr. Pontecorvo and his frequent scriptwriting collaborator Franco Solinas showed the cruelty and humanity of all sides in the fight. The scenes of torture by the French authorities are weighed against the insurgents' massacre of young civilians at a cafe. In another memorable scene, the French colonel who is the chief nemesis of the Algerian guerrillas lectures the visiting press about the political situation. He articulates an awareness that he is on the wrong side of history but that as a soldier, he has a role to fulfill. The colonel's ambivalence is central to Mr. Pontecorvo's powerful filmmaking. "Pontecorvo makes many French soldiers and colonists credible and sympathetic figures, caught up in a larger, politico-economic pattern of exploitation," film historian David Thomson wrote. 'In short, it is the more politically convincing because it does not manipulate its people.' Mr. Pontecorvo's film was a direct confrontation of French imperialism, which had only been touched on in earlier works, including Jean-Luc Goddard's 'Le Petit Soldat.' As a result, 'The Battle of Algiers' was banned in France for five years even though it won the top prize at the Venice Film Festival. The director received death threats from those sympathetic to the military forces in France." Bernstein, Adam (16 October 2006). "Film Director Gillo Pontecorvo; 'Battle of Algiers' Broke Ground" Washington Post. Which of the following best explains the claim that the French colonel portrayed in film, though loyal, knew he was "on the wrong side of history?" A The undoing of colonialism was both justified and inevitable by the the middle of the twentieth century. B The French were unable to maintain overseas colonies without the help of either of the two Cold War superpowers. C The United Nations refused to pass any resolution regarding Algerian independence claims. D Extensive media coverage had driven more support towards the traditional colonial powers in their overseas struggles.

"Gillo Pontecorvo is best remembered for [directing] 'The Battle of Algiers' (1966), regarded by many critics as a masterpiece. Made almost entirely with nonprofessional actors -- some of whom were guerrilla fighters -- the film has a semi-documentary feel with jittery, hand-held cameras that race around the casbah. This gave viewers a jarring and intimate sense of reality unfolding during the Algerian war for independence (1954 to 1962). Mr. Pontecorvo called his work 'fiction written under the dictatorship of fact.' Based on interviews with soldiers and Resistance leaders, Mr. Pontecorvo and his frequent scriptwriting collaborator Franco Solinas showed the cruelty and humanity of all sides in the fight. The scenes of torture by the French authorities are weighed against the insurgents' massacre of young civilians at a cafe. In another memorable scene, the French colonel who is the chief nemesis of the Algerian guerrillas lectures the visiting press about the political situation. He articulates an awareness that he is on the wrong side of history but that as a soldier, he has a role to fulfill. The colonel's ambivalence is central to Mr. Pontecorvo's powerful filmmaking. "Pontecorvo makes many French soldiers and colonists credible and sympathetic figures, caught up in a larger, politico-economic pattern of exploitation," film historian David Thomson wrote. 'In short, it is the more politically convincing because it does not manipulate its people.' Mr. Pontecorvo's film was a direct confrontation of French imperialism, which had only been touched on in earlier works, including Jean-Luc Goddard's 'Le Petit Soldat.' As a result, 'The Battle of Algiers' was banned in France for five years even though it won the top prize at the Venice Film Festival. The director received death threats from those sympathetic to the military forces in France." Bernstein, Adam (16 October 2006). "Film Director Gillo Pontecorvo; 'Battle of Algiers' Broke Ground" Washington Post. Which of the following best identifies the wider context of the film the "Battle of Algiers"? A Lengthy wars of liberation occured in the colonized world where nationalist movements faced significant settler populations. B The route to independence in many colonies was a peaceful one in which constitutional negotiations took place between between nationalist leaders and European governments. C Cold War realities forced colonial powers to abandon their overseas projects in order to shift resources toward the prevention of Soviet hegemony in Europe. D United Nations resolutions bound European powers to honor their previous promises of independence to subject peoples in Africa and Asia.

"Prevailing Religions of the British Indian Empire, 1909." Digital image. Commons.wikimedia.org. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Apr. 2016. The Times of India, August 15, 1947. Digital image. Timesofindia.indiatimes.com. N.p., 13 Aug. 2013. Web. 4 Apr. 2016. Which of the following BEST describes the difference between the struggle for independence in India and Vietnam? A Unlike India, Vietnam's struggle for independence was complicated by the geopolitical realities of the Cold War. B The independence of Vietnam included more violence than the independence of India. C Religion played a larger role in the independence of Vietnam than in India. D There was no partitioning in India like there was in North and South Vietnam.

...the Salvadoran problem is not a simple, national, domestic problem, but rather a geopolitical problem that is affecting all of Latin America. That is why we must understand that it is the result of an international Marxist strategy, of geopolitical action to obtain control of Central America, and the Caribbean in order to establish a center of operations for America and the world... Duarte, Napoleon (member of Third Coalition Junta ruling El Salvador). "Duarte Comments on US Aid." Tegucigalpa Radio America, trans. by FBIS 15 Jan. 1981. Print. Based on the above excerpt, which of the following provides the BEST interpretation of the relationship between the Cold War and El Salvador? A El Salvador was an example of a proxy war between the Soviets and the United States. B El Salvador was part of the Non-Aligned Movement, seeking peaceful coexistence. C El Salvador was an ally of the United States as part of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. D El Salvador was an ally of the Soviet Union as part of the Communist International.

A member of the Palestinian group Black September looks out from a balcony of the Munich Olympic village during an attack in which eleven Israeli Olympic members and a West German police officer were killed. While wars between nations became less frequent over the second half of the 20th century and into the 21st century, societies across the world have proven vulnerable to violence from which of the following? A Non-state organizations such as terrorist groups. B Economic liberalization and a growth of entrepreneurial activity. C Independent trade unions such as Solidarity in Poland. D Transparent elections where stakeholders can independently verify the legitimacy of the process.

Chairman Mao Zedong, July 31, 1955 A new upsurge in the socialist mass movement is in sight throughout the Chinese countryside. But some of our comrades are tottering along like a woman with bound feet, always complaining that others are going too fast. ... The tide of social reform in the countryside — in the shape of cooperation — has already reached some places. Soon it will sweep the whole country. This is a huge socialist revolutionary movement, which involves a rural population more than five hundred million strong, one that has very great world significance. We should guide this movement vigorously, warmly, and systematically, and not act as a drag on it. "The Question of Agricultural Cooperation" (Speech, July 31, 1955). Which of the following could serve as evidence to challenge Mao's central argument in the speech above? A Widespread failures in industrialization and collectivization led to peasant repression and hunger. B The proletariat revolution would fail and China would become governed by bourgeois capitalists. C Industrial production became the most important concern of the Chinese state. D Chinese political leadership would turn to the cities as the basis of their support.

Chairman Mao Zedong, July 31, 1955 A new upsurge in the socialist mass movement is in sight throughout the Chinese countryside. But some of our comrades are tottering along like a woman with bound feet, always complaining that others are going too fast. ... The tide of social reform in the countryside — in the shape of cooperation — has already reached some places. Soon it will sweep the whole country. This is a huge socialist revolutionary movement, which involves a rural population more than five hundred million strong, one that has very great world significance. We should guide this movement vigorously, warmly, and systematically, and not act as a drag on it. "The Question of Agricultural Cooperation" (Speech, July 31, 1955). Which of the following is an accurate depiction of the relationship between Chairman Mao's actions and those of the previous leadership of the Soviet Union? A The Soviet Union saw its communist revolution emerging from industrial workers, not agricultural. B Soviet leadership and Chairman Mao purposefully created a cult of the common man while rejecting leadership qualities. C Both Chairman Mao and the Soviet leadership prioritized the importance of the countryside in their national mythologies. D Chairman Mao believed in the importance of a leadership elite to push through the revolution, unlike in the Soviet Union.

Cold War Voices of Education Project. Web. 3 February 2017. Based on the political cartoon, which of the following policies did the U.S. adapt under the Truman Doctrine of 1947? A Containment. B Appeasement. C Isolationism. D Good Neighbor.

From the Constitution of India Right to Equality ... 15. (1) The State shall not discriminate against any citizen on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or any of them. (2) No citizen shall, on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or any of them, be subject to any disability, liability, restriction or condition with regard to—(a) access to shops, public restaurants, hotels and places of public entertainment; or(b) the use of wells, tanks, bathing ghats, roads and places of public resort maintained wholly or partly out of State funds or dedicated to the use of the general public. ... 16. (1) There shall be equality of opportunity for all citizens in matters relating to employment or appointment to any office under the State. (2) No citizen shall, on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, descent, place of birth, residence or any of them, be ineligible for, or discriminated against in respect of, any employment or office under the State 17. "Untouchability" is abolished and its practice in any form is forbidden. The enforcement of any disability arising out of "Untouchability" shall be an offence punishable in accordance with law. The People of India. "The Constitution of India." Indian Ministry of Law and Justice, Mar. 2016. Web. 14 Mar. 2017. Original Constitution was adopted in 1949. Articles 15, 16, and 17 of the Indian Constitution are MOST consistent with which of the following historical developments? A UN ratification of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. B British imperial policies in India. C Partition of British India and the creation of Pakistan as a nation-state. D Traditional Hindu social structure.

Gandhi, Quit India Resolution, 1942 India will attain her freedom through her non-violent strength, and will retain it likewise. Therefore, the committee hopes that Japan will not have any designs on India. But if Japan attacks India, and Britain makes no response to its appeal, the committee will expect all those who look to the Congress for guidance to offer complete non-violent non-cooperation to the Japanese forces, and not to render any assistance to them. It is no part of the duty of those who are attacked to render any assistance to the attacker. It is their duty to offer complete non-cooperation. It is not difficult to understand the simple principle of nonviolent non-cooperation: First, we may not bend the knee to an aggressor, or obey any of his orders. Second, we may not look to him for any favors nor fall to his bribes, but we may not bear him any malice nor wish him ill. Third, if he wishes to take possession of our fields we will refuse to give them up, even if we have to die in an effort to resist him. Fourth, if he is attacked by disease, or is dying of thirst and seeks our aid, we may not refuse it. Fifth, in such places where British and Japanese forces are fighting, our non-cooperation will be fruitless and unnecessary. At present, our non-cooperation with the British Government is limited. Were we to offer them complete non-cooperation when they're actually fighting, it would be tantamount to bringing our country deliberately into Japanese hands. Therefore, not to put any obstacle in the way of the British forces will often be the only way of demonstrating our non-cooperation with the Japanese.* Gandhi, Mohandas K. "Quit India Resolution." New York Times 5 Aug. 1942: n. pag. Print. Which of the following was a direct result of the Quit India movement? A Gandhi and the rest of the party leaders were imprisoned. B Great Britain granted India its Independence. C Japan took control of India. D Gandhi was appointed the Viceroy of India.

Historian Patricia Buckley Ebrey on How China Mobilized for the Great Leap Forward Trusting Mao, both party cadres and ordinary working people got caught up in wave of utopian enthusiasm ... During the late summer and autumn of 1958, communes, factories, schools, and other units set up 'backyard furnaces' in order to double steel production by combining small, native techniques with larger, foreign ones. Peasant men were marched in military style to work on public-works projects while the women took over much of the fieldwork. Both were exhorted by slogans like 'More, faster, better, and more economical' and songs like 'Communism is heaven./ The commune is the ladder./ If we build that ladder./ We can climb the heights.' ... Commentators hailed this as a major step in the transition from socialism to communism. Counties claimed 1,000 and even 10,000 percent increases in agriculture production. Pictures were even published of fields where the wheat grew so thickly that children could stand on top of it without pushing it down. The Central Committee trumpeted abroad claims that national production had nearly doubled in a single year. Ebrey, Patricia Buckley. China. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996. pp. 310-311. Based on the above source, which of the following best explains why the Chinese peasantry was moved onto communes during the Great Leap Forward? A To pool resources for domestic tasks peasants no longer had time for. B To copy the Soviet model. C To maximize the Communist Party of China's (CCP) control over the peasantry. D To turn the peasantry into a workforce capable of outproducing the urban proletariat.

Horsey, David. "The World According to Ronald Reagan." Seattle Post-Intelligencer. 1982. Web. Which of the following global systems is BEST represented by the political cartoon above? A Kennan's Containment Theory and the Bi-polar System. B Theorists of the Zones of Chaos in International Relations. C Huntington's Theory of the Clash of Civilizations. D Metternich's Multi-Polar System of the Congress of Vienna.

Horsey, David. "The World According to Ronald Reagan." Seattle Post-Intelligencer. 1982. Web. Which of the following represents a "proxy war" as part of the Cold War on this map? A Central America labelled as "El Salvador." B The "Palestinian Homeland (Proposed)" as an island above the USSR. C An oversized "Falklands" off the coast of South America ("Banana Land.") D "Our China" and "Their China" opposing one another.

Key: Pink = Hindus; Grey slashed = Sikhs; Green = Muslims; Yellow = Buddhists; Blue = Christians; Grey = Animists; "British Indian Empire" (1909). Wikimedia Commons, The Imperial Gazetteer of India, Oxford University Press, 1909 How has the status of Pakistan changed since the partition of 1947? A East Pakistan separated from West Pakistan to become the independent nation of Bangladesh. B During the Cold War, Pakistan was ideologically divided in two, between Soviet and American supported governments, as was the case with Vietnam and Korea. C Pakistan has participated in a union of South Asian states, joining India and Sri Lanka in easing trade barriers, and allowing for the sharing of military resources. D Pakistan has become increasingly isolated, closing all borders with Iran and India.

Krushev, Secret Speech, 1956 In addition to the great accomplishments of V. I. Lenin for the victory of the working class and of the working peasants, for the victory of our party and for the application of the ideas of scientific communism to life, his acute mind expressed itself also in this that lie detected in Stalin in time those negative characteristics which resulted later in grave consequences. Fearing the future fate of the party and of the Soviet nation, V.I. Lenin made a completely correct characterization of Stalin, pointing out that it was necessary to consider the question of transferring Stalin from the position of Secretary General because of the fact that Stalin is excessively rude, that he does not have a proper attitude toward his comrades, that lie is capricious, and abuses his power. . . . Krushev, Nikita S. "The Secret Speech: On the Cult of Personality," Fordham University Modern History Sourcebook. Accessed February 23, 2017. The above excerpt from the "Secret Speech" was meant to inspire which of the following? A Separation from the past. B A desire for armament. C The development of a space program. D The growth of agricultural programs.

Mao Zedong on the Need for China to Take a Great Leap Forward, 1958 ... now we must start a technological revolution so that we may overtake Britain in fifteen or more years. Chinese economy is backward and China is materially weak. This is why we have been unable to take much initiative; we are spiritually restricted. We are not yet liberated in this sense. We must make a spurt [forward in production]. We may have more initiative in five years, and more still in ten. After fifteen years, when our foodstuffs and iron and steel become plentiful, we shall take a much greater initiative. Our revolutions are like battles. After a victory, we must at once put forward a new task. In this way, cadres and the masses will forever be filled with revolutionary fervour, instead of conceit. Indeed, they will have no time for conceit, even if they like to feel conceited. With new tasks on their shoulders, they are totally preoccupied with the problems for their fulfilment. From "Sixty Points on Working Methods - A Draft Resolution from the Office of The Centre of the CPC," https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/selected-works/volume-8/mswv8_05.htm Based on the source above, which of the following most likely explains why Mao thought a technological revolution was necessary for China to take a Great Leap Forward? A To compete with the West, China needed to industrialize. B Japan retained a foothold on mainland China the Communist Party couldn't dislodge. C The Communist Party of China (CCP) was in danger of losing the Chinese people's allegiance in the civil war with the Kuomintang. D The Chinese people needed to be focused on something other than the criticisms of the CCP that had led to the protests at Tiananmen Square.

Map showing the Darfur Region in Sudan in 2007. Berglund, Marten. "Darfur-Sudan." Wikimedia Commons, 23 Feb. 2007. Web. 6 Apr. 2017. UN Environment Programme Investigates Conflict in Sudan Environmental degradation is among the root causes of decades of conflict in Sudan, a new United Nations report argues, warning that the country is unlikely to see lasting peace unless it is addressed. The UN Environment Programme's (UNEP) investigation "has shown clearly that peace and people's livelihoods in Darfur as well as in the rest of Sudan are inextricably linked to the environmental challenge," said Achim Steiner, the Executive Director of the agency, which carried out the Sudan Post-Conflict Assessment at the request of the new Government of National Unity and the Government of Southern Sudan...[M]ore than 200,000 people have been killed and at least 2 million others displaced [in Darfur] since clashes erupted in 2003 between Government forces, allied Janjaweed militias and rebel groups. "UN report says environmental degradation triggering tensions in Sudan." UN News Center. United Nations, 22 June 2007. Web. 11 Apr. 2017. Ahmad Sikainga, The World's Worst Humanitarian Crisis, 2009Environmental degradation and competition over resources can be understood as principal causes of communal conflict in Darfur, but the ongoing carnage is also a product of a long history of ethnic marginalization and manipulation by Sudan's ruling elites. The post-colonial governments were dominated by the Arabic-speaking elites from the central and the northern parts of the country. In addition to concentrating economic development in their home regions, these elites tried to forge a national identity based on Arabism and Islam. These policies generated a tenacious resistance by the non-Arab and non-Muslim groups in the marginalized region of the South, the Nuba Mountains, and the Red Sea region. Sikainga, Ahmad. 'The World's Worst Humanitarian Crisis': Understanding the Darfur Conflict | Origins: Current Events in Historical Perspective. Origins. The Ohio State University, Feb. 2009. Web. 06 Apr. 2017. BOTH excerpts above recognize which of the following aspects of human interaction with the environment as context for the conflict in Darfur, Sudan? A Climate change led to increasing desertification in drought-prone regions. B Energy technologies including the use of petroleum and nuclear power raised productivity. C Green Revolution spread chemically and genetically enhanced forms of agriculture. D Urbanization dramatically expanded the per capita rates of freshwater consumption.

Margaret Thatcher, Speech at Kensington Town Hall, January, 1976 "The first duty of any Government is to safeguard its people against external aggression. The forces of Russia and her allies in Central Europe outnumber NATOs by 150,000 men nearly 10,000 tanks and 2,600 aircraft. The rise of Russia as a world-wide naval power threatens our oil rigs and our traditional life-lines, the sea routes. Under the last defence review, the Government said it would cut defence spending by £4,700 million over the next nine years. Then they said they would cut a further £110 million. If there are further cuts, perhaps the Defence Secretary should change his title, for the sake of accuracy, to the Secretary for Insecurity." "Speech at Kensington Town Hall." January 19, 1976. Margaret Thatcher Foundation, 2017. Web. 09 Feb. 2017. Which of the following conclusions can be drawn about Thatcher's motives for speaking so pointedly in this speech? A Thatcher's goal was to increase defense spending. B Thatcher hoped to end support for the growth of Stealth technology and other high-tech weapons. C Thatcher was vocalizing her support of anti-Communist social movements in "Third World" countries. D Thatcher was denouncing the economic stability of NATO.

Martin Luther King, "Where Do We Go From Here?," Delivered at the 11th Annual SCLC Convention in Atlanta, Ga., 1967 We must reaffirm our commitment to nonviolence. I want to stress this. The futility of violence in the struggle for racial justice has been tragically etched in all the recent Negro riots. One sees screaming youngsters and angry adults fighting hopelessly and aimlessly against impossible odds. And deep down within them, you can see a desire for self-destruction, a kind of suicidal longing. Are we seeking power for power's sake? Or are we seeking to make the world and our nation better places to live? If we seek the latter, violence can never provide the answer. The ultimate weakness of violence is that it is a descending spiral, begetting the very thing it seeks to destroy. Instead of diminishing evil, it multiplies it. Through violence you may murder the liar, but you cannot murder the lie, nor establish the truth. Through violence you may murder the hater, but you do not murder hate. In fact, violence merely increases hate. So it goes. Returning violence for violence multiplies violence, adding deeper darkness to a night already devoid of stars. Darkness cannot drive out hate; only love can do that. Martin Luther King, "Where Do We Go From Here?," Delivered at the 11th Annual SCLC Convention in Atlanta, Ga., 16 August 1967 The rhetoric of non-violence espoused by Martin Luther King and other global reform leaders in the 20th century was grounded in the belief that A violence could not fix the underlying issues of a society. B Christian belief necessitated a non-violent response. C military force was incapable of convincing governments to act. D words were the most inexhaustible source of power in regards to legitimacy.

Notes prepared by Nelson Mandela for his meeting with P. W. Botha, President of South Africa, July 5, 1989 White South Africa must accept the plain fact that the ANC will not suspend, to say nothing of abandoning, the armed struggle until the government shows its willingness to surrender the monopoly of political power, and to negotiate directly and in good faith with the acknowledged black leaders. The renunciation of violence by either the government or the ANC should not be a pre-condition to but the result of negotiation. Moreover, by ignoring credible black leaders, and imposing a succession of still-born negotiation structures, the government is not only squandering the country's precious resources, but it is in fact discrediting the negotiations process itself, and prolonging the civil strife. The position of the ANC on the question of violence is, therefore, very clear. A government which used violence against blacks many years before we took up arms, has no right whatsoever to call on us to lay down arms. Part of a document presented by Nelson Mandela to P.W. Botha. NelsonMandela.org. Web. 14 February 2017. In which of the following ways was the struggle described by Nelson Mandela in the excerpt above similar to Chinese protests in Tiananmen Square in the same year? A Both advocated for a more democratic government. B Both primarily involved struggles against racism. C Both rejected the use of violence. D Both were early events in the Cold War.

The New Dominions, Indian Independence Act, 1947 (1) As from the fifteenth day of August, nineteen hundred and forty-seven, two independent Dominions shall be set up in India, to be known respectively as India and Pakistan. (2) The said Dominions are hereafter in this Act referred to as 'the new Dominions', and the said fifteenth day of August is hereafter in this Act referred to as 'the appointed day'. United Kingdom. Indian Independence Act 1947. 18 July 1947. 10 and 11 Geo 6 C. 30. Legislation.gov.uk. Web. 3 Apr. 2016. The "Loi Cadre", 1956 Article First (One). Without prejudice to the expected reform of Title VIII of the Constitution, in order to give the overseas peoples a more direct share in the management of their own interests, measures of administrative decentralization and devolution shall be introduced within the territories, groups of territories and central services under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of France Overseas. "The "Loi-Cadre" of June 23, 1956." Legacy.fordham.edu. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Apr. 2016. Which of the following BEST represents the primary difference between the Indian Independence Act and the "Loi-Cadre"? A The Indian Independence Act detailed the creation of two independent countries from the British colonial empire, whereas the "Loi-Cadre" outlined parameters for lands transitioning towards self-rule within the French colonial empire. B The Indian Independence Act was a direct parliamentary decision from Great Britain, whereas the "Loi-Cadre" served German interests because Vichy France was a puppet government set up by Hitler. C While both dealt with independence movements, the Indian Independence Act affected a larger portion of land than the "Loi-Cadre." D While both dealt with independence movements, the Loi-Cadre represented a shift in the French government's thinking to honor independence movements based on religion, while the Indian Independence Act sought to rectify disputes that were purely territorial.

The North Atlantic Treaty, 1949 The Parties to this Treaty reaffirm their faith in the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations and their desire to live in peace with all peoples and all governments. They are determined to safeguard the freedom, common heritage and civilisation of their peoples, founded on the principles of democracy, individual liberty and the rule of law. They seek to promote stability and well-being in the North Atlantic area. They are resolved to unite their efforts for collective defence and for the preservation of peace and security. They therefore agree to this North Atlantic Treaty: ARTICLE 1: The Parties undertake, as set forth in the Charter of the United Nations, to settle any international dispute in which they may be involved by peaceful means in such a manner that international peace and security and justice are not endangered, and to refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force in any manner inconsistent with the purposes of the United Nations. ARTICLE 2: The Parties will contribute toward the further development of peaceful and friendly international relations by strengthening their free institutions, by bringing about a better understanding of the principles upon which these institutions are founded, and by promoting conditions of stability and well-being. They will seek to eliminate conflict in their international economic policies and will encourage economic collaboration between any or all of them. North Atlantic Treaty, 1949. Web. 28 February 2017. Excerpt from Fordham World History Sourcebooks. Web. Which of the following explains the motivation behind the establishment of NATO? A To decrease the rapid nuclear armament of nations. B To increase economic freedoms of the countries involved. C To end World War II. D To appease aggressors in order to maintain peace.

The conflict — or rather the collection of conflicts — began with the introduction of Cold War tensions into Latin America following World War II, but would take on peak intensity only after the Cuban Revolution in 1959. During the fifteen years prior to Fidel Castro's triumphant march into Havana, Latin America became the focus of several contingent crises: intensifying internal strife, characterized by a seesawing of political arrangements in the 1940s and 1950s; inter-American diplomatic discord, heightened by the United States' policies during the early Cold War; the ideological ferment occasioned by decolonization and the emergence of the Third World; and the escalating U.S.-Soviet competition for mastery in the global south. These dynamics flowed together during the late 1950s, creating a fluid, volatile situation. Brands, Hal. Latin America's Cold War. Harvard University Press, 2012. The historian's mention of "several contingent crises" in Latin America during the fifteen years prior to the Cuban Revolution of 1959 was most likely a reference to which of the following? A The adoption of new economic policies by certain nationalist leaders that contributed to interventionism by the United States B Soviet invasions of Chile and Argentina at the conclusion of the Second World War C Peruvian efforts to implement agrarian reforms based on Mao Zedong's Great Leap Forward D The creation of a new military alliance known as the Warsaw Pact

The conflict — or rather the collection of conflicts — began with the introduction of Cold War tensions into Latin America following World War II, but would take on peak intensity only after the Cuban Revolution in 1959. During the fifteen years prior to Fidel Castro's triumphant march into Havana, Latin America became the focus of several contingent crises: intensifying internal strife, characterized by a seesawing of political arrangements in the 1940s and 1950s; inter-American diplomatic discord, heightened by the United States' policies during the early Cold War; the ideological ferment occasioned by decolonization and the emergence of the Third World; and the escalating U.S.-Soviet competition for mastery in the global south. These dynamics flowed together during the late 1950s, creating a fluid, volatile situation. Brands, Hal. Latin America's Cold War. Harvard University Press, 2012. Which of the following best demonstrates the "peak intensity" of Cold War tensions following Castro's "triumphant march into Havana" (the capital of Cuba)? A The Cuban Missile Crisis B The non-proliferation treaty signed by the Soviet Union and the U.S. C U.S. trade embargoes on Cuba D Agricultural subsidies from the Soviet Union paid to Cuban sugar producers

Birth rate and death rate in China 1950-2014. Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Foundation., Inc, 2015. Web. 3 April 2017. Based on the chart above, and your understanding of world history, which statement MOST accurately explains Chinese population trends in the years 1950-2015? A There was a gradual decline in the overall population of China through most of these years. B Overall population growth decreased during the years of the Great Leap Forward and the one-child policy. C With improvements in medicine, there has been a significant drop in death rates from 1980 to 2015. D Agricultural production rates have generally increased in China since the Great Leap Forward ended.

Birth rate and death rate in China 1950-2014. Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Foundation., Inc, 2015. Web. 3 April 2017. Which description below would LEAST likely account for the dramatic shifts in birth and mortality rates portrayed in the chart during the Great Leap Forward? A Farmers were expected to give up most of their harvests for urban populations and for export to other nations. B The Third Plague, an influenza pandemic, swept through China in this period of time. C Widespread famine and poor planning contributed to significantly lower yields on Chinese farms. D Families were broken up as many small-time farmers were forced to move to large agricultural communes with harsh working conditions.

"Formally, the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) came into existence during the first conference of Heads of State or Government of nonaligned countries that took place in Belgrade in September 1961. Representing newly-independent developing countries, the movement and its policies can be directly linked to the decolonisation process with the initial years of political engagement in world affairs characterised by anti-imperialist slogans and the denunciation of colonialism, apartheid, racism and Zionism. Occasionally, one comes across over-complicated theories for being a member of NAM, but in essence membership depended on empathy for national liberation movements and a dislike for being drawn into one of the alliances that characterised the Cold War stand-off. In this sense, non-alignment meant the rejection of control by the superpowers of the time and adoption of a foreign policy stance that implied resistance against East-West pressures and solidarity with Third-World interests relating to strategic world political and economic issues. Non-alignment in this sense should not be taken too literally though: some members at the time had difficulty in hiding their ideological preferences, and development aid -- with the normal strings attached -- has the unavoidable tendency to effect changes in allegiances." Strydom, H. (2007). The Non-Aligned Movement and the Reform of International Relations. Which of the following best characterizes the intention of Non-Alignment Movement members? A Taking advantage of Cold War politics to become leaders in the global economy. B The maintenance of sovereignty and independence through Cold War neutrality. C The ability to challenge the military might of the Cold War blocs through collective industry. D Limiting the power of the United Nations by forming a powerful third constituency during the Cold War.

A member of the Palestinian group Black September looks out from a balcony in the Munich Olympic village during an attack in which eleven Israeli Olympic members and a West German police officer were killed. Which of the following best explains why movements like Black September resorted to violence? A Nonviolent movements such as those of Mohandas Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr. had proved unsuccessful. B The organizations wished to achieve certain political aims or concessions from more powerful actors. C Violence was the only means for both Cold War blocs to pay attention to third world causes. D The United Nations was opposed to resolving intrastate disputes and conflicts.

Chairman Mao Zedong, July 31, 1955 A new upsurge in the socialist mass movement is in sight throughout the Chinese countryside. But some of our comrades are tottering along like a woman with bound feet, always complaining that others are going too fast. ... The tide of social reform in the countryside — in the shape of cooperation — has already reached some places. Soon it will sweep the whole country. This is a huge socialist revolutionary movement, which involves a rural population more than five hundred million strong, one that has very great world significance. We should guide this movement vigorously, warmly, and systematically, and not act as a drag on it. "The Question of Agricultural Cooperation" (Speech, July 31, 1955). The actions taken by Chairman Mao Zedong represent a broader global trend in that A major imperial powers turned to land-redistribution policies. B the global poor often turned to communist solutions to their problems. C industrialization was destroying agricultural production throughout the world. D Asian nations were often outside of major trade networks in agriculture

Gandhi, Quit India Resolution, 1942 India will attain her freedom through her non-violent strength, and will retain it likewise. Therefore, the committee hopes that Japan will not have any designs on India. But if Japan attacks India, and Britain makes no response to its appeal, the committee will expect all those who look to the Congress for guidance to offer complete non-violent non-cooperation to the Japanese forces, and not to render any assistance to them. It is no part of the duty of those who are attacked to render any assistance to the attacker. It is their duty to offer complete non-cooperation. It is not difficult to understand the simple principle of nonviolent non-cooperation: First, we may not bend the knee to an aggressor, or obey any of his orders. Second, we may not look to him for any favors nor fall to his bribes, but we may not bear him any malice nor wish him ill. Third, if he wishes to take possession of our fields we will refuse to give them up, even if we have to die in an effort to resist him. Fourth, if he is attacked by disease, or is dying of thirst and seeks our aid, we may not refuse it. Fifth, in such places where British and Japanese forces are fighting, our non-cooperation will be fruitless and unnecessary. At present, our non-cooperation with the British Government is limited. Were we to offer them complete non-cooperation when they're actually fighting, it would be tantamount to bringing our country deliberately into Japanese hands. Therefore, not to put any obstacle in the way of the British forces will often be the only way of demonstrating our non-cooperation with the Japanese.* Gandhi, Mohandas K. "Quit India Resolution." New York Times 5 Aug. 1942: n. pag. Print. The views of nonviolence and non-cooperation expressed above had the greatest influence on which of the following? A WWII. B Civil rights. C Non-Alignment. D Cubism.

Historian Patricia Buckley Ebrey on How China Mobilized for the Great Leap Forward Trusting Mao, both party cadres and ordinary working people got caught up in wave of utopian enthusiasm ... During the late summer and autumn of 1958, communes, factories, schools, and other units set up 'backyard furnaces' in order to double steel production by combining small, native techniques with larger, foreign ones. Peasant men were marched in military style to work on public-works projects while the women took over much of the fieldwork. Both were exhorted by slogans like 'More, faster, better, and more economical' and songs like 'Communism is heaven./ The commune is the ladder./ If we build that ladder./ We can climb the heights.' ... Commentators hailed this as a major step in the transition from socialism to communism. Counties claimed 1,000 and even 10,000 percent increases in agriculture production. Pictures were even published of fields where the wheat grew so thickly that children could stand on top of it without pushing it down. The Central Committee trumpeted abroad claims that national production had nearly doubled in a single year. Ebrey, Patricia Buckley. China. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996. pp. 310-311. Based on your knowledge of the communist movement in China, which of the following best explains why many of the Great Leap Forward's public-works projects were poorly planned? A Lack of funding. B Earlier purges of intellectuals left few experts to rely on. C Sabotage by Western powers, especially the United States. D Many of the public-works projects were slowed by mass strikes and armed rebellions.

Historian Patricia Buckley Ebrey on How China Mobilized for the Great Leap Forward Trusting Mao, both party cadres and ordinary working people got caught up in wave of utopian enthusiasm ... During the late summer and autumn of 1958, communes, factories, schools, and other units set up 'backyard furnaces' in order to double steel production by combining small, native techniques with larger, foreign ones. Peasant men were marched in military style to work on public-works projects while the women took over much of the fieldwork. Both were exhorted by slogans like 'More, faster, better, and more economical' and songs like 'Communism is heaven./ The commune is the ladder./ If we build that ladder./ We can climb the heights.' ... Commentators hailed this as a major step in the transition from socialism to communism. Counties claimed 1,000 and even 10,000 percent increases in agriculture production. Pictures were even published of fields where the wheat grew so thickly that children could stand on top of it without pushing it down. The Central Committee trumpeted abroad claims that national production had nearly doubled in a single year. Ebrey, Patricia Buckley. China. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996. pp. 310-311. Increasing yields 10,000% in the span of a year is an unlikely feat. Which of the following best explains why grain production was so over-inflated during the Great Leap Forward? A Careless record-keeping. B Cadres tasked with meeting production quotas wanted to prove their patriotism by exceeding them. C Mao's preferred agricultural techniques were notoriously hard to project in terms of yield. D Unlucky weather patterns.

Horsey, David. "The World According to Ronald Reagan." Seattle Post-Intelligencer. 1982. Web. Which of the following BEST represents the cartoonist's point of view? A A capitalist's view that the Soviets and "Their China" are "Godless Communists, Liars and Spies" and represent the greatest threat. B A liberal's view that U.S. policy at the time was bigoted and simplistic, and based upon "West (Us)" versus "East (Them)." C A conservative's view that Democrats are "Welfare Bums" and present a threat to "Real American" traditional values D An imperialist's view the U.S. needed to maintain control over "Our Canal" and "Our Oil."

Key: Pink = Hindus; Grey slashed = Sikhs; Green = Muslims; Yellow = Buddhists; Blue = Christians; Grey = Animists; "British Indian Empire" (1909). Wikimedia Commons, The Imperial Gazetteer of India, Oxford University Press, 1909 What kind of additional information could be added to the map, which would help provide a better understanding of the tensions and displacements that played out between Muslims and Hindus in 1947? A Physical features of the landscape such as mountains and deserts, which would help us understand the reasoning behind the land claims made by Hindus and Muslims. B Aside from the identification of the dominant religion in each region, the percentages of people following each religion in the contested regions should be included. C Notations of all British fortifications in India, and numbers of British troops in these contested regions. D Clear identification of all roads, railways, airstrips, and canals in the contested regions.

Kwame Nkrumah, A Call for Unity, 1963 It is our duty to lay the foundation of our union at this conference. It is our responsibility to execute this mandate by creating here and now, the formula upon which the requisite superstructure may be created. On this continent, it has not taken us long to discover that the struggle against colonialism does not end with the attainment of national independence. Independence is only the prelude to a new and more involved struggle for the right to conduct our own economic and social affairs; to construct our society according to our aspirations, unhampered by crushing and humiliating neo-colonialist control and interference. From the start we have been threatened with frustration, and with instability ready to take hold, a sustained effort and ordered rule are essential. Nothing will be of avail, except the united act of a united Africa Kwame Nkrumah, First Prime Minister of Ghana, Speech at the founding of the OAU, Ethiopia, 1963, Nkrumah Infobank Jomo Kenyatta, A Call for Unity, 1952 ... I want you to know the purpose of K.A.U. (Kenyan African Union) It is the biggest purpose the African has. It involves every African in Kenya and it is their mouth piece which asks for freedom. K.A.U. is you and you are the K.A.U. If we unite now, each and every one of us, and each tribe to another, we will cause the implementation in this country of that which the European calls democracy. True democracy has no colour distinction. It does not choose between black and white. We are here in this tremendous gathering under the K.A.U. flag to find which road leads us from darkness into democracy. In order to find it we Africans must first achieve the right to elect our own representatives. That is surely the first principle of democracy. We are the only race in Kenya which does not elect its own representatives in the Legislature and we are going to set about to rectify this situation. We feel we are dominated by a handful of others who refuse to be just. God said this is our land. Land in which we are to flourish as a people. We are not worried that other races are here with us in our country, but we insist that we are the leaders here, and what we want we insist we get. We want our cattle to get fat on our land so that our children grow up in prosperity; we do not want that fat removed to feed others. He who has ears should now hear that K.A.U. claims this land as its own gift from God and I wish those who are black, white or brown at this meeting to know this. K.A.U. speaks in daylight. Jomo Kenyatta, First President of Kenya, Speech at the Kenya African Union Meeting, Nyeri, Kenya, 1952, Google books, p. 46. What action made the path to independence for Kenya more violent than the one for Ghana? A The Boer Wars B Tribal campaigns against British settlers C The Suez Crisis D Forced conscription of Kenyans to fight in World War II

Kwame Nkrumah, A Call for Unity, 1963 It is our duty to lay the foundation of our union at this conference. It is our responsibility to execute this mandate by creating here and now, the formula upon which the requisite superstructure may be created. On this continent, it has not taken us long to discover that the struggle against colonialism does not end with the attainment of national independence. Independence is only the prelude to a new and more involved struggle for the right to conduct our own economic and social affairs; to construct our society according to our aspirations, unhampered by crushing and humiliating neo-colonialist control and interference. From the start we have been threatened with frustration, and with instability ready to take hold, a sustained effort and ordered rule are essential. Nothing will be of avail, except the united act of a united Africa Kwame Nkrumah, First Prime Minister of Ghana, Speech at the founding of the OAU, Ethiopia, 1963, Nkrumah Infobank Jomo Kenyatta, A Call for Unity, 1952 ... I want you to know the purpose of K.A.U. (Kenyan African Union) It is the biggest purpose the African has. It involves every African in Kenya and it is their mouth piece which asks for freedom. K.A.U. is you and you are the K.A.U. If we unite now, each and every one of us, and each tribe to another, we will cause the implementation in this country of that which the European calls democracy. True democracy has no colour distinction. It does not choose between black and white. We are here in this tremendous gathering under the K.A.U. flag to find which road leads us from darkness into democracy. In order to find it we Africans must first achieve the right to elect our own representatives. That is surely the first principle of democracy. We are the only race in Kenya which does not elect its own representatives in the Legislature and we are going to set about to rectify this situation. We feel we are dominated by a handful of others who refuse to be just. God said this is our land. Land in which we are to flourish as a people. We are not worried that other races are here with us in our country, but we insist that we are the leaders here, and what we want we insist we get. We want our cattle to get fat on our land so that our children grow up in prosperity; we do not want that fat removed to feed others. He who has ears should now hear that K.A.U. claims this land as its own gift from God and I wish those who are black, white or brown at this meeting to know this. K.A.U. speaks in daylight. Jomo Kenyatta, First President of Kenya, Speech at the Kenya African Union Meeting, Nyeri, Kenya, 1952, Google books, p. 46. Which statement below is MOST reflective of the two passages above? A Both leaders felt that peaceful methods of resistance against colonial rule had failed, and were calling for a more violent approach against the mother countries. B While Nkrumah was interested in pan-African unification, Kenyatta was more focused on the unification of Kenya only. C The two leaders disagreed over the extent of assistance the two nations should receive from European nations to build their economies. D Both leaders were in agreement that it was best to seek a gradual approach to independence from European colonizers.

Map showing the Darfur Region in Sudan in 2007. Berglund, Marten. "Darfur-Sudan." Wikimedia Commons, 23 Feb. 2007. Web. 6 Apr. 2017. UN Environment Programme Investigates Conflict in Sudan Environmental degradation is among the root causes of decades of conflict in Sudan, a new United Nations report argues, warning that the country is unlikely to see lasting peace unless it is addressed. The UN Environment Programme's (UNEP) investigation "has shown clearly that peace and people's livelihoods in Darfur as well as in the rest of Sudan are inextricably linked to the environmental challenge," said Achim Steiner, the Executive Director of the agency, which carried out the Sudan Post-Conflict Assessment at the request of the new Government of National Unity and the Government of Southern Sudan...[M]ore than 200,000 people have been killed and at least 2 million others displaced [in Darfur] since clashes erupted in 2003 between Government forces, allied Janjaweed militias and rebel groups. "UN report says environmental degradation triggering tensions in Sudan." UN News Center. United Nations, 22 June 2007. Web. 11 Apr. 2017. Ahmad Sikainga, The World's Worst Humanitarian Crisis, 2009Environmental degradation and competition over resources can be understood as principal causes of communal conflict in Darfur, but the ongoing carnage is also a product of a long history of ethnic marginalization and manipulation by Sudan's ruling elites. The post-colonial governments were dominated by the Arabic-speaking elites from the central and the northern parts of the country. In addition to concentrating economic development in their home regions, these elites tried to forge a national identity based on Arabism and Islam. These policies generated a tenacious resistance by the non-Arab and non-Muslim groups in the marginalized region of the South, the Nuba Mountains, and the Red Sea region. Sikainga, Ahmad. 'The World's Worst Humanitarian Crisis': Understanding the Darfur Conflict | Origins: Current Events in Historical Perspective. Origins. The Ohio State University, Feb. 2009. Web. 06 Apr. 2017. The UN report and Sikainga recognize which of the following as the major demographic and social consequences of the Darfur conflict? A Migration of former colonial subjects to the former colonizing country, usually in the major cities. B Military conflict led to forms of genocide and ethnic violence. C New diseases emerged as new epidemics and threats to human survival. D Redrawing of old colonial boundaries led to population displacement and resettlements.

Margaret Thatcher, Speech at Kensington Town Hall, January, 1976 "The first duty of any Government is to safeguard its people against external aggression. The forces of Russia and her allies in Central Europe outnumber NATOs by 150,000 men nearly 10,000 tanks and 2,600 aircraft. The rise of Russia as a world-wide naval power threatens our oil rigs and our traditional life-lines, the sea routes. Under the last defence review, the Government said it would cut defence spending by £4,700 million over the next nine years. Then they said they would cut a further £110 million. If there are further cuts, perhaps the Defence Secretary should change his title, for the sake of accuracy, to the Secretary for Insecurity." "Speech at Kensington Town Hall." January 19, 1976. Margaret Thatcher Foundation, 2017. Web. 09 Feb. 2017. Thatcher's arguments about external aggression are BEST understood in the context of which of the following? A The Non-Alignment movement. B The Cold War. C Economic independence movements in Europe. D The collapse of NATO.

Margaret Thatcher, Speech at Kensington Town Hall, January, 1976 "The first duty of any Government is to safeguard its people against external aggression. The forces of Russia and her allies in Central Europe outnumber NATOs by 150,000 men nearly 10,000 tanks and 2,600 aircraft. The rise of Russia as a world-wide naval power threatens our oil rigs and our traditional life-lines, the sea routes. Under the last defence review, the Government said it would cut defence spending by £4,700 million over the next nine years. Then they said they would cut a further £110 million. If there are further cuts, perhaps the Defence Secretary should change his title, for the sake of accuracy, to the Secretary for Insecurity." "Speech at Kensington Town Hall." January 19, 1976. Margaret Thatcher Foundation, 2017. Web. 09 Feb. 2017. Which of the following earlier events BEST reflect the desire to present a united front against Soviet military power as discussed in the speech above? A Chinese leaders embracing a capitalist mindset after World War II. B U.S. president Harry Truman supporting the proposed National Security Council Report 68. C The success of the Marshall Plan. D The economic prosperity of Western Europe after the fall of Hitler.

Martin Luther King, "Where Do We Go From Here?," Delivered at the 11th Annual SCLC Convention in Atlanta, Ga., 1967 We must reaffirm our commitment to nonviolence. I want to stress this. The futility of violence in the struggle for racial justice has been tragically etched in all the recent Negro riots. One sees screaming youngsters and angry adults fighting hopelessly and aimlessly against impossible odds. And deep down within them, you can see a desire for self-destruction, a kind of suicidal longing. Are we seeking power for power's sake? Or are we seeking to make the world and our nation better places to live? If we seek the latter, violence can never provide the answer. The ultimate weakness of violence is that it is a descending spiral, begetting the very thing it seeks to destroy. Instead of diminishing evil, it multiplies it. Through violence you may murder the liar, but you cannot murder the lie, nor establish the truth. Through violence you may murder the hater, but you do not murder hate. In fact, violence merely increases hate. So it goes. Returning violence for violence multiplies violence, adding deeper darkness to a night already devoid of stars. Darkness cannot drive out hate; only love can do that. Martin Luther King, "Where Do We Go From Here?," Delivered at the 11th Annual SCLC Convention in Atlanta, Ga., 16 August 1967 Which of the following 20th century organizations best matches Dr. King's rhetoric in this excerpt? A Regional bodies such as the Arab League B International bodies such as the International Criminal Court C Environmental and activist non-profits such as Greenpeace D Economic institutions such as the World Bank

Martin Luther King, "Where Do We Go From Here?," Delivered at the 11th Annual SCLC Convention in Atlanta, Ga., 1967 We must reaffirm our commitment to nonviolence. I want to stress this. The futility of violence in the struggle for racial justice has been tragically etched in all the recent Negro riots. One sees screaming youngsters and angry adults fighting hopelessly and aimlessly against impossible odds. And deep down within them, you can see a desire for self-destruction, a kind of suicidal longing. Are we seeking power for power's sake? Or are we seeking to make the world and our nation better places to live? If we seek the latter, violence can never provide the answer. The ultimate weakness of violence is that it is a descending spiral, begetting the very thing it seeks to destroy. Instead of diminishing evil, it multiplies it. Through violence you may murder the liar, but you cannot murder the lie, nor establish the truth. Through violence you may murder the hater, but you do not murder hate. In fact, violence merely increases hate. So it goes. Returning violence for violence multiplies violence, adding deeper darkness to a night already devoid of stars. Darkness cannot drive out hate; only love can do that. Martin Luther King, "Where Do We Go From Here?," Delivered at the 11th Annual SCLC Convention in Atlanta, Ga., 16 August 1967 Which of the following is NOT a reason that some revolutionary or reform movements rejected the rhetoric of non-violence? A Nationalist or ethnic movements sought the forcible removal of a state that utilized violence. B The vast majority of reform or revolutionary movements in the 20th century lacked a religious background. C Revolutionaries challenged the legitimacy of the state and it responded with existential force against a threat. D Inability to garner mass popular influence often lead to attempts to weaken the morale or leadership of the more powerful organization.

Notes prepared by Nelson Mandela for his meeting with P. W. Botha, President of South Africa, July 5, 1989 White South Africa must accept the plain fact that the ANC will not suspend, to say nothing of abandoning, the armed struggle until the government shows its willingness to surrender the monopoly of political power, and to negotiate directly and in good faith with the acknowledged black leaders. The renunciation of violence by either the government or the ANC should not be a pre-condition to but the result of negotiation. Moreover, by ignoring credible black leaders, and imposing a succession of still-born negotiation structures, the government is not only squandering the country's precious resources, but it is in fact discrediting the negotiations process itself, and prolonging the civil strife. The position of the ANC on the question of violence is, therefore, very clear. A government which used violence against blacks many years before we took up arms, has no right whatsoever to call on us to lay down arms. Part of a document presented by Nelson Mandela to P.W. Botha. NelsonMandela.org. Web. 14 February 2017. Which of the following changes did Nelson Mandela and the African National Congress demand from President Botha's government? A Abolition of slavery. B Equal rights for all South Africans. C Expulsion of communists from government. D Independence from Great Britain.

Overview of the The Korean War: 1950-1953. Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Foundation Inc., 2006. Web. 29 March 2017. Which one of the following nations was, like Korea, divided into two competing political states during this period? A The Philippines. B Vietnam. C Cuba. D Yugoslavia.

Speech by President Nasser of the United Arab Republic, September 15, 1956 In these decisive days in the history of mankind, these days in which truth struggles to have itself recognized in international chaos where powers of evil domination and imperialism have prevailed, Egypt stands firmly to preserve her sovereignty. Your country stands solidly and staunchly to preserve her dignity against imperialistic schemes of a number of nations who have uncovered their desires for domination and supremacy. In these days and in such circumstances Egypt has resolved to show the world that when small nations decide to preserve their sovereignty, they will do that all right and that when these small nations are fully determined to defend their rights and maintain their dignity, they will undoubtedly succeed in achieving their ends. . . . We have tried by all possible means to cooperate with those countries which claim to assist smaller nations and which promised to collaborate with us but they demanded their fees in advance. This we refused so they started to fight with us. They said they will pay toward building the High Dam and then they withdrew their offer and cast doubts on the Egyptian economy. Are we to declaim [disclaim?] our sovereign right? Egypt insists her sovereignty must remain intact and refuses to give up any part of that sovereignty for the sake of money. "Denouncement of the Proposal for a Canal Users' Association" (Speech by Gamal Abdel Nasser, September 15, 1956). The Suez Canal Problem, 26 July-22 September 1956, U.S. Department of State Publication No. 6392 (Washington: G.P.O., 1956), pp. 345-351. The activities of the state described in this speech are MOST consistent with which of the following contexts? A In the 20th century, the Cold War caused powerful nations to decrease their global interventions. B After World War II, newly independent states increased their role in guiding economic development. C In the second half of the 20th Century, neo-liberal economics advantaged Western democracies. D After World War II, economic development of former colonies depended on strong international ties.

Strategic Offensive Forces-1988 What does this chart and the title, "Soviet Military Power: Prospects for Change," demonstrate about the U.S. Department of Defense's point of view in 1989? A Military planners believed the Soviets were on the verge of collapse and could be defeated. B Although the Soviets were still seen as a major adversary, there were opportunities to forge a better relationship. C War with the Soviet Union became increasingly likely as both Superpowers had the ability to destroy one another. D The U.S. government viewed the Soviets as an ally in confronting the Chinese and combatting radical Muslim groups.

The Constitution of India Right to Equality ... 15. (1) The State shall not discriminate against any citizen on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or any of them. (2) No citizen shall, on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or any of them, be subject to any disability, liability, restriction or condition with regard to—(a) access to shops, public restaurants, hotels and places of public entertainment; or(b) the use of wells, tanks, bathing ghats, roads and places of public resort maintained wholly or partly out of State funds or dedicated to the use of the general public. ... 16. (1) There shall be equality of opportunity for all citizens in matters relating to employment or appointment to any office under the State. (2) No citizen shall, on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, descent, place of birth, residence or any of them, be ineligible for, or discriminated against in respect of, any employment or office under the State 17. "Untouchability" is abolished and its practice in any form is forbidden. The enforcement of any disability arising out of "Untouchability" shall be an offence punishable in accordance with law. The People of India. "The Constitution of India." Indian Ministry of Law and Justice, Mar. 2016. Web. 14 Mar. 2017. Original Constitution was adopted in 1949. A historian would MOST likely use the Articles 15, 16, and 17 from the Indian Constitution to explain which of the following? A Elimination of caste-based discrimination. B Establishment of democracy in India since its independence. C Independence of India from Britain. D Migration of millions of Muslims out of India following Indian independence.

The New Dominions, Indian Independence Act, 1947 (1) As from the fifteenth day of August, nineteen hundred and forty-seven, two independent Dominions shall be set up in India, to be known respectively as India and Pakistan. (2) The said Dominions are hereafter in this Act referred to as 'the new Dominions', and the said fifteenth day of August is hereafter in this Act referred to as 'the appointed day'. United Kingdom. Indian Independence Act 1947. 18 July 1947. 10 and 11 Geo 6 C. 30. Legislation.gov.uk. Web. 3 Apr. 2016. The "Loi Cadre", 1956 Article First (One). Without prejudice to the expected reform of Title VIII of the Constitution, in order to give the overseas peoples a more direct share in the management of their own interests, measures of administrative decentralization and devolution shall be introduced within the territories, groups of territories and central services under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of France Overseas. "The "Loi-Cadre" of June 23, 1956." Legacy.fordham.edu. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Apr. 2016. Which of the following commodities led to the expansion and dissolution of the French empire in Vietnam? A The growth of cotton, which allowed the Vietnamese to generate their own income stream. B Natural resources such as rubber, coal, and tin, which were essential for both industrialization and militarization. C Silk and porcelain, because the French wanted access to them without competition from other European countries on the western side of the Silk Road trading network. D Gold and salt as France continued to cut into Portugal's former empire.

The North Atlantic Treaty, 1949 The Parties to this Treaty reaffirm their faith in the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations and their desire to live in peace with all peoples and all governments. They are determined to safeguard the freedom, common heritage and civilisation of their peoples, founded on the principles of democracy, individual liberty and the rule of law. They seek to promote stability and well-being in the North Atlantic area. They are resolved to unite their efforts for collective defence and for the preservation of peace and security. They therefore agree to this North Atlantic Treaty: ARTICLE 1: The Parties undertake, as set forth in the Charter of the United Nations, to settle any international dispute in which they may be involved by peaceful means in such a manner that international peace and security and justice are not endangered, and to refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force in any manner inconsistent with the purposes of the United Nations. ARTICLE 2: The Parties will contribute toward the further development of peaceful and friendly international relations by strengthening their free institutions, by bringing about a better understanding of the principles upon which these institutions are founded, and by promoting conditions of stability and well-being. They will seek to eliminate conflict in their international economic policies and will encourage economic collaboration between any or all of them. North Atlantic Treaty, 1949. Web. 28 February 2017. Excerpt from Fordham World History Sourcebooks. Web. Which of the following conclusions about the period from 1949 to the present can be drawn from this excerpt? A NATO participants continue to compete for dominance on the global theater. B Nations participating in NATO face diplomatic challenges, including developing mutually agreed upon solutions. C NATO representatives have continued to pursue imperial development. D Nations of NATO have aided one another in conquest.

Translated text from a Jewish National Fund poster, 1938 To the Hebrew population in the country!During the last phase of development of our enterprise in Eretz Israel we have learned the crucial value of the redemption of lands within the general campaign to build the country, and highlighted the role of the Jewish National Fund as a major instrument for the revival of Israel on its land.For this purpose a special project was declared around the world, and the twentieth Zionist Congress welcomed the initiative. The redemption of the Galilee including its mountain ranges and fertile valleys, the fertilization of its wastelands to turn them into fertile Jewish settlements - that's our mission at these important present times.This region, the splendor of our homeland that is in danger of degeneration - has a great potential for a large national settlement, to provide for many people, and be a blessing to our brothers in the suffering Diaspora that strive to immigrate and strike roots in the homeland.The Jewish National Fund extends a hand to the upper Galilee, the cradle and homeland of Israel's heroes, to deliver the greeting of the Hebrew worker that will saturate it with his sweat and recover its honor of old times.Give your hand to the great redemption project: donate generously through the personal tax to the Jewish National Fund. Translated text from a Jewish National Fund poster, 1938. Palestinian Poster Project Archives. Web. 24 February 2017. Based on your knowledge of world history, which of the following states or organizations had a mandate to oversee Palestine during the twentieth century? A The United States. B Great Britain. C Germany. D The United Nations

Translated text from a Jewish National Fund poster, 1938 To the Hebrew population in the country!During the last phase of development of our enterprise in Eretz Israel we have learned the crucial value of the redemption of lands within the general campaign to build the country, and highlighted the role of the Jewish National Fund as a major instrument for the revival of Israel on its land.For this purpose a special project was declared around the world, and the twentieth Zionist Congress welcomed the initiative. The redemption of the Galilee including its mountain ranges and fertile valleys, the fertilization of its wastelands to turn them into fertile Jewish settlements - that's our mission at these important present times.This region, the splendor of our homeland that is in danger of degeneration - has a great potential for a large national settlement, to provide for many people, and be a blessing to our brothers in the suffering Diaspora that strive to immigrate and strike roots in the homeland.The Jewish National Fund extends a hand to the upper Galilee, the cradle and homeland of Israel's heroes, to deliver the greeting of the Hebrew worker that will saturate it with his sweat and recover its honor of old times.Give your hand to the great redemption project: donate generously through the personal tax to the Jewish National Fund. Translated text from a Jewish National Fund poster, 1938. Palestinian Poster Project Archives. Web. 24 February 2017. Which of the following events had not occurred when this poster was originally circulated? A The Balfour Declaration. B The creation of the State of Israel. C Hitler becomes chancellor of Germany. D Japan invades China.

"As a matter of fact, the [Second World War] broke out as the inevitable result of the development of world economic and political forces on the basis of present-day monopolistic capitalism. Marxists have more than once stated that the capitalist system of world economy contains the elements of a general crisis and military conflicts, that, in view of that, the development of world capitalism in our times does not proceed smoothly and evenly, but through crises and catastrophic wars. The point is that the uneven development of capitalist countries usually leads, in the course of time, to a sharp disturbance of the equilibrium within the world system of capitalism, and that group of capitalist countries regards itself as being less securely provides with raw materials and markets usually attempts to change the situation and to redistribute "spheres of influence" in its own favour -- by employing armed force. As a result of this, the capitalist world is split into two hostile camps, and war breaks out between them. Perhaps catastrophic wars could be avoided if it were possible periodically to redistribute raw materials and markets among the respective countries in conformity with their economic weight by means of concerted and peaceful decisions. But this is impossible under the present capitalist conditions of world economic development." From a speech given by Joseph Stalin at an electoral district meeting in Moscow, February 9, 1946. The viewpoint expressed by Stalin strongly prefigures all of the following conflicts EXCEPT A The Korean War B The Vietnam War C The Iran-Iraq War D The Soviet-Afghan War

"Formally, the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) came into existence during the first conference of Heads of State or Government of nonaligned countries that took place in Belgrade in September 1961. Representing newly-independent developing countries, the movement and its policies can be directly linked to the decolonisation process with the initial years of political engagement in world affairs characterised by anti-imperialist slogans and the denunciation of colonialism, apartheid, racism and Zionism. Occasionally, one comes across over-complicated theories for being a member of NAM, but in essence membership depended on empathy for national liberation movements and a dislike for being drawn into one of the alliances that characterised the Cold War stand-off. In this sense, non-alignment meant the rejection of control by the superpowers of the time and adoption of a foreign policy stance that implied resistance against East-West pressures and solidarity with Third-World interests relating to strategic world political and economic issues. Non-alignment in this sense should not be taken too literally though: some members at the time had difficulty in hiding their ideological preferences, and development aid -- with the normal strings attached -- has the unavoidable tendency to effect changes in allegiances." Strydom, H. (2007). The Non-Aligned Movement and the Reform of International Relations. All of the following countries were initial members of the Non-Aligned Movement EXCEPT? A Indonesia B Egypt C Hungary D India

"[Gillo] Pontecorvo is best remembered for [directing] 'The Battle of Algiers' (1966), regarded by many critics as a masterpiece. Made almost entirely with nonprofessional actors -- some of whom were guerrilla fighters -- the film has a semi-documentary feel with jittery, hand-held cameras that race around the casbah. This gave viewers a jarring and intimate sense of reality unfolding during the Algerian war for independence (1954 to 1962). Mr. Pontecorvo called his work 'fiction written under the dictatorship of fact.' Based on interviews with soldiers and Resistance leaders, Mr. Pontecorvo and his frequent scriptwriting collaborator Franco Solinas showed the cruelty and humanity of all sides in the fight. The scenes of torture by the French authorities are weighed against the insurgents' massacre of young civilians at a cafe. In another memorable scene, the French colonel who is the chief nemesis of the Algerian guerrillas lectures the visiting press about the political situation. He articulates an awareness that he is on the wrong side of history but that as a soldier, he has a role to fulfill. The colonel's ambivalence is central to Mr. Pontecorvo's powerful filmmaking. "Pontecorvo makes many French soldiers and colonists credible and sympathetic figures, caught up in a larger, politico-economic pattern of exploitation," film historian David Thomson wrote. 'In short, it is the more politically convincing because it does not manipulate its people.' Mr. Pontecorvo's film was a direct confrontation of French imperialism, which had only been touched on in earlier works, including Jean-Luc Goddard's 'Le Petit Soldat.' As a result, 'The Battle of Algiers' was banned in France for five years even though it won the top prize at the Venice Film Festival. The director received death threats from those sympathetic to the military forces in France." Bernstein, Adam (16 October 2006). "Film Director Gillo Pontecorvo; 'Battle of Algiers' Broke Ground" Washington Post. Which of the following claims is made to explain the reception of Pontecorvo's film in France? A The film was disliked because it only contained sympathetic and credible Algerian characters. B The film was under appreciated because French filmgoers disapproved of the use of non-professional actors. C The film was prohibited because it was candid about French involvement in Algeria. D The film was boycotted because it won an award at an Italian Film Festival rather than a French one.

...the Salvadoran problem is not a simple, national, domestic problem, but rather a geopolitical problem that is affecting all of Latin America. That is why we must understand that it is the result of an international Marxist strategy, of geopolitical action to obtain control of Central America, and the Caribbean in order to establish a center of operations for America and the world... Duarte, Napoleon (member of Third Coalition Junta ruling El Salvador). "Duarte Comments on US Aid." Tegucigalpa Radio America, trans. by FBIS 15 Jan. 1981. Print. Which of the following revolutions is most closely associated with Duarte's statement of "an international Marxist strategy...to obtain control of Central America, and the Caribbean"? A Toussaint L'Ouverture and the Haitian Revolution. B Francisco Madero and the Mexican Revolution. C Fidel Castro and the Cuban Revolution. D Hugo Chavez and the Bolivarian Revolution.

Birth rate and death rate in China 1950-2014. Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Foundation., Inc, 2015. Web. 3 April 2017. Which of the following events provides the MOST significant historical context for the two government policies identified in the chart? A World War II. B the Taiping Rebellion. C The Chinese Communist Revolution. D The Open Door Policy.

Chairman Mao Zedong, July 31, 1955 A new upsurge in the socialist mass movement is in sight throughout the Chinese countryside. But some of our comrades are tottering along like a woman with bound feet, always complaining that others are going too fast. ... The tide of social reform in the countryside — in the shape of cooperation — has already reached some places. Soon it will sweep the whole country. This is a huge socialist revolutionary movement, which involves a rural population more than five hundred million strong, one that has very great world significance. We should guide this movement vigorously, warmly, and systematically, and not act as a drag on it. "The Question of Agricultural Cooperation" (Speech, July 31, 1955). During the latter half of the 20th century, leaders in China as well as other industrializing nations challenged the views presented by Mao in that they A involved themselves in previously rejected global exchange. B rejected industrialized labor for service-driven economies. C incorporated policies leading to economic liberalization. D utilized increased educational outputs to produce complex goods.

Charles de Gaulle, Excerpt from speech, 1958 Last Sunday, three and a half million men and women of Algeria, without distinction of community, in complete equality, gave France and myself their vote of confidence. They did this quite simply without any constraint and in spite of the threats that certain fanatics brought to bear against them, their families and their property...The least that can be said of this great demonstration is that the French people proved to themselves and to the entire world their determination for renovation, and that, at the same time, a hundred million men decided to build their future together in Liberty, Equality and Fraternity. With regard to Algeria, what is the future to which France is calling her? Women and men of Algeria, I have come here to tell you what it is. What must be achieved is the basic transformation of this country, so brave, so alive, but also so full of difficulties and suffering. de Gaulle, Charles. Speech at Constantine, Algeria, October 3, 1958. Premier de Gaulle's speech was made available in translation through the courtesy of the Information Service of the French Embassy in New York. . Jawaharlal Nehru, Excerpt from speech, 1947 Long years ago we made a tryst with destiny, and now the time comes when we shall redeem our pledge, not wholly or in full measure, but very substantially. At the stroke of the midnight hour, when the world sleeps, India will awake to life and freedom. A moment comes, which comes but rarely in history, when we step out from the old to the new, when an age ends, and when the soul of a nation, long suppressed, finds utterance. It is fitting that at this solemn moment we take the pledge of dedication to the service of India and her people and to the still larger cause of humanity...We end today a period of ill fortune and India discovers herself again. The achievement we celebrate today is but a step, an opening of opportunity, to the greater triumphs and achievements that await us. Are we brave enough and wise enough to grasp this opportunity and accept the challenge of the future? Nehru, Jawaharlal. Speech on the granting of Indian independence, August 14, 1947. Reprinted in Brian McArthur, Penguin Book of Twentieth Century Speeches (London: Penguin Viking, 1992), 234-237. by Prof. Arkenberg. Taken together, the ideas expressed in these passages refer to A independence movements that were a result of armed conflict. B independence movements that were a result of diplomatic negotiations. C independence movements that resulted in new states systems. D independence movements resulted in immediate partition of the previous colony.

Gandhi, Quit India Resolution, 1942 India will attain her freedom through her non-violent strength, and will retain it likewise. Therefore, the committee hopes that Japan will not have any designs on India. But if Japan attacks India, and Britain makes no response to its appeal, the committee will expect all those who look to the Congress for guidance to offer complete non-violent non-cooperation to the Japanese forces, and not to render any assistance to them. It is no part of the duty of those who are attacked to render any assistance to the attacker. It is their duty to offer complete non-cooperation. It is not difficult to understand the simple principle of nonviolent non-cooperation: First, we may not bend the knee to an aggressor, or obey any of his orders. Second, we may not look to him for any favors nor fall to his bribes, but we may not bear him any malice nor wish him ill. Third, if he wishes to take possession of our fields we will refuse to give them up, even if we have to die in an effort to resist him. Fourth, if he is attacked by disease, or is dying of thirst and seeks our aid, we may not refuse it. Fifth, in such places where British and Japanese forces are fighting, our non-cooperation will be fruitless and unnecessary. At present, our non-cooperation with the British Government is limited. Were we to offer them complete non-cooperation when they're actually fighting, it would be tantamount to bringing our country deliberately into Japanese hands. Therefore, not to put any obstacle in the way of the British forces will often be the only way of demonstrating our non-cooperation with the Japanese.* Gandhi, Mohandas K. "Quit India Resolution." New York Times 5 Aug. 1942: n. pag. Print. Compared to Gandhi's views of non-cooperation, the British government's views expressed in the Cripps Mission differed in that they A challenged the Indians to cooperate with the Japanese. B believed that India would only attain their freedom through violence. C believed India should fully cooperate with Great Britain's war efforts. D encouraged the people of India to be loyal towards the British Government instead of Gandhi and the Indian National Congress.

Historian Jonathan Spence on the Results of China's Great Leap Forward It does not belittle the vision—which was as rich or richer than anything expressed in China since the Taiping Heavenly King, Hong Xiuquan, ruled over Nanjing just over a century before—to say that it did not coincide with reality. The grain-production figures had been disastrously over-inflated. The announced total for 1958 of 375 million tons of grain had to be revised downward to 250 million tons (Western economists later guessed that actual production was around 215 million tons) ... The result was famine on a gigantic scale, a famine that claimed 20 million lives or more between 1959 and 1962. Many others died shortly thereafter from the effects of the Great Leap—especially children, weakened by years of progressive malnutrition ... The Great Leap Forward, launched in the name of strengthening the nation by summoning all the people's energies, had turned back on itself and ended by devouring its young. Spence, Jonathan D. The Search for Modern China. 2nd Edition. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1999. pp. 549, 550, and 553. Based on the above excerpt, which of the following best characterizes the author's views on communism? A Skeptical. B Enthusiastic. C Sympathetic to the larger goal, but honest about the missteps. D Neutral; would prefer a hybrid system that combines capitalism and communism.

Historian Jonathan Spence on the Results of China's Great Leap Forward It does not belittle the vision—which was as rich or richer than anything expressed in China since the Taiping Heavenly King, Hong Xiuquan, ruled over Nanjing just over a century before—to say that it did not coincide with reality. The grain-production figures had been disastrously over-inflated. The announced total for 1958 of 375 million tons of grain had to be revised downward to 250 million tons (Western economists later guessed that actual production was around 215 million tons) ... The result was famine on a gigantic scale, a famine that claimed 20 million lives or more between 1959 and 1962. Many others died shortly thereafter from the effects of the Great Leap—especially children, weakened by years of progressive malnutrition ... The Great Leap Forward, launched in the name of strengthening the nation by summoning all the people's energies, had turned back on itself and ended by devouring its young. Spence, Jonathan D. The Search for Modern China. 2nd Edition. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1999. pp. 549, 550, and 553. In the midst of widespread famine, which of the following best explains why China continued exporting grain during the Great Leap Forward? A Mao's ultimate goal was to obtain more steel, and the only currency his trading partners would accept from China was grain. B The only Western good Mao wanted was medicine, and the only currency the West would accept from China was grain. C Reducing agricultural exports would have meant admitting that the Great Leap Forward had failed. D Mao wanted to cripple the Western grain market by flooding it with lower-cost Chinese foodstuffs.

Historian Jonathan Spence on the Results of China's Great Leap Forward It does not belittle the vision—which was as rich or richer than anything expressed in China since the Taiping Heavenly King, Hong Xiuquan, ruled over Nanjing just over a century before—to say that it did not coincide with reality. The grain-production figures had been disastrously over-inflated. The announced total for 1958 of 375 million tons of grain had to be revised downward to 250 million tons (Western economists later guessed that actual production was around 215 million tons) ... The result was famine on a gigantic scale, a famine that claimed 20 million lives or more between 1959 and 1962. Many others died shortly thereafter from the effects of the Great Leap—especially children, weakened by years of progressive malnutrition ... The Great Leap Forward, launched in the name of strengthening the nation by summoning all the people's energies, had turned back on itself and ended by devouring its young. Spence, Jonathan D. The Search for Modern China. 2nd Edition. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1999. pp. 549, 550, and 553. Which of the following best summarizes the impact of the Great Leap Forward? A It succeeded at industrializing China, but at the cost of millions of lives. B It cemented Mao's power over China, but at the cost of millions of lives. C It failed to industrialize China and cost millions of lives. D It made China the preeminent communist nation in the world, but at the cost of millions of lives.

Key: Pink = Hindus; Grey slashed = Sikhs; Green = Muslims; Yellow = Buddhists; Blue = Christians; Grey = Animists; "British Indian Empire" (1909). Wikimedia Commons, The Imperial Gazetteer of India, Oxford University Press, 1909 When the Partition of India occurred in 1947, how were the Muslim-dominant regions organized? A The Muslim areas remained a part of India, as the partition only addressed the split between Hindus and Buddhists. B A Mandate System was put in place by the British in the Muslim controlled areas, with temporary control of these regions remaining in the hands of the British. C A new nation was carved out of the two major Muslim areas called West and East Pakistan. D Three new independent Muslim nations were created in the region: Pakistan, Nepal, and Myanmar.

Krushchev, Secret Speech, 1956 In addition to the great accomplishments of V. I. Lenin for the victory of the working class and of the working peasants, for the victory of our party and for the application of the ideas of scientific communism to life, his acute mind expressed itself also in this that he detected in Stalin in time those negative characteristics which resulted later in grave consequences. Fearing the future fate of the party and of the Soviet nation, V.I. Lenin made a completely correct characterization of Stalin, pointing out that it was necessary to consider the question of transferring Stalin from the position of Secretary General because of the fact that Stalin is excessively rude, that he does not have a proper attitude toward his comrades, that he is capricious, and abuses his power. . . . Krushchev, Nikita S. "The Secret Speech: On the Cult of Personality," Fordham University Modern History Sourcebook. Accessed February 23, 2017. Which of the following governments can also be described as communist? A The United States beginning with Ronald Reagan. B Great Britain under Margaret Thatcher. C China under Mao Zedong. D Chile with the leadership of Augusto Pinochet.

Kwame Nkrumah, President of Ghana. Speech at the founding of the Organization of African Unity, 1963 On this continent, it has not taken us long to discover that the struggle against colonialism does not end with the attainment of national independence. Independence is only the prelude to a new and more involved struggle for the right to conduct our own economic and social affairs; to construct our society according to our aspirations, unhampered by crushing and humiliating neo-colonialist control and interference. From the start we have been threatened with frustration, where rapid change is imperative, and with instability, where sustained effort and ordered rule are indispensable. No sporadic act nor pious resolution can resolve our present problems. Nothing will be of avail, except the united act of a united Africa. Nkrumah, Kwame. ""We Must Unite Now or Perish" - President Kwame Nkrumah." New African Magazine. New African Magazine, 26 June 2014. Web. 21 Jan. 2017. Which of the following BEST describes the global context for the above source? A Rising demand for the natural resources of nations in the Global South determined the treatment they received from their former colonial rulers. B The desire to overthrow social hierarchies within newly independent nations in the Global South threatened the European colonial elite. C The Cold War determined how former colonial rulers treated newly independent nations in the Global South. D International unity gave post-colonial nations in the Global South an equal role in international affairs.

Mao Zedong on the Need for China to Take a Great Leap Forward, 1958 ... now we must start a technological revolution so that we may overtake Britain in fifteen or more years. Chinese economy is backward and China is materially weak. This is why we have been unable to take much initiative; we are spiritually restricted. We are not yet liberated in this sense. We must make a spurt [forward in production]. We may have more initiative in five years, and more still in ten. After fifteen years, when our foodstuffs and iron and steel become plentiful, we shall take a much greater initiative. Our revolutions are like battles. After a victory, we must at once put forward a new task. In this way, cadres and the masses will forever be filled with revolutionary fervour, instead of conceit. Indeed, they will have no time for conceit, even if they like to feel conceited. With new tasks on their shoulders, they are totally preoccupied with the problems for their fulfilment. From "Sixty Points on Working Methods - A Draft Resolution from the Office of The Centre of the CPC," https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/selected-works/volume-8/mswv8_05.htm In addition to achieving a rapid "technological revolution," which of the following was most likely a secondary goal of Mao's Great Leap Forward? A Making modest market reforms to allow for more innovation. B Reinvigorating spiritual belief via a return to Confucianism. C Improving/controlling the people of China. D Paving the way for a government led by the people.

Map showing the Darfur Region in Sudan in 2007. Berglund, Marten. "Darfur-Sudan." Wikimedia Commons, 23 Feb. 2007. Web. 6 Apr. 2017. UN Environment Programme Investigates Conflict in Sudan Environmental degradation is among the root causes of decades of conflict in Sudan, a new United Nations report argues, warning that the country is unlikely to see lasting peace unless it is addressed. The UN Environment Programme's (UNEP) investigation "has shown clearly that peace and people's livelihoods in Darfur as well as in the rest of Sudan are inextricably linked to the environmental challenge," said Achim Steiner, the Executive Director of the agency, which carried out the Sudan Post-Conflict Assessment at the request of the new Government of National Unity and the Government of Southern Sudan...[M]ore than 200,000 people have been killed and at least 2 million others displaced [in Darfur] since clashes erupted in 2003 between Government forces, allied Janjaweed militias and rebel groups. "UN report says environmental degradation triggering tensions in Sudan." UN News Center. United Nations, 22 June 2007. Web. 11 Apr. 2017. Ahmad Sikainga, The World's Worst Humanitarian Crisis, 2009Environmental degradation and competition over resources can be understood as principal causes of communal conflict in Darfur, but the ongoing carnage is also a product of a long history of ethnic marginalization and manipulation by Sudan's ruling elites. The post-colonial governments were dominated by the Arabic-speaking elites from the central and the northern parts of the country. In addition to concentrating economic development in their home regions, these elites tried to forge a national identity based on Arabism and Islam. These policies generated a tenacious resistance by the non-Arab and non-Muslim groups in the marginalized region of the South, the Nuba Mountains, and the Red Sea region. Sikainga, Ahmad. 'The World's Worst Humanitarian Crisis': Understanding the Darfur Conflict | Origins: Current Events in Historical Perspective. Origins. The Ohio State University, Feb. 2009. Web. 06 Apr. 2017. Which of the following legacies of British colonialism created the context for conflict in Sudan? A Conflict between indigenous peoples and colonial settlers who took possession of land. B Development of resource extracting economies, based on exporting commodities. C Inherited imperial boundaries of Sudan included ethnic groups with potential for conflict. D Ongoing cultural and population exchange between colonizing and colonized areas.

Martin Luther King, "Where Do We Go From Here?," Delivered at the 11th Annual SCLC Convention in Atlanta, Ga., 1967 We must reaffirm our commitment to nonviolence. I want to stress this. The futility of violence in the struggle for racial justice has been tragically etched in all the recent Negro riots. One sees screaming youngsters and angry adults fighting hopelessly and aimlessly against impossible odds. And deep down within them, you can see a desire for self-destruction, a kind of suicidal longing. Are we seeking power for power's sake? Or are we seeking to make the world and our nation better places to live? If we seek the latter, violence can never provide the answer. The ultimate weakness of violence is that it is a descending spiral, begetting the very thing it seeks to destroy. Instead of diminishing evil, it multiplies it. Through violence you may murder the liar, but you cannot murder the lie, nor establish the truth. Through violence you may murder the hater, but you do not murder hate. In fact, violence merely increases hate. So it goes. Returning violence for violence multiplies violence, adding deeper darkness to a night already devoid of stars. Darkness cannot drive out hate; only love can do that. Martin Luther King, "Where Do We Go From Here?," Delivered at the 11th Annual SCLC Convention in Atlanta, Ga., 16 August 1967 In contrast to the rhetoric of Martin Luther King above, states during the 20th century increasingly A rejected the rights of ethnic minorities or peaceful protests. B utilized the narrative of religious as a means to control protest movements. C developed closer ties between standing armies and industrial production. D co-opted the rhetoric of religion to increasingly justify militant action against rival nations.

Notes prepared by Nelson Mandela for his meeting with P. W. Botha, President of South Africa, July 5, 1989 White South Africa must accept the plain fact that the ANC will not suspend, to say nothing of abandoning, the armed struggle until the government shows its willingness to surrender the monopoly of political power, and to negotiate directly and in good faith with the acknowledged black leaders. The renunciation of violence by either the government or the ANC should not be a pre-condition to but the result of negotiation. Moreover, by ignoring credible black leaders, and imposing a succession of still-born negotiation structures, the government is not only squandering the country's precious resources, but it is in fact discrediting the negotiations process itself, and prolonging the civil strife. The position of the ANC on the question of violence is, therefore, very clear. A government which used violence against blacks many years before we took up arms, has no right whatsoever to call on us to lay down arms. Part of a document presented by Nelson Mandela to P.W. Botha. NelsonMandela.org. Web. 14 February 2017. Which of the following was a major cause of the end of apartheid in South Africa? A Armed intervention in South Africa by neighboring countries. B Election of a Black majority to the South African Parliament. C International economic and political pressure on white South Africa. D Support from the U.S. government for the African National Congress.

Overview of the The Korean War: 1950-1953. Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Foundation Inc., 2006. Web. 29 March 2017. Which of the following BEST explains a development of the Korean war charted on the three maps? A North Korea was able to defend itself with assistance from Chinese and Soviet troops. B South Koreans started this war when they made an offensive against North Korea in an effort to unify the peninsula. C The Chinese Communist Party helped the North Koreans by sending in troops from the north. D The North Korean goal of unification was achieved with the creation of the Armistice Line at the 38th parallel.

Strategic Offensive Forces-1988 Which of the following explains why the US lagged behind the USSR in weapons development in the 1980s? A The Sentinel Program B Project Camelot C The Strategic Defense Initiative D The Star Wars Defense Program

The New Dominions, Indian Independence Act, 1947 (1) As from the fifteenth day of August, nineteen hundred and forty-seven, two independent Dominions shall be set up in India, to be known respectively as India and Pakistan. (2) The said Dominions are hereafter in this Act referred to as 'the new Dominions', and the said fifteenth day of August is hereafter in this Act referred to as 'the appointed day'. United Kingdom. Indian Independence Act 1947. 18 July 1947. 10 and 11 Geo 6 C. 30. Legislation.gov.uk. Web. 3 Apr. 2016. The "Loi Cadre", 1956 Article First (One). Without prejudice to the expected reform of Title VIII of the Constitution, in order to give the overseas peoples a more direct share in the management of their own interests, measures of administrative decentralization and devolution shall be introduced within the territories, groups of territories and central services under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of France Overseas. "The "Loi-Cadre" of June 23, 1956." Legacy.fordham.edu. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Apr. 2016. Based on your knowledge of world history, which of the following was MOST LIKELY the primary inspiration behind the Indian Independence Act of 1947? A The construction of a railway across the Indian subcontinent. B Muslim jihadists attacking the poorer Hindu population in the south. C The Indian National Congress' and Muslim League's pursuit of self-rule. D Great Britain's frustration with its inability to dissolve the caste system.

The North Atlantic Treaty, 1949 The Parties to this Treaty reaffirm their faith in the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations and their desire to live in peace with all peoples and all governments. They are determined to safeguard the freedom, common heritage and civilisation of their peoples, founded on the principles of democracy, individual liberty and the rule of law. They seek to promote stability and well-being in the North Atlantic area. They are resolved to unite their efforts for collective defence and for the preservation of peace and security. They therefore agree to this North Atlantic Treaty: ARTICLE 1: The Parties undertake, as set forth in the Charter of the United Nations, to settle any international dispute in which they may be involved by peaceful means in such a manner that international peace and security and justice are not endangered, and to refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force in any manner inconsistent with the purposes of the United Nations. ARTICLE 2: The Parties will contribute toward the further development of peaceful and friendly international relations by strengthening their free institutions, by bringing about a better understanding of the principles upon which these institutions are founded, and by promoting conditions of stability and well-being. They will seek to eliminate conflict in their international economic policies and will encourage economic collaboration between any or all of them. North Atlantic Treaty, 1949. Web. 28 February 2017. Excerpt from Fordham World History Sourcebooks. Web. The excerpt above is MOST correlated with which of the following? A World War I. B The failure of the League of Nations. C The Cold War. D Decolonization.

A member of the Palestinian group Black September looks out from a balcony of the Munich Olympic village during an attack in which eleven Israeli Olympic members and a West German police officer were killed. Which of the following best identifies the tactics of movements such as Black September? A Civil disobedience, boycotts, picketing, noncooperation and nonpayment of taxes. B Microfinance, investment, entrepreneurship, rural development, and financing for schools. C Widespread rioting, looting, arson, protests, and the damaging of property. D Assassination, armed assault, bombing, kidnapping, airline hijacking, and hostage taking.

"As a matter of fact, the [Second World War] broke out as the inevitable result of the development of world economic and political forces on the basis of present-day monopolistic capitalism. Marxists have more than once stated that the capitalist system of world economy contains the elements of a general crisis and military conflicts, that, in view of that, the development of world capitalism in our times does not proceed smoothly and evenly, but through crises and catastrophic wars. The point is that the uneven development of capitalist countries usually leads, in the course of time, to a sharp disturbance of the equilibrium within the world system of capitalism, and that group of capitalist countries regards itself as being less securely provides with raw materials and markets usually attempts to change the situation and to redistribute "spheres of influence" in its own favour -- by employing armed force. As a result of this, the capitalist world is split into two hostile camps, and war breaks out between them. Perhaps catastrophic wars could be avoided if it were possible periodically to redistribute raw materials and markets among the respective countries in conformity with their economic weight by means of concerted and peaceful decisions. But this is impossible under the present capitalist conditions of world economic development." From a speech given by Joseph Stalin at an electoral district meeting in Moscow, February 9, 1946. Stalin blames "catastrophic wars" such as the Second World War on which of the following? A Fascism B Communism C Marxism D Capitalism

"Formally, the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) came into existence during the first conference of Heads of State or Government of nonaligned countries that took place in Belgrade in September 1961. Representing newly-independent developing countries, the movement and its policies can be directly linked to the decolonisation process with the initial years of political engagement in world affairs characterised by anti-imperialist slogans and the denunciation of colonialism, apartheid, racism and Zionism. Occasionally, one comes across over-complicated theories for being a member of NAM, but in essence membership depended on empathy for national liberation movements and a dislike for being drawn into one of the alliances that characterised the Cold War stand-off. In this sense, non-alignment meant the rejection of control by the superpowers of the time and adoption of a foreign policy stance that implied resistance against East-West pressures and solidarity with Third-World interests relating to strategic world political and economic issues. Non-alignment in this sense should not be taken too literally though: some members at the time had difficulty in hiding their ideological preferences, and development aid -- with the normal strings attached -- has the unavoidable tendency to effect changes in allegiances." Strydom, H. (2007). The Non-Aligned Movement and the Reform of International Relations. Member states of the Non-Aligned Movement sought to resist political domination by which of the following? A the United States. B the Soviet Union. C the former European colonial powers. D All of the above.

"Prevailing Religions of the British Indian Empire, 1909." Digital image. Commons.wikimedia.org. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Apr. 2016. The Times of India, August 15, 1947. Digital image. Timesofindia.indiatimes.com. N.p., 13 Aug. 2013. Web. 4 Apr. 2016. Which of the following MOST accurately describes the governments of India and Pakistan? A India has a communist government, while Pakistan is a Muslim-dominated theocracy. B Pakistan is now dominated by radical Muslims, while the Indian government consists of Hindus from the Kshatryia caste. C India is a direct democracy while Pakistan is a republic. D While both countries are parliamentary republics, Pakistan is still primarily Muslim while India is still controlled by Hindus.

Chairman Mao Zedong, July 31, 1955 A new upsurge in the socialist mass movement is in sight throughout the Chinese countryside. But some of our comrades are tottering along like a woman with bound feet, always complaining that others are going too fast. ... The tide of social reform in the countryside — in the shape of cooperation — has already reached some places. Soon it will sweep the whole country. This is a huge socialist revolutionary movement, which involves a rural population more than five hundred million strong, one that has very great world significance. We should guide this movement vigorously, warmly, and systematically, and not act as a drag on it. "The Question of Agricultural Cooperation" (Speech, July 31, 1955). The previous government before Chairman Mao's revolution suffered similarly to other major land-based empires at the turn of the 20th century insofar as A communist leadership was able to attack and overturn monarchal states. B efforts at ethnic governance went too far and led to imperial break-up. C were unable economically to compete against maritime, capitalist powers. D the states failed to meet the economic or social needs of a wide array of peoples.

Charles de Gaulle, Excerpt from speech, 1958 Last Sunday, three and a half million men and women of Algeria, without distinction of community, in complete equality, gave France and myself their vote of confidence. They did this quite simply without any constraint and in spite of the threats that certain fanatics brought to bear against them, their families and their property...The least that can be said of this great demonstration is that the French people proved to themselves and to the entire world their determination for renovation, and that, at the same time, a hundred million men decided to build their future together in Liberty, Equality and Fraternity. With regard to Algeria, what is the future to which France is calling her? Women and men of Algeria, I have come here to tell you what it is. What must be achieved is the basic transformation of this country, so brave, so alive, but also so full of difficulties and suffering. de Gaulle, Charles. Speech at Constantine, Algeria, October 3, 1958. Premier de Gaulle's speech was made available in translation through the courtesy of the Information Service of the French Embassy in New York. Jawaharlal Nehru, Excerpt from speech, 1947 Long years ago we made a tryst with destiny, and now the time comes when we shall redeem our pledge, not wholly or in full measure, but very substantially. At the stroke of the midnight hour, when the world sleeps, India will awake to life and freedom. A moment comes, which comes but rarely in history, when we step out from the old to the new, when an age ends, and when the soul of a nation, long suppressed, finds utterance. It is fitting that at this solemn moment we take the pledge of dedication to the service of India and her people and to the still larger cause of humanity...We end today a period of ill fortune and India discovers herself again. The achievement we celebrate today is but a step, an opening of opportunity, to the greater triumphs and achievements that await us. Are we brave enough and wise enough to grasp this opportunity and accept the challenge of the future? Nehru, Jawaharlal. Speech on the granting of Indian independence, August 14, 1947. Reprinted in Brian McArthur, Penguin Book of Twentieth Century Speeches (London: Penguin Viking, 1992), 234-237. by Prof. Arkenberg. Ideas expressed in these passages would MOST likely re-appear in which of the following conflicts? A The Turkish war for independence. B The collapse of the Russian Empire. C The end of dynastic rule in China. D Angola declaring independence from the Portuguese Empire.

Charles de Gaulle, Excerpt from speech, 1958 Last Sunday, three and a half million men and women of Algeria, without distinction of community, in complete equality, gave France and myself their vote of confidence. They did this quite simply without any constraint and in spite of the threats that certain fanatics brought to bear against them, their families and their property...The least that can be said of this great demonstration is that the French people proved to themselves and to the entire world their determination for renovation, and that, at the same time, a hundred million men decided to build their future together in Liberty, Equality and Fraternity. With regard to Algeria, what is the future to which France is calling her? Women and men of Algeria, I have come here to tell you what it is. What must be achieved is the basic transformation of this country, so brave, so alive, but also so full of difficulties and suffering. de Gaulle, Charles. Speech at Constantine, Algeria, October 3, 1958. Premier de Gaulle's speech was made available in translation through the courtesy of the Information Service of the French Embassy in New York. Jawaharlal Nehru, Excerpt from speech, 1947 Long years ago we made a tryst with destiny, and now the time comes when we shall redeem our pledge, not wholly or in full measure, but very substantially. At the stroke of the midnight hour, when the world sleeps, India will awake to life and freedom. A moment comes, which comes but rarely in history, when we step out from the old to the new, when an age ends, and when the soul of a nation, long suppressed, finds utterance. It is fitting that at this solemn moment we take the pledge of dedication to the service of India and her people and to the still larger cause of humanity...We end today a period of ill fortune and India discovers herself again. The achievement we celebrate today is but a step, an opening of opportunity, to the greater triumphs and achievements that await us. Are we brave enough and wise enough to grasp this opportunity and accept the challenge of the future? Nehru, Jawaharlal. Speech on the granting of Indian independence, August 14, 1947. Reprinted in Brian McArthur, Penguin Book of Twentieth Century Speeches (London: Penguin Viking, 1992), 234-237. by Prof. Arkenberg. Which of the following factors fueled the independence movements described in both sources? A Violent revolt. B Technological and economic stagnation. C Military defeat. D A desire for governmental change.

Cold War Voices of Education Project. Web. 3 February 2017. Which of the following events has the least to do with the above political cartoon? A Warsaw Pact. B Cuban Missile Crisis. C Berlin Blockade. D Great Leap Forward.

Gandhi, Quit India Resolution, 1942 India will attain her freedom through her non-violent strength, and will retain it likewise. Therefore, the committee hopes that Japan will not have any designs on India. But if Japan attacks India, and Britain makes no response to its appeal, the committee will expect all those who look to the Congress for guidance to offer complete non-violent non-cooperation to the Japanese forces, and not to render any assistance to them. It is no part of the duty of those who are attacked to render any assistance to the attacker. It is their duty to offer complete non-cooperation. It is not difficult to understand the simple principle of nonviolent non-cooperation: First, we may not bend the knee to an aggressor, or obey any of his orders. Second, we may not look to him for any favors nor fall to his bribes, but we may not bear him any malice nor wish him ill. Third, if he wishes to take possession of our fields we will refuse to give them up, even if we have to die in an effort to resist him. Fourth, if he is attacked by disease, or is dying of thirst and seeks our aid, we may not refuse it. Fifth, in such places where British and Japanese forces are fighting, our non-cooperation will be fruitless and unnecessary. At present, our non-cooperation with the British Government is limited. Were we to offer them complete non-cooperation when they're actually fighting, it would be tantamount to bringing our country deliberately into Japanese hands. Therefore, not to put any obstacle in the way of the British forces will often be the only way of demonstrating our non-cooperation with the Japanese.* Gandhi, Mohandas K. "Quit India Resolution." New York Times 5 Aug. 1942: n. pag. Print. According to the source above, the non-violent tactics described in Gandhi's resolution are BEST understood in which of the following historical contexts? A The Cold War. B Decolonization. C Industrialization. D World War II.

Historian Jonathan Spence on the Results of China's Great Leap Forward It does not belittle the vision—which was as rich or richer than anything expressed in China since the Taiping Heavenly King, Hong Xiuquan, ruled over Nanjing just over a century before—to say that it did not coincide with reality. The grain-production figures had been disastrously over-inflated. The announced total for 1958 of 375 million tons of grain had to be revised downward to 250 million tons (Western economists later guessed that actual production was around 215 million tons) ... The result was famine on a gigantic scale, a famine that claimed 20 million lives or more between 1959 and 1962. Many others died shortly thereafter from the effects of the Great Leap—especially children, weakened by years of progressive malnutrition ... The Great Leap Forward, launched in the name of strengthening the nation by summoning all the people's energies, had turned back on itself and ended by devouring its young. Spence, Jonathan D. The Search for Modern China. 2nd Edition. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1999. pp. 549, 550, and 553. After famine, which of the following aspects of the Great Leap Forward likely took the most Chinese lives? A The resulting Korean War. B The worldwide influenza epidemic that incubated in the country's neglected fields. C The nuclear accident caused in part by the low-grade Chinese steel used in the reactor in Hiroshima. D Punishment administered by cadre members.

Key: Pink = Hindus; Grey slashed = Sikhs; Green = Muslims; Yellow = Buddhists; Blue = Christians; Grey = Animists; "British Indian Empire" (1909). Wikimedia Commons, The Imperial Gazetteer of India, Oxford University Press, 1909 Which of the following statements is a conclusion that would be reached in comparing maps of the South Asian region today with the 1909 map shown above? A The colored areas of the map would constitute what would be considered the nation of India today. B Shifts in the locations of dominant religions have happened, with the Hindu religion covering much of the yellow areas C Much of the British empire in southern Asia would be gone, but some small British controlled ports would be identified in Calcutta, Bombay, and Madras. D The pink, green and yellow colored areas on the map represent independent and sovereign nations today.

Krushev, Secret Speech, 1956 In addition to the great accomplishments of V. I. Lenin for the victory of the working class and of the working peasants, for the victory of our party and for the application of the ideas of scientific communism to life, his acute mind expressed itself also in this that lie detected in Stalin in time those negative characteristics which resulted later in grave consequences. Fearing the future fate of the party and of the Soviet nation, V.I. Lenin made a completely correct characterization of Stalin, pointing out that it was necessary to consider the question of transferring Stalin from the position of Secretary General because of the fact that Stalin is excessively rude, that he does not have a proper attitude toward his comrades, that lie is capricious, and abuses his power. . . . Krushev, Nikita S. "The Secret Speech: On the Cult of Personality," 1956. Fordham University Modern History Sourcebook. Accessed February 23, 2017. Russia turned to communism during the 20th century mostly as a result of A the emergence of a new middle class. B the country's emergence as an industrial powerhouse in the late 19th century. C the gradual militarization of Russia prior to World War I. D the brutal oppression of the Russian people under czarism in concurrence with major crop failures.

Kwame Nkrumah, President of Ghana. Speech at the founding of the Organization of African Unity, 1963 On this continent, it has not taken us long to discover that the struggle against colonialism does not end with the attainment of national independence. Independence is only the prelude to a new and more involved struggle for the right to conduct our own economic and social affairs; to construct our society according to our aspirations, unhampered by crushing and humiliating neo-colonialist control and interference. From the start we have been threatened with frustration, where rapid change is imperative, and with instability, where sustained effort and ordered rule are indispensable. No sporadic act nor pious resolution can resolve our present problems. Nothing will be of avail, except the united act of a united Africa. Nkrumah, Kwame. ""We Must Unite Now or Perish" - President Kwame Nkrumah." New African Magazine. New African Magazine, 26 June 2014. Web. 21 Jan. 2017. Which of the following historical interpretations BEST describes the legacies of colonialism in the 20th century illustrated in the above source? A Separatist movements gained widespread appeal and fractured political unity across large territories. B Nationalist leaders focused on internal improvements in their countries more than they sought international cooperation. C European political leaders reluctantly allowed their colonial possessions to attain political independence. D Emerging ideologies of anti-imperialism contributed to the dissolution of empires and the restructuring of states.

Mao Zedong on the Need for China to Take a Great Leap Forward, 1958 ... now we must start a technological revolution so that we may overtake Britain in fifteen or more years. Chinese economy is backward and China is materially weak. This is why we have been unable to take much initiative; we are spiritually restricted. We are not yet liberated in this sense. We must make a spurt [forward in production]. We may have more initiative in five years, and more still in ten. After fifteen years, when our foodstuffs and iron and steel become plentiful, we shall take a much greater initiative. Our revolutions are like battles. After a victory, we must at once put forward a new task. In this way, cadres and the masses will forever be filled with revolutionary fervour, instead of conceit. Indeed, they will have no time for conceit, even if they like to feel conceited. With new tasks on their shoulders, they are totally preoccupied with the problems for their fulfilment. From "Sixty Points on Working Methods - A Draft Resolution from the Office of The Centre of the CPC," https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/selected-works/volume-8/mswv8_05.htm Aside from Britain and the rest of the West, which of the following countries do you think Mao was MOST interested in surpassing with his Great Leap Forward? A Cuba. B India. C Japan. D Russia.

Martin Luther King, "Where Do We Go From Here?," Delivered at the 11th Annual SCLC Convention in Atlanta, Ga., 1967 We must reaffirm our commitment to nonviolence. I want to stress this. The futility of violence in the struggle for racial justice has been tragically etched in all the recent Negro riots. One sees screaming youngsters and angry adults fighting hopelessly and aimlessly against impossible odds. And deep down within them, you can see a desire for self-destruction, a kind of suicidal longing. Are we seeking power for power's sake? Or are we seeking to make the world and our nation better places to live? If we seek the latter, violence can never provide the answer. The ultimate weakness of violence is that it is a descending spiral, begetting the very thing it seeks to destroy. Instead of diminishing evil, it multiplies it. Through violence you may murder the liar, but you cannot murder the lie, nor establish the truth. Through violence you may murder the hater, but you do not murder hate. In fact, violence merely increases hate. So it goes. Returning violence for violence multiplies violence, adding deeper darkness to a night already devoid of stars. Darkness cannot drive out hate; only love can do that. Martin Luther King, "Where Do We Go From Here?," Delivered at the 11th Annual SCLC Convention in Atlanta, Ga., 16 August 1967 Which of the following BEST describes a similarity between the actions of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) and the views of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr? A The NAM was largely led by revolutionary leaders who took power through non-violent means. B The NAM emerged in the 20th century as a response to the violence triggered by the world wars. C The NAM rejected excessive military development in hopes of promoting social welfare. D The NAM were attempting to reject an international order which they saw was founded on violence

Overview of the The Korean War: 1950-1953. Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Foundation Inc., 2006. Web. 29 March 2017. Based on the information on the map and your knowledge of World History, the conflict above is BEST understood in the context of which of the following? A The Crimean War. B World War II. C The First Sino-Japanese War. D The Cold War.

Overview of the The Korean War: 1950-1953. Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Foundation Inc., 2006. Web. 29 March 2017. Which of the following events would explain China's significant role in the Korean War? A Establishment of the Guomindang government headed by Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek) after World War II. B The Second Sino-Japanese War. C The fall of Qing Dynasty, and the formation of the Chinese Republic. D The Chinese Communist Revolution.

Speech by President Nasser of the United Arab Republic, September 15, 1956 In these decisive days in the history of mankind, these days in which truth struggles to have itself recognized in international chaos where powers of evil domination and imperialism have prevailed, Egypt stands firmly to preserve her sovereignty. Your country stands solidly and staunchly to preserve her dignity against imperialistic schemes of a number of nations who have uncovered their desires for domination and supremacy. In these days and in such circumstances Egypt has resolved to show the world that when small nations decide to preserve their sovereignty, they will do that all right and that when these small nations are fully determined to defend their rights and maintain their dignity, they will undoubtedly succeed in achieving their ends. . . . We have tried by all possible means to cooperate with those countries which claim to assist smaller nations and which promised to collaborate with us but they demanded their fees in advance. This we refused so they started to fight with us. They said they will pay toward building the High Dam and then they withdrew their offer and cast doubts on the Egyptian economy. Are we to declaim [disclaim?] our sovereign right? Egypt insists her sovereignty must remain intact and refuses to give up any part of that sovereignty for the sake of money. "Denouncement of the Proposal for a Canal Users' Association" (Speech by Gamal Abdel Nasser, September 15, 1956). The Suez Canal Problem, 26 July-22 September 1956, U.S. Department of State Publication No. 6392 (Washington: G.P.O., 1956), pp. 345-351. Gamel Abdel Nasser's purpose in this speech was primarily A to blame former colonial rulers for the problems of Egypt's economy. B to express allegiance to the Soviet Union. C to rally Pan-Arab sentiment for a war against Israel. D to justify his nationalization of the Suez Canal to the international community.

Speech by President Nasser of the United Arab Republic, September 15, 1956 In these decisive days in the history of mankind, these days in which truth struggles to have itself recognized in international chaos where powers of evil domination and imperialism have prevailed, Egypt stands firmly to preserve her sovereignty. Your country stands solidly and staunchly to preserve her dignity against imperialistic schemes of a number of nations who have uncovered their desires for domination and supremacy. In these days and in such circumstances Egypt has resolved to show the world that when small nations decide to preserve their sovereignty, they will do that all right and that when these small nations are fully determined to defend their rights and maintain their dignity, they will undoubtedly succeed in achieving their ends. . . . We have tried by all possible means to cooperate with those countries which claim to assist smaller nations and which promised to collaborate with us but they demanded their fees in advance. This we refused so they started to fight with us. They said they will pay toward building the High Dam and then they withdrew their offer and cast doubts on the Egyptian economy. Are we to declaim [disclaim?] our sovereign right? Egypt insists her sovereignty must remain intact and refuses to give up any part of that sovereignty for the sake of money. "Denouncement of the Proposal for a Canal Users' Association" (Speech by Gamal Abdel Nasser, September 15, 1956). The Suez Canal Problem, 26 July-22 September 1956, U.S. Department of State Publication No. 6392 (Washington: G.P.O., 1956), pp. 345-351. The dispute described in the above speech, and depicted in the map, was most directly an effect of which of the following processes in Post-WWII international relations? A Globalization. B Neo-liberal economics. C Mass migrations. D Post-colonialism.

Strategic Offensive Forces-1988 What is missing from this chart that would create a better understanding of the balance of strategic forces of the Superpowers during the Cold War? A The overall numerical advantage in strategic missile platforms. B Different ways the Superpowers could deliver strategic missiles. C A way that governments measured strategic missile platforms. D The qualitative difference of strategic missile platforms of the Superpowers.

The Constitution of India Right to Equality ... 15. (1) The State shall not discriminate against any citizen on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or any of them. (2) No citizen shall, on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or any of them, be subject to any disability, liability, restriction or condition with regard to—(a) access to shops, public restaurants, hotels and places of public entertainment; or(b) the use of wells, tanks, bathing ghats, roads and places of public resort maintained wholly or partly out of State funds or dedicated to the use of the general public. ... 16. (1) There shall be equality of opportunity for all citizens in matters relating to employment or appointment to any office under the State. (2) No citizen shall, on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, descent, place of birth, residence or any of them, be ineligible for, or discriminated against in respect of, any employment or office under the State 17. "Untouchability" is abolished and its practice in any form is forbidden. The enforcement of any disability arising out of "Untouchability" shall be an offence punishable in accordance with law. The People of India. "The Constitution of India." Indian Ministry of Law and Justice, Mar. 2016. Web. 14 Mar. 2017. Original Constitution was adopted in 1949. Articles 15, 16, and 17 of the Indian Constitution MOST challenged which of the following? A Cooperation between Hindus, Sikhs, and Muslims in the Congress Party. B Development of a bipolar diplomatic world as part of the Cold War. C Organization of the Indian economy on capitalist principles. D Rules of Indian social relations according to Hindu traditions.

The New Dominions, Indian Independence Act, 1947 (1) As from the fifteenth day of August, nineteen hundred and forty-seven, two independent Dominions shall be set up in India, to be known respectively as India and Pakistan. (2) The said Dominions are hereafter in this Act referred to as 'the new Dominions', and the said fifteenth day of August is hereafter in this Act referred to as 'the appointed day'. United Kingdom. Indian Independence Act 1947. 18 July 1947. 10 and 11 Geo 6 C. 30. Legislation.gov.uk. Web. 3 Apr. 2016. The "Loi Cadre", 1956 Article First (One). Without prejudice to the expected reform of Title VIII of the Constitution, in order to give the overseas peoples a more direct share in the management of their own interests, measures of administrative decentralization and devolution shall be introduced within the territories, groups of territories and central services under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of France Overseas. "The "Loi-Cadre" of June 23, 1956." Legacy.fordham.edu. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Apr. 2016. Which of the following assertions is BEST supported by the passages above? A Both Great Britain and France continued to control their overseas colonies throughout the twentieth century. B European dominance was challenged by the rise of the United States throughout the twentieth century. C Great Britain and France competed with each other for overseas colonies after World War II. D European dominance in Asia and Africa came to an end after World War II.

The conflict — or rather the collection of conflicts — began with the introduction of Cold War tensions into Latin America following World War II, but would take on peak intensity only after the Cuban Revolution in 1959. During the fifteen years prior to Fidel Castro's triumphant march into Havana, Latin America became the focus of several contingent crises: intensifying internal strife, characterized by a seesawing of political arrangements in the 1940s and 1950s; inter-American diplomatic discord, heightened by the United States' policies during the early Cold War; the ideological ferment occasioned by decolonization and the emergence of the Third World; and the escalating U.S.-Soviet competition for mastery in the global south. These dynamics flowed together during the late 1950s, creating a fluid, volatile situation. Brands, Hal. Latin America's Cold War. Harvard University Press, 2012. The historian's reference to the "ideological ferment occasioned by decolonization" is supported by which of the following events or developments during the Cold War? A Independence movements in African and Asian colonies frequently relied on Latin American states for support. B The United States viewed itself as the global leader of decolonization movements. C Land reform efforts in Latin America failed to produced lasting economic and social change and thus lost their appeal globally during the Cold War. D Nationalist leaders in certain colonies utilized a Marxist interpretation of history to bring an end to their unequal relationship with their colonizers.

Translated text from a Jewish National Fund poster, 1938 To the Hebrew population in the country!During the last phase of development of our enterprise in Eretz Israel we have learned the crucial value of the redemption of lands within the general campaign to build the country, and highlighted the role of the Jewish National Fund as a major instrument for the revival of Israel on its land.For this purpose a special project was declared around the world, and the twentieth Zionist Congress welcomed the initiative. The redemption of the Galilee including its mountain ranges and fertile valleys, the fertilization of its wastelands to turn them into fertile Jewish settlements - that's our mission at these important present times.This region, the splendor of our homeland that is in danger of degeneration - has a great potential for a large national settlement, to provide for many people, and be a blessing to our brothers in the suffering Diaspora that strive to immigrate and strike roots in the homeland.The Jewish National Fund extends a hand to the upper Galilee, the cradle and homeland of Israel's heroes, to deliver the greeting of the Hebrew worker that will saturate it with his sweat and recover its honor of old times.Give your hand to the great redemption project: donate generously through the personal tax to the Jewish National Fund. Translated text from a Jewish National Fund poster, 1938. Palestinian Poster Project Archives. Web. 24 February 2017. According to the above Jewish National Fund poster, the collected money went to fund A Jewish immigrants who wanted to settle in Galilee. B Businesses and jobs in the Galilee region for Jewish workers. C Homes for Jewish settlers in the Galilee region. D Land development for Jewish settlement in the Galilee region.

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