Cold War III

In the Atlantic, Soviet ships, presumably carrying more missiles headed toward Cuba. American ships prepared to stop them 500 miles from the island. In Florida, nearly _____ men were being concentrated in the largest invasion force ever assembled in the U.S. The first break in the crisis occurred when the Soviet ships suddenly halted to avoid a confrontation at sea. A few days later, Khrushchev offered to remove the missiles in return for an American pledge not to invade Cuba. President Kennedy agreed and the crisis ended. V. The Continuing Cold War A. Soon after the Bay of Pigs fiasco, Kennedy was forced to face a problem in West Berlin.

250,000

C. In March 1947, President Truman issued an executive order setting up the Federal Employees Loyalty and Security Program, which included the Loyalty Review Board. * The purpose was to investigate government employees and to dismiss those who were found to be disloyal to the U.S. government. Exactly what constituted "disloyalty" was never clearly defined. * The U.S. attorney general drew up a list of 91 "subversive" organizations. Membership in any of the groups was grounds for suspicion. D. From 1947 to 1951, government loyalty boards investigated _____ million employees and dismissed 212 as security risks. Another 2,900 resigned because they did not want to be investigated or felt that the investigation violated their constitutional rights.

3.2

G. Ten "unfriendly" witnesses eventually testified. These men, known as the "Hollywood Ten," decided not to cooperate with the committee because they believe that the hearings were unconstitutional. * Because they refused to answer the questions they were sent to prison. * In response to the hearings, Hollywood executives instituted a blacklist. Approximately _____ actors, writers, producers, and directors. Their careers were ruined because they could no longer work in films. H. Congress decided that Truman's Loyalty Review Board did not go far enough in protecting the nation's security.

500

Individuals under investigation were not allowed to see the evidence against them or even to know who had accused them of being disloyal. E. Another agency investigating possible Communist influences was the _____ (HUAC). * HUAC first made headlines in 1947 when it began to investigate Communist influence in the movie industry. * Hollywood did have a substantial number of Communists, former Communists, and socialists. Since the Soviet Union had been a U.S. ally in WWII, Hollywood studios had produced several pro-Soviet films.

House Committee on Un-American Activities

* People from all over the world appealed for clemency. The case went all the way to the U.S. Supreme Court, but the court refused to overturn the conviction. * They were executed in the electric chair in June 1953, leaving behind two young sons. They were the first U.S. civilians executed for _____. Many have now been convinced of their guilt by evidence contained in the same Soviet cables that implicated Hiss.

espionage

L. Following the rejection of Eisenhower's _____ proposal at the 1955 Geneva summit conference, the CIA began making secret high altitude flights over Soviet territory. * The plane used for these missions, the U-2, was designed to fly higher than Soviet fighter planes and beyond the reach of antiaircraft fire. As a U-2 flew over the USSR, its infrared cameras took detailed photographs. * By 1960, many U.S. officials were nervous about the U-2 program. The Soviets had been aware of the flights since 1958 but they were unable to take any action other than simply tracking the planes.

"open skies"

H. When the exiles landed they faced 20,000 Cuban troops, backed up by Soviet tanks and jet aircraft. The troops surrounded the exiles, killed some, and took others prisoners. * The disaster left Kennedy embarrassed. However, he accepted the blame and he negotiated with Castro for the release of surviving commandos and paid a ransom of _____ in food and medical supplies. IV. The Cuban Missile Crisis A. Castro had a powerful ally in Moscow. Nikita Khrushchev promised to defend Cuba with Soviet arms. During the summer of 1962, the flow of Soviet weapons to Cuba, including nuclear weapons, increased greatly.

$53 million

II. On the Edge A. Although air raid drills were not common until the Eisenhower years _____, the nuclear arms race began during Truman's presidency. * When the Soviet Union exploded its first atomic bomb in 1949, President Truman decided that we needed to build an even more devastating weapon. B. The scientist who developed the atomic bomb, in which atoms were split, had suspected since 1942 that it was possible to create a hydrogen, or thermonuclear, bomb in which the atoms would be fused. * They estimated that such a bomb would have the force of 1 million tons of TNT (67 times the power of the bomb dropped on Hiroshima).

(1953-1961)

C. The election in November 1960 was the closest since 1884. Kennedy won by fewer than 119,000 votes out of more than _____ cast. * Two factors helped put Kennedy over the top: Television and the civil rights issue. D. Kennedy entered the race with a well organized campaign and the backing of his large and wealthy family. He also had a handsome look and charisma that appealed to voters. * Kennedy also faced some obstacles. He was just 43 years old, which would make him the youngest president ever elected. There was also the question of his faith. Many Americans were concerned that having a Roman Catholic in the White House would lead to the pope having influence on American policies or close ties between church and state.

68 million

D. Castro also broke up commercial farms into communes that would be worked by formerly landless peasants. American sugar companies, which owned _____ of the crop land in Cuba, appealed to the U.S. government for help. Congress responded by creating trade barriers against Cuban sugar. E. Castro began to rely more and more on Soviet aid and on political oppression. His charisma won many supporters among some Cubans but others felt betrayed. They saw him as a traitor to the revolution and a tyrant that had traded one dictatorship for another. * About 10% of Cuba's population went into exile, mostly to the U.S. Many located themselves in Miami where a counter revolutionary movement took shape.

75%

I. Fear of Communist Influence A. At the height of WWII, about _____ Americans claimed membership in the Communist Party. In 1945, federal officials discovered that two State Department workers and one naval intelligence officer had stolen classified documents and passed them on to a pro-Communist magazine. In the same year, a clerk at the Soviet embassy in Ottawa, Canada, defected to the West, bringing documents showing that a spy had been giving the Soviet Union secret information about the atomic bomb. B. As such incidents came to light, strongly anti-Communist Republicans began to accuse the Truman administration of being soft on communism.

80,000

News of the incident captured the attention of the ______ community, whose votes helped carry key states for Kennedy in the Midwest and South. II. A. From the moment he took office, the Cold War occupied much of Kennedy's attention. Kennedy claimed that the Soviets were winning the race for allies in the third world countries of Asia, Africa, and Latin America. * Kennedy had blasted the Republicans for allowing communism to reach America's doorstep in Cuba. The Eisenhower administration had relied on the policy of massive retaliation to deter Soviet aggression. However, Kennedy's advisors developed the policy of flexible response.

African American

I. In 1950, Congress passed the McCarran Internal Security Bill. This made it unlawful to plan any action that might lead to the establishment of a totalitarian dictatorship in the U.S. * Truman vetoed the bill claiming that we should not punish men for their opinions. However, congress enacted the bill over Truman's veto. J. Two spy cases added to the fear that was spreading like an epidemic across the country. One case involved a former State Department official named _____.

Alger Hiss

B. Just after midnight on _____, East German troops began to unload concrete posts and rolls of barbed wire along the border between East and West Berlin. Within days, a concrete wall topped with barbed wire cut the city in two. It was known as the Berlin Wall. * Although the wall slowed down the number of refugees to West Berlin it served as an ugly reminder of Communist oppression.

August 13, 1961

F. In the summer of 1960, President Eisenhower gave the CIA permission to secretly train hundreds of Cuban exiles for an invasion of Cuba. The CIA and the exiles hoped that the invasion would trigger a mass uprising against Castro that would overthrow him. G. Kennedy learned of the operation nine days after his election. He had his doubts about the plan, but he approved it anyway. On the night of April 17, 1961, some 1400 Cuban exiles landed on the island's southern coast at the _____. * Nothing went as planned. An air strike carried out two days before had failed to knock out the Cuban air force, although the CIA reported that it had. A small advance group sent to distract Castro's forces never reached shore.

Bay of Pigs

P. Finally, in 1954, McCarthy made accusations against the U.S. Army, which resulted in a nationally televised Senate investigation. McCarthy's bullying of witnesses alienated the audience and cost him public support. * McCarthy lost the chairmanship of the Government Committee on Operations of the Senate. He was now without a power base and the media lost interest in his claims of a communist conspiracy. * McCarthy, who had been drinking heavily for many years, was discovered to have cirrhosis of the liver. An alcoholic, he was unable to take the advice of his doctors and friends to stop drinking. He died in ______ on May 2, 1957. The newspapers reported that McCarthy had drunk himself to death.

Bethesda Naval Hospital

Jackie Kennedy later said that they would listen to a sound track of the play and the President's favorite line was " Don't let it be forgot, that once there was a spot, for one brief shining moment that was called Camelot." She said, "There will be great Presidents again... but there'll never be another _____."

Camelot

E. The Soviets answered this development by also producing huge quantities of nuclear weapons. As a result, many American citizens became convinced that Soviet weapons were aimed directly at their cities. F. As the nation shifted to a dependence on nuclear arms, the Eisenhower administration began to rely heavily on the recently formed _____ (CIA) for information. The CIA uses spies to gather information abroad. The CIA also began to carry out covert actions, or secret operations, to weaken or overthrow governments unfriendly to the U.S.

Central Intelligence Agency

* The Soviet Union rejected this proposal , fearing it was a U.S. trick to learn where the Soviets were keeping their weapons. I. The _____ was not limited to political matters. Science and education were issues as well. The U.S. believed, in 1957, that it was ahead of the Soviets in military technology. We had guided missiles that could deliver nuclear warheads with great accuracy at distances of 1,500 to 3,000 miles. * Then in Aug 1957, the Soviets announced that they had developed a rocket capable of traveling much greater distances. This is called an ICBM or Intercontinental ballistic missile.

Cold War

O. McCarthy was careful to do his name calling only in the Senate, where he had legal immunity that protected him from being sued for slander. * McCarthy claimed that the _____ had allowed the Communist infiltration. Therefore, the Republicans did little to stop McCarthy's attacks because they believed that they would win the 1952 presidential election if the public saw them purging the nation of Communist influences.

Democrats

-By 1961, this city's prosperous economy made it a showcase of democracy. In the 11 yrs since the Berlin Airlift, almost 3 million East Germans (20% of that country's population) had fled into West Berlin. -This was an embarrassment to Khrushchev and he realized that this problem had to be solved quickly. At a summit meeting in Vienna, Austria , in June 1961, he threatened to sign a treaty with _____ that would enable that country to close all the access roads to West Berlin. -However, Kennedy refused to give up access to West Berlin and Khrushchev was furious. U.S. superior nuclear striking power prevented Khrushchev from closing the air and land routes.

East Germany

M. Finally, _____ himself wanted the flights discontinued. He and Nikita Khrushchev, head of the Soviet Communist Party, were going to hold another summit conference on the arms race on May 15, 1960. * Dulles persuades Eisenhower to authorize one last flight. * That flight took place on May 1, and the pilot was Francis Gary Powers. Four hours after Power entered Soviet airspace, a Soviet pilot, Igor Mentyukov, brought his plane down. * The U.S. issued a false story that a plane had disappeared while on a weather mission. Khrushchev announced that the U-2 had been brought down 1,300 miles inside the Soviet Union by a Soviet rocket and that Powers had been captured alive and had confessed his activities.

Eisenhower

Kennedy and the Cold War I. The Election of 1960 A. In 1960, as President _____ second term drew to a close, a mood of restlessness arose among voters. The economy was in a recession, Cuba had aligned itself with the Soviet Union, and many Americans were questioning whether the U.S. was losing the Cold War. B. The Democratic nominee for president, Massachusetts senator John Kennedy, promised to get America moving again. * His republican opponent, Vice President Richard Nixon, hoped to capitalize on President Eisnehower's popularity.

Eisenhower's

* The information probably enabled Soviet scientist to develop their own atomic bomb 18 months earlier than they would have otherwise. M. Implicated in the Fuchs case were _____, minor activists in the American Communist Party. * The Rosenbergs denied the charges against them and pleaded the Fifth Amendment, choosing not to incriminate themselves, when asked if they were Communists. * They claimed they were being persecuted both for being Jewish and for holding radical beliefs. The Rosenbergs were found guilty and given the death penalty.

Ethel and Julius Rosenberg

D. By the time both countries had the H-bomb, Dwight D. Eisenhower was president. His secretary of state, John _____, was staunchly anti-Communist. He also viewed compromise as immoral. * Dulles proposed a new policy based on threats of massive retaliation. The U.S. would keep the peace by promising to use all its force including nuclear weapons against any aggressor nation. * The willingness to go to the brink, or edge, of war became known as brinkmanship. Because Dulles's policy required greater dependence on nuclear weapons and airplanes the U.S. trimmed its army and navy but beefed up its air force and produced massive numbers of nuclear weapons.

Foster Dulles

B. Castro actually came to power on the promise of democracy. From 1956 to 1959, he led a guerrilla movement to topple dictator _____. The U.S. was suspicious of Castro's intentions but nevertheless recognized the new government. C. Batista had been unpopular and corrupt, and many Americans perceived Castro as a freedom fighter. However, relations between the U.S. and Cuba soon worsened when Castro's government took control of three oil refineries owned by American and British firms.

Fulgencio Batista

HUAC wanted to rid Hollywood of these suspected Communist influences. F. HUAC subpoenaed 43 witnesses from the Hollywood film industry in September 1947. Many of the witnesses were "friendly," supporting the accusation that Communists had infiltrated the film industry. Ex: _____ claimed he turned down several scripts because he said they tinged with Communists ideas.

Gary Cooper

K. The U.S. seemed to be falling behind in science and technology. The U.S. made changes to its educational system by improving our science, mathematics, and foreign language courses. * In addition, U.S. scientists worked frantically to catch up to the Soviets. The 1st attempt at an American satellite launch was a humiliating failure. The rocket tumbled to the ground and the press called it "Flopnik" and "Stayputnik." However, on _____, the U.S. successfully launched its first satellite. The race to build bigger satellites and develop better weapons delivery systems was on.

Jan 31 , 1958

G. Following the death of _____ in 1953 U.S. and Soviet relations seemed to improve. The Soviets recognized West Germany and concluded peace treaties with Austria and Japan. * However, in 1955, when West Germany was allowed to rearm and join NATO, the Soviet Union grew fearful. It formed its own military alliance, called the Warsaw Pact, with Eastern European satellite nations under its control. H. In July 1955, Eisenhower traveled to Geneva, Switzerland, to meet with Soviet leaders for the first ever East-West summit conference since WWII. * There Eisenhower put forth an open skies proposal. This would allow the U.S. and Soviet Union to fly over each other's territory to guard against surprise nuclear attacks.

Joseph Stalin

C. President _____ inauguration set the tone for a new era at the White House. Kennedy invited over one hundred writers, artists, and scientists to visit during his time in the White House. (See Video next slide) * The president appeared frequently on T.V., a medium that was well suited for conveying his charm and wit to the American people. Millions watched Jackie's televised tour of the White House and copied her latest hairstyle. * The first family's youthful glamour seemed like a fairy tale come to life. Kennedy and his talented band of advisers reminded many of a modern day Camelot. (Camelot was a popular musical, which opened in 1960 on Broadway)

Kennedy's

N. It was a bad moment for the U.S. President Eisenhower frankly owned up to the charge and took full personal responsibility for authorizing the flight. * The admission angered Khrushchev, who believed that it made him look weak in the Soviet Union where many hardliners disapproved of his willingness to negotiate with the Americans. * To regain prestige back home _____ used the beginning of the summit to denounce the U.S. and then left. The Soviets tried Powers for espionage and sentenced him to ten years in prison. * After 17 months, however, he was returned to the U.S. in exchange for a Soviet spy, Col. Rudolf Abel.

Khrushchev

* These scientists argued about the morality of creating such a destructive weapon. J Robert Oppenheimer, head of the atomic bomb team, opposed the new project. He once told Truman, "Mr. President, I have blood on my hands." C. However, political forces took over the decision. Politicians and military leaders worried that if the U.S. didn't develop one that the Soviets surely would. * On Jan 31, 1950 Truman authorized work on the hydrogen bomb, or H-bomb. On _____, the U.S. exploded the first thermonuclear device. The blast far exceeded initial estimates, delivering a force equal to 10.4 million tons of TNT. * However, the new American advantage lasted less than a year, in Aug 1953 the Soviets exploded their own thermonuclear weapon.

Nov 1, 1952

J. The real shock came on _____, when the Soviets used an ICBM to push the first unmanned artificial satellite above the friction of the earth's atmosphere. There the satellite, the first Sputnik, traveled around the earth at 18,000 miles per hour, circling the earth every 96.2 minutes. * It weighed nearly 200lbs which indicated that 1.1 million pounds of thrust had been used to lift it into orbit. This is more than enough to deliver a nuclear warhead from the Soviet Union to any target in the world. * The launching of Sputnik I made many Americans feel inferior to the Soviets and vulnerable to nuclear attack.

Oct 4

B. Kennedy first responded by saying that the U.S. would not tolerate the presence of offensive nuclear weapons in Cuba. Then, October 16, photographs taken by American U-2 planes provided the president with evidence that the Soviets were secretly building missile bases on Cuba. * The missiles could reach U.S. cities within minutes. On the evening of _____, Kennedy gave a speech to the American public informing them of the existence of Soviet missile sites in Cuba and his plans to remove them. He made it clear that any missile attack from Cuba would trigger an all out attack on the Soviet Union. C. For the next six days, the world faced the terrifying possibility of nuclear war.

October 22, 1962

G. A second major event of the campaign took place in October. Police in Atlanta arrested the _____, and 52 other African American demonstrators for sitting at a segregated lunch counter. * Although the other demonstrators were released, King was sentenced to four months, hard labor - officially for a minor traffic violation. Despite the questionable sentence, the Eisenhower administration refused to intervene in the matter, and Nixon took no public position. H. Hearing of the arrest and sentencing , Kennedy telephoned King's wife, Coretta, to express his sympathy. Meanwhile, Robert Kennedy, his brother and campaign manager, persuaded the judge who had sentenced King to release the civil rights leader on bail, pending appeal.

Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr.

E. A milestone of the campaign was the first televised debate ever between presidential candidates. Nixon, an expert on foreign policy, had agreed to the forum because he hoped to expose Kennedy's inexperience in world affairs. * However, the outcome of the debate was based more on the image of each candidate. *______, 70 million viewers saw two candidates who both seemed articulate and knowledgeable on the issues. However, Nixon lost the image battle. F. Kennedy's strong performance gave him a big boost in the polls, and he began to attract large crowds on his campaign stops.

Sept 26, 1960

K. In 1948, a former Communist spy, _____, accused Hiss of spying for the Soviet Union. To support his charges, Chambers produced microfilm of government documents that he claimed had been typed on Hiss's typewriter. * Too many years had passed for government prosecutors to charge Hiss with espionage, but a jury convicted him of perjury (for lying about passing the documents). * A young conservative Republican congressman named Richard Nixon gained fame for pursuing the charges against Hiss. Within four years of the highly publicized case, Nixon was elected vice-president of the U.S.

Whittaker Chambers

N. The most famous_____ activist was Senator Joseph McCarthy of Wisconsin. During his first three years in the Senate, he had acquired a reputation for being ineffective. * By January 1950, he realized that he was going to need a winning issue in order to be reelected in 1952. McCarthy decided to sound the alarm about Communists in government. * McCarthy took advantage of the fear many Americans had about Communism. At times he claimed to have in his hands the names of 57, 81, and 205 Communists in the State Department. He never actually produced a single name. * McCarthy's techniques, became known as McCarthyism.

anti-Communist

Hiss claimed that he was innocent and that the documents used against him had been forged. However, in the 1990's, Soviet cables released by the National Security Agency seemed to prove Hiss's guilt. L. Another spy case rocked the nation even more than the Hiss case. On Sept 23, 1949, Americans learned that the Soviet Union had exploded an _____ bomb. * Most American experts had predicted that it would take the Soviets three to five more years to figure out how to make the bomb, and people began to wonder if the Soviets had stolen the secret of the bomb. * This second spy case seemed to confirm this suspicion. In 1950, the British physicist Klaus Fuchs admitted giving the Soviet Union information about America's atomic bomb.

atomic

In their view, the nation's forces had been neglected during the buildup of nuclear arms and needed to be strengthened again. They believed that a stronger military would give the president more options in international crises. B. The policy of _____ resulted in a large increase in defense spending. Kennedy also created an elite branch of the army called the Special Forces or Green Berets. III. Crisis over Cuba A. Only a few days before Kennedy took office Eisenhower had cut off diplomatic relations with Cuba. In Cuba, a revolutionary leader named Fidel Castro had openly declared himself a Communist and welcomed aid from the Soviet Union.

flexible response