COLL-P155

Whereas a topic is a word or phrase, a claim is a complete propositional sentence.

A topic is only a theme. A claim is a speech-act that commits a speaker to a specific view about something.

Adaptation to the audience is always an illustration of relativism.

Adaptation is premised on the potential for people with different views and values to find degrees of agreement

the textbook identifies ethos, pathos and logos as the fallacies that public speakers use as appeals to an audience.

Ethos, pathos and logos are broad kinds of appeals in public oral communication. Ethos is defined as the character and credibility of the speaker, pathos as powerful emotions that can be evoked, and logos as reasoning. Fallacies are faulty patterns of reasoning, so they are distortions of logos.

Your formal speeches in class will focus mainly on scripted, memorized speech techniques.

False

An example of the fallacy of composition is

If someone stands up out of her seat at a basketball game, she can see better. Therefore, if everyone stands up they will all be able to see better. The fallacy of composition is when you infer that something is true of the whole from the fact that it is true of some part of the whole.

which is true of the transmission model?

Message is exactly the same in the mind of the sender and the receiver. in transmission theory, the medium has no effect on the meaning of the message. It is only in circulation theory that communication comes from something other than an intentional agent.

The textbook encourages you to construct your message with a view to the specific audience you are speaking to.

Public speaking is not about speaking to an abstract universal audience, but to particular audiences with specific needs that you have to learn and be sensitive to as a speaker. Public oral communication is pragmatic, focused on the concrete task at hand, and the needs of the audience you are speaking to and with.

With the dependent logic flow (choose the best answer):

The defeat of any one link will cause the chain to break. A dependent arrangement is highly coherent and easy to follow. . If the link is established well, the persuasive force of the overall argument will seem stronger than the sum of its parts. If you use a dependent logic, the order of the ideas is virtually decided.

"Stasis" is your assessment of where the crux of the public argument in your speech really lies.

There are a number of inherent issues in a claim, but a public argument often pivots of one central issue around which all the inherent issues gather. In a perspectives speech (since you're not taking a side), identifying the real 'nexus' of the problem can be a valuable summation to offer an audience in your conclusion. There is not always a clear stasis, but when there is you can use this technique.

"God is omniscient because he knows all things" demonstrates the fallacy of

This argument is an example of circular reasoning. It restates the premise rather than telling us something new from the premise.

In this course "topic" and "claim" are roughly equivalent terms.

Topic is only a general subject of discussion (e.g., climate change). A claim is an expression of a particular view about a topic. ("I make the following claim about this topic.")

Stasis is the technique of expressing multiple perspectives in order to honor the diversity of your audience.

false-Stasis is getting to the knot of the issue, the place where audiences really disagree.

According to the textbook, when you outline a speech, you have to identify the "main ideas" for your argument. The textbook gives you several criteria for doing this. Which item below is not one of those criteria and not relevant to your task?

What issues could I touch on regardless of the audience? ALWAYS STICK WITH AUDIENCE

A "sign" inference is:

a symptom of something that is not immediately visible or apparent.

Which of these is a topical starting point?

all agree- proverb

the audience-centered approach of the public sphere model means that the speaker will pander to the audience, i.e., tell them exactly what they want to hear.

an audience-centered approach in the public sphere model starts from the position of the audience in order to figure out how a speaker can construct an argument that will resonate with them. This is very different from pandering.

The anxiety of public speaking can be reduced by

an incremental method of performance practice developing a sense of community in the classroom practice you do on your own

doxa

are the prevailing ways of thinking and speaking in a community. in public sphere model

what makes up your audience's identity?

attitudes beliefs values

According to the textbook's definitions, conspiracy theories about the assassination of President Kennedy would fall most directly under the category of (choose best answer):

beliefs

thesis statement

claim

Which one of the following common "patterns of arrangement" described in the textbook are you going to use for your next major speech?

compare and contrast

Which is not an appropriate metaphor for the standard transmission model of communication?

ecosystem bc it goes with the public sphere model

Eloquence and sophistry mean more or less the same thing.

false- The skill can be more or less equivalent, but the purpose is very different. Eloquence is truth embodied in speech, and sophistry is seductive speech that deceives.

In our approach to public oral communication, since all perspectives are valid, standards and norms have to be set aside.

false- We respect difference, but we look for common 'places' to build toward agreement.

We understand public oral communication in this course primarily as messaging transfer.

false- We're interested in understanding how discourse is constitutive of the audience, culture, and ourselves. The statement above would apply to a transmission theory of communication.

An exigence is a timeless feature of every public occasion.

false-An exigence is an imperfection marked by an urgency. It is an interruption of the social norm, and requires specific immediate local attention. A ceremonial speech of praise, or a Superbowl half-time show, is not an exigent rhetorical situation.

According to the textbook, "counterpublics" speak to the status quo with civility, courtesy, and respect.

false-Counterpublics are "indecorous" and hostile to the norms of a society. They 'act up' when access is denied and the only way to get attention is to make a nasty fuss.

It is sufficient to test an analogy by asking what are its relevant similarities.

false-Testing an analogy requires asking what are its relevant similarities, relevant dissimilarities, and then weighing these similarities and dissimilarities against each other to judge the merit of the analogy.

The inherent issues of a claim are going to be the same for every audience.

false-The inherence of issues will vary depending on the audience you're speaking to, their values and interests, and the history of the issue. The inherency lies in the needs of your audience at that time and place.

The technique for addressing a composite audience is to remove all ambiguity and think of your audience as a universal audience.

false-The lecture mentioned several strategies for speaking to a composite audiences, at least one of which exploits ambiguity.

What criteria should you use to assess what supporting materials to use? (best answer)

for strength of support for ease of understanding for vividness or interest for efficiency of presentation for consistency with other things your audience knows

social conventions

general presuppositions or presumptions of social intercourse beliefs or practices established by custom . the unspoken rules you're expected to conform to in society

Which is NOT one of Hofstede's five dimensions of culture?

high-uncertainty avoidance vs. low-uncertainty avoidance

In public oral communication, a claim is a statement someone makes to somebody about something; i.e., it comes from a specific speaking voice in a specific context and is spoken to a specific audience.

in classical logic, a proposition stands by itself. The author is irrelevant, and the audience is presumed to be a universal audience. Rhetoric is born out of concrete situations responding to specific needs and particular audiences.

main ideas are the same as

issues

Which of these words can accurately be said of eloquence?

persuasive

contingency is described as

problematic aspects of a situation shared by a group of people.

According to the textbook, public opinion:

represents the percentage of people who hold certain views. is a general commitment to a certain fact or value. provides a starting point for approaching an audience. lets the speaker know what can be taken for granted and what needs to be challenged.

A sophist is a:

smooth talker spin doctor trickster

Public oral communication is a form of:

social intelligence

A "warrant-of-the-heart" could be:

the ethos of the speaker a vivid image a figure of speech

Kairos is

the good timing of artful speech

In Maslow's hierarchy, which one of these needs is the most basic? (choose one)

the need for safety

The primary agency in a rhetorical situation lies in

the situation

Rightness-of-fit is

the standard for judging the speaker's response to a rhetorical situation

Anthropomorphosis is:

treating inanimate things like human beings

According to the textbook, you can arrange your main ideas in a logically dependent flow ("chain" of reasoning) or as a logically independent list. With a logically independent list, each idea bears separately on the conclusion.

true

The key to using the personal or demographic traits of your audience well is to not make overbroad generalizations about group identity, and to allow observations of demographics to guide but not dictate your interactions.

true

Rightness-of-fit is a characteristic rhetorical standard of argument which depends on seasoned human judgment rather than a fixed external measure or method.

true Aristotle said that the art of rhetoric is useful "where there are no rules or systems to guide us." In the unpredictable, messy hurly-burly of everyday life where there are too many shifting variables for any pre-determined formula, we often have to improvise, employ 'rules-of-thumb', make a "best guess", size things up. Appropriateness in these circumstances is the closest thing to a workable standard.

The inherent issues you need to cover under your speech claim are those that have to be addressed for your audience to be persuaded.

true- When you make a claim, your audience needs certain issues to be addressed; that is the very definition of inherency. If you don't address these issues, your audience will be probably go away unsatisfied and unconvinced. You should cut out any issues that do not adhere to this rule.

The fact that the textbook says you need to know about the location, time, occasion, and audience size for your speech on speech day implies that your speech should be tailored to the actual student audience your speaking to in your lab rather than a universal audience.

true-A big part of this course is about getting you to think about crafting your speech to the specific audience and occasion you're addressing, not some abstraction. Listen to your speeches: If you're not trying to communicate directly to the people in front of you, you're not doing your job.

In Bitzer's theory, constraints enable the invention of the speaker.

true-As Dr. Arthos said so clearly in the lecture, constraints serve as resources of invention. This is counter-intuitive for everyday usage, but in rhetoric constraints guide the speaker in the discovery of proofs and fire the creative imagination of the speaker to find appropriate persuasive arguments.

The reciprocity of invention and convention means that relatively stable traditions are modified by innovation, while innovation is disciplined by habit and tradition.

true-Invention is the creative innovation you bring to a speech situation. Conventions are the cultural constraints and genre expectations of your audience.

the strength of an example as support for an argument is its vividness, and its weakness is that it is such a limited sample.

true-Speech uses examples to make an issue come alive for an audience with truthfully rendered detail, textured description, or potent imagery. It is deceptive to pretend that it's a statistically reliable sample.

According to Bitzer, what distinguishes a rhetorical situation from any 'situation' is that speech is what can correct a rhetorical situation.

true-The need for speech is precisely what distinguishes a rhetorical situation from just any situation. Some situations demand other types of actions (e.g., security personnel shooting an assassin to protect an official.)

A circular argument is when the conclusion simply restates the premise in different language.

trueTrue. Here is an example: "Freedom of speech is for the common good because the expression of opinions is ultimately in the best interest of all."

According to the textbook, choosing professional achievement over family life falls under the category of (choose one)

values

Which of these is the part of an argument that motivates the leap from starting point to conclusion?

warrant