College Bio II (153) Exam 1
Natural selection-
"Only the strong survive" Which is stronger? A fly or a dog? Who is better? Kobe Bryant or Peyton Manning? Cannot compare these
Proximate behavior:
'how' explanation- signal triggers response Ex: red belly on male stickleback or just the red on anything
Ultimate behavior:
'why' explanation- behavior increases fitness (passing on one's genes) aka more territorial Ex: he is just protecting his spot
Type I-
(K) rate of loss of juveniles low and most individuals lost later in life
Type III-
(r) rate of loss for juveniles high and then loss low for survivors
What is a biome?
-A major division of the terrestrial environment distinguished by the predominant plant growth form and associated with a particular climate -Examples are tropical forests, coniferous forests, grasslands etc. -Biomes DISREGARD species composition -Tropical rain forests in Africa are made up of different species than those in South America but you would know you were in a rainforest in either place
Difference between headwater streams and large rivers
-Increase temperature -Decrease flow (gradient) -Differences in bed makeup (rocky vs. silt)
Why study ecology? Ecology spans the entirety of biology
-Molecular question, medical question, agriculture question, geological question
Streams and Rivers
-Organisms adapted to currents -high nutrients (although drift downstream) -bottom current moves slower than towards the top -Near the source, water is fast, cold, nutrient-poor, high in Oxygen -Later, the water slows down, becomes warmer, nutrient-rich, lower in oxygen
For example. experiment evidence has shown:
-Vervet monkeys are most likely to groom unrelated individuals that have groomed or helped them in the past -Vampire bats are most likely to donate blood meals to non-kin that have previously shared food with them
The oceanic zone
-has no structure -most life is near the surface like phytoplankton (small microscopic floating organisms) and nekton (highly motile fish, sharks, etc.) -has fascinating bottom dwellers
A littoral zone has
-macrophytes -snails, crayfish, insects -amphibians, small fish (little trees/plants too?)
What is natural?
-original status -What is undisturbed -Not influenced by humans -Occurs on its own
Shore crabs will eat different sized mussels. Which do they prefer?
-prefer intermediate mussels with highest rate of energy in return -larger mussels yield more energy but take longer to open -smaller mussels are easier to open but yield less energy
Limnetic zone has
-primary production from phytoplankton -larger fish
Aggregate of land needed for survival... a sustainable world
1 hectare, ha= 10,000 m^2
What causes the differences in temperature in these biomes?
1) Solar radiation: Atmosphere molecules absorb sunlight See pic on pg. 12/17 in Ecology Intro 2) Seasonal Variation: Orbit around sun & tilt/angle of Earth has a lot to do with this temperate vs. tropical vs. arctic See pic on pg. 13/17 in Ecology Intro
Mountain steps on p.18/32 in Ecology [Cascade Mountains]
1) West: Moisture-laden air blows onshore from the Pacific Ocean 2) Air rises over mountains and cools; rain falls 3) East: Dry air creates desert conditions (Known as a rain shadow [defn: a region having little rainfall because it is sheltered from prevailing rain-bearing winds by a range of hills.])
1)Exponential growth- 2)dN/dt is the
1)growth whose rate becomes ever more rapid in proportion to the growing total number or size. 2)change in population size over time
Antipredator strategies (3)
1. Mimicry 2. Displays of intimidation 3. Fighting and defense
Hamilton's rule states that altruistic behavior is most likely when three conditions are met:
1. The fitness benefits of altruistic behavior are high for the recipient 2. The altruist and recipient are close relatives 3. The fitness costs to the altruists are low
A population is growing exponentially and its instantaneous growth rate (r) is 0.02. Would the number of individuals added to the population (rN) be greatest at a population size (N) of 20, 500 or 1000?
1000
In 2005, the world's population was estimated to be increasing at the rate of 153 people every minute
2 in developed nations and 151 in less developed nations
China population
3 billion
US population
304 million
1. Roosting areas in buildings of any height are the fundamental niche of species 1. 2. Interspecific competition between the two bat species occurs because both species prefer the same roosting areas. 3. In parts of the city with only tall buildings (over two stories), competitive exclusion of species 1 may occur.
4. Roosting areas in buildings that are one to two stories tall are the realized niche of species 1 when species 2 is present. 5. The change in the roosting habits of species 1 after species 2 became established in the city is an example of resource partitioning. 6. The competition between the species for roosting areas is an example of a -/- interaction. 7. The changes in the eyes of species 1 are examples of character displacement.
Brown tree snake introduced in Guam. By the 1980's,
8 of 11 of island's forest birds extinct
Competition
A negative interaction between two organisms because they are competing for resources
Commensalism
A relationship between two organisms in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected
Mutualism
A relationship between two species in which both species benefit
Genetic Restoration
After 8 Texas pumas were introduced to Florida in 1995, the endangered panther populations were quadrupled in size. Gene flow can counteract the effects of genetic drift and inbreeding in small populations.
biotic factors
All the living organisms that inhabit an environment
What would be a proximate cause for increased sex drive in human teens?
An increase in estrogen and testosterone
Decomposer
An organism that breaks down wastes and dead organisms
Consumer
An organism that obtains energy by feeding on other organisms
Why are there no forests here?
Because of lack of rainfall and precipitation
Why should we care about frogs besides the fact that they keep bugs in check, and help balance the food chain?
Because they're frogs and they deserve a chance. We are not above them! They are here for a reason
What makes bed bugs different than most other blood-feeding parasites?
Bed bugs prefer humans over other hosts.
Things optimize territory size based on costs and benefits. Explain further.....
Benefit is exclusive access to resources like food, mates, nesting sites But this can be costly to defend
Positive effects of global warming
Boon to Icelandic farmers
What is Hamilton's rule?
Br > C, meaning altruism occurs when its benefit to a relative times r, the coefficient of relatedness between the relative and the actor, outweighs the costs to the actor
Hamilton's rule can be expressed as
Br>C, where B is the fitness benefit to the beneficiary, r is the coefficient of relatedness, and C is the fitness cost to the actor
What can we do?
Buy "Rainforest" coffee @ HyVee (same price as Starbucks) It impacts other animals and is typically organic
California Tiger Salamanders are endemic to
California
Antipredator strategies include (2)
Chemical defense (ex: newt) Cryptic coloration
Ernst Haeckel
Coined the term Ecology in 1866 from the root words: Oikos (home) -ology (knowledge)
See table 57.1
Community Biology
See picture following
Community biology (rabbit, deer, fox)
intraspecific competition
Competition among members of the same species
See p.24/27
Conservation Biology
See slide on p.18 about the jobs of different things in the ecosystem
Conservation Biology
What is conservation and why should we care?
Conservation is protecting the resources/habitats we have (sustainability). We should care because there is still a future ahead and our health is at risk.
What is happening to coral reefs?
Coral bleaching- ocean acidification and warming (Too much CO2 in the air and global warming) Loss of reefs- disease
Quantifying ecosystem services
Costa Rica pays some landowners not to deforest their land because the ecosystem services provided by the intact forest, including ecotourism, are so valuable
how do humans combat infection by the Plasmodium parasite?
Cytotoxic T cells destroy infected liver cells by recognizing a Plasmodium protein bound to an HLA protein on the surface of those cells.
Refer to the accompanying art to answer the question below. According to the Shannon Diversity Index, which of the five blocks shown, with each containing 36 squares, would show the greatest diversity?
D, even diversity between 4 species
Every person has
DDT in their fat cells
Alpha diversity
Diversity at a particular site
In May 2012, a Japanese nuclear reactor melted down. Stanford study on Bluefin Tuna off the coast of California found that
EVERY single fish tested was contaminated with Cesium (product of radioactive activity). This is because tuna swim across the entire ocean. If we eat the fish, we are now at risk.
See habitat slide p.8/32
Ecology
See p.10/32, 13/32, & 14/32 in
Ecology to see chart example similar to test
See p.5/22
Ecosystems
The aquatic world is influenced by its surrounding biome
Example: Desert streams vs. Woodland streams
Study sierra zones
Foothill Lower Montane Upper Montane Subalpine Alpine p.19/32 in Ecology
Why is it flat here?
Glaciers
Education campaigns
Global outcry about shark finning has helped to reduce the demand for shark-fin soup by more than 80% in China since 2012. Anti-finning regulations are enabling shark populations to recover.
An area with a steady supply of rain and warmth
Grass or Trees?
Which species should survive? An area with regular fires due to lightning strikes
Grass or trees?
causes for biodiversity loss
Habitat destruction/degradation (#1 reason), direct exploitation (Ex: Fishing with a giant boat and net; rules help with this), introduced species (new species in an area that impacts other species), disease (globalization causes animal pandemics; panzawatics)
What causes the differences in precipitation in these biomes?
Hadley Cells: Circulation cells that exist at the equator... and at higher latitudes (Warm air rises and cools, dropping rain. Cooled air is pushed poleward. Dense, dry air descends, warms, and absorbs moisture.) See p. 15/17 Ecology Intro and phone for colored pics
Fighting and defense
Horns and antlers can be used in defense
Population ecology-
How and why does population size change over space and time? Ex: Each female salmon produces thousands of eggs. Only a few will survive to adulthood. On average, only two will return to the stream of their birth to breed
Ecosystem ecology-
How do energy and nutrients cycle through the environment? Ex: Salmon die and then decompose, releasing nutrients that are used by bacteria, archaea, plants, protists, young salmon, and other organisms
Organismal ecology-
How do individuals interact with each other and their physical environment? Ex: Salmon migrate from saltwater to freshwater environments to breed
Community ecology-
How do species interact, and what are the consequences? Ex: Salmon are prey as well as predators
_______________________________ between the two bat species occurs because both species prefer the same roosting areas.
Interspecific competition
There are two forms of sexual selection
Intrasexual & Intersexual
Two kinds of competition
Intraspecific and interspecific
Freshwater includes
Lakes, rivers, and streams
Eating steak has a higher negative environmental impact than eating other foods. These negative environmental impacts include
Land use, water use, and Greenhouse emissions See p.27/27 Conservation Biology
logistic growth
Logistic growth takes place when a population's per capita growth rate decreases as population size approaches a maximum imposed by limited resources, the carrying capacity( K). [growth typically has a limit]
Why are food chains relatively short?
Longer chains are less stable and energy transfer between trophic levels is inefficient.
Intersexual defn
Member of one sex chooses mate based on particular characteristics [inter=between]
which of the following statement about the Plasmodium parasite is true?
Merozites live off the hemoglobin and nutrients in red blood cells and divide to produce more Merozites, destroying red blood cells in the process
which form of Plasmodium is the immediate cause of anemia in humans?
Merozoites.
Mimicry
Mullerian mimicry- Toxic species similar pattern Batesian mimicry- Palatable mimic cheats
Humans who have pets tend to be healthier than humans who do not have pets. Which of these terms applies to the relationship between a human and a pet?
Mutualism
Neutralism
Neither species benefits or is harmed
Management plans for invasive species
New barriers thwart the movement of invasive species like purple loosestrife around the globe, such as the requirement that ships exchange their ballast water mid-ocean
Who will win between a garter snake and newt? Bullfrog and newt?
Newt both times
Designating protected areas
No-catch zones on the Great Barrier Reef of Australia have enabled the recovery of reef communities, boosting the numbers of commercially valuable fish in adjacent areas.
abiotic factors
Nonliving components of environment.
ex situ conservation and reintroduction
Once classified by the IUCN as extinct in the wild, the Arabian oryx has now reestablished wild populations after reintroduction from captive populations
Atrazine
One of the most popular herbicides in the US. It is present in Midwest waters. It causes Leopard Frogs to become hermaphrodites (testes grow in ovaries or vice versa aka an organism has both male and female sex organs, makes the body think there's estrogen) at 0.1 parts per billion.
Name the five main levels of study in ecology from smallest to largest.
Organism → Population → Community → Ecosystem → Biosphere
Different types of ecology
Organismal, population, community, ecosystem
Trophic efficiency is ________.
Percentage of production transferred from one trophic level to the next.
See chart on page 8/20
Population biology
How can human population size keep increasing in spite of decreased fertility rates?
Population size will continue to increase as long as the average fertility is above the replacement rate.
Neonicotinoids
Pretreats nearly ALL corn/soybean seed Causes loss of bees/butterflies Lack of insects cause the loss of birds
What is the most effective way to preserve species diversity?
Protect an entire area from exploitation or habitat degradation
Theoretically, which would be the most effective way to disrupt a Hadley cell?
Remove all equatorial moisture and convection.
Resource vs interference competition
Resource competition: there at separate times (donut example) interference competition: Confrontation; same time same place Ex: apple fritter
Pesticides are used by
SD farmers
What is the safest trophic level to eat?
See chart on 10/22 Ecosystems
Seed banks
Several organizations are storing seeds worldwide to avoid the permanent loss of genetic diversity in both domesticated and wild plants
Why is South Dakota different from Costa Rica?
South Dakota is a grassland and Costa Rica is a tropical rainforest?
What does the bed bug illustrate in regards to evolution?
Speciation can occur in just a few thousand years.
During September 22nd,
The Equator faces the sun directly
If the Earth were to reorient such that the North Pole always received direct sunlight (always faced the Sun), how would that change Earth's climate?
The South Pole would get colder.
Which of the following statements best describes the effect of climate on biome distribution?
The average climate and pattern of climate are important in determining biome distribution.
Management plans for endangered species
The bald eagle was placed on the endangered species list in 1967, then recovered so successfully that it was delisted in 2007.
Why doesn't Dr. Logan feel the bed bug feeding on him?
The bed bug injects an anesthetic as it feeds.
How does natural selection favor an individual that can detect deceitful communicators?
The detector will incur less cost and gain an advantage over others unable to detect the deceit.
Many blood-feeding parasites carry diseases but bed bugs do not. What is the most logical explanation for this?
The infectious agent is inactivated within the gut of the bed bug.
What best explains hare and lynx population cycles?
The interaction of food availability and predation intensity
A land developer and several ecologists are discussing how a parcel of private land should be developed while saving 20 hectares as natural habitat. The land developer suggests that the 20 hectares be divided into twenty separate 1-hectare areas. The ecologists suggest that it would be better to have one intact parcel of 20 hectares. What is the significance of these different arrangements of the 20 hectares?
The isolated plots are more vulnerable to edge effects.
species abundance
The number of individuals of each species
Why do we often get an itchy red bump after being bitten by a bed bug?
The proteins injected by the bed bug trigger an inflammatory response in the human body.
Ecosystem restoration
The restoration of a clear-cut forest in Borneo has successfully produced a dramatic increase in both species diversity and ecosystem services
What is ecology?
The study of how organisms interact with each other and their environment.
Bed bugs probably evolved from bat bugs. Which statement best describes how this likely happened?
There were two populations of bat bugs, one feeding on humans, and one on bats. Reproductive isolation, mutation, and natural selection led to speciation.
What role do frogs play ecologically?
They eat bugs (You'll notice if they become extinct)
Why does the age structure of human populations differ in developed versus developing nations?
This is because in developing countries, survivorship and the fertility rate have been increasing.
Some scientists are conducting research on the "saliva" of bed bugs. Which of the following is the most logical medical benefit from this research?
Using the anticoagulant to prevent blood clots in humans.
Which of the following can be said about light in aquatic environments?
Water selectively reflects and absorbs certain wavelengths of light.
fundamental niche
What a population is CAPABLE of using (ex: types of food, habitat)
Temperature shifts Thinking about the ________________ diagram and biomes
Whittaker
Wildlife corridors
Wildlife corridors such as the vegetated overpass in Banff National Park in Canada, reconnect fragmented habitats, enabling gene flow and access to resources
Can animals cheat on each other?
Yes
Back to frogs... It is estimated that much of these declines are due to a single pathogen-
a chytrid fungus. (now there is another) [Not in North America yet]
K-selected species
a few offspring that that take longer to grow (more invested with them) [more or less stable populations adapted to exist at or near carrying capacity]
The tundra has
a layer of soil that is permanently frozen beneath the top soil (permafrost) and no trees
r-selected species
a lot of offspring with little time invested [high rate of per capita population growth, r, but poor competitive ability (weeds)]
Amensalism
a relationship in which one organism is harmed and the other is unaffected
Conservation Efforts Single species approach Keystone Species-
a species on which other species in an ecosystem largely depend on, such that if it were removed the ecosystem would change drastically
Fixed Action Pattern (FAP)
a type of INNATE behavior (instinct.) The FAP is a preprogrammed response to a particular stimulus (known as a releaser stimulus). FAP's include courtship behaviors and feeding of young. These are not learned behaviors, they are automatically performed without any prior experience. Ex: goose nudging egg back in nest
a) You are doing a mark-recapture experiment to determine the population size of the MendAliens living on an island in my back yard. Initially, you catch and mark 130 MendAliens, which you then release. Next, you capture 90 MendAliens, of which 20 are marked. What is your estimate of the population size of MendAliens living on the island in my back yard? b) Assume there are 200 MendAliens living on an island in my back yard. If my island has an area of 20 hectares, what is the population density of MendAliens in terms of MendAliens per hectare? c) The mark-recapture method would be best for sampling a population of _____.
a)585 b) 10 MendAliens per hectare c)sharks
There are 2 types of species of frogs
aka 2 kinds of leopard frogs, but have different cells
Female hangingflies demand a nuptial gift-
allows female to produce more eggs and allows male to copulate longer (uses chocolate cake basically)
Can have same number but be different for
alpha and beta diversity
According to most conservation biologists, the single greatest threat to global biodiversity is _____.
alteration or destruction of the physical habitat
trophic level transfer efficiency
amount of energy at one trophic level that is acquired by the trophic level above and incorporated into biomass Averages around 10% with much variation ~Some marine food chains exceed 30% Low for 2 reasons -Many organisms cannot digest all their prey -Much assimilated energy lost as heat Limits number of trophic levels in the food web
Particular site in Costa Rica has seen 75% decline in both
amphibian and reptile species (This is directly linked to the loss of trees and leaf litter (raking?)) [Deforestation causes this loss]
Optimality theory predicts
an animal should behave in a way that maximizes benefits of a behavior minus its costs
Optimal foraging proposes that an
animal seeks to obtain the most energy possible with the least expenditure of energy (The more net energy gained, the greater the reproductive success)
Anti-microbial peptides on amphibian skin have been found to have
anti-cancer properties
Female mate choice
are choices based on plumage color or courtship displays
Species richness increases _____.
as we travel southward from the North Pole
Ultimately, behaviors that influence the choice of mates are driven by ______.
attempts to maximize the fitness of the individual
The source of energy for all species emerges from
autotrophs
Limnetic means
away from shore
Natural selection favors production of the rarer sex so that the sex ratio is kept
balanced at 1:1
Relatively small geographic areas with high concentrations of endemic species and a large number of endangered and threatened species are known as _____.
biodiversity hot spots
Consumption of carbonate ions impedes
calcification
Changes in the environment cause
cancer
K=
carrying capacity (how many individuals a habitat can support)
Littoral means
close to shore
Gamma diversity-
combines both alpha and beta diversity
Shannon diversity index
combines both species richness and abundance
An egret eats insects stirred up by grazing animals. Which of these terms applies to the relationship between the egret and the grazing animal?
commensalism
Plasmodium exhibits consumption in its interactions with mosquitoes and humans. Which process is not an example of consumption?
commensalism
Humans and sharks both eat fish. Which of these terms applies to the relationship between the human and the shark?
competition
interspecific competition
competition between members of different species
OA is a serious
concern
the neritic zone is made up of
coral reefs and kelp forests
The benefit at excelling in one thing comes at a
cost of another
Benefits come with
costs
Defending a territory has both
costs and benefits
Wildlife corridors allow areas to be recolonized if a species is lost and enable the introduction of new alleles that can
counteract genetic drift and inbreeding in small, isolated populations, which tend to reduce genetic diversity.
Mosquitos are the
deadliest thing on Earth
Habitat destructions is the single most
deadly threat to species extinctions
The intertidal zone is able to deal with
desiccation risk (aka loss of moisture)
An earthworm that feeds on the remains of plants and animals is acting as a _____.
detritivore
Edge habitat is
different ex: hawk waiting for mice
Birds hang out in
different parts of trees
What determines the success of a species
distribution and abundance
Beta diversity
diversity between sites
Effects of climate change on SD farming Increased flooding/______________ (less normal periods) More fungal _______________ Feast or _____________ (both drop corn prices) 4 degree climate change can _______________________
drought pathogens famine decrease corn production by ?500%?
Monogamy-
each individual mates exclusively with one partner (doesn't necessarily mean lifelong)
Since there have been over 80 alkaloids discovered from the 20 species of dendrobatids, there is much more research being conducted, especially on the
effects of the alkaloids on neurological and muscular disorders
human growth fits an _________ pattern
exponential -low until agriculture and animal domestication -Between 1750 and 1998, the population surged from 800 million to 6 billion
Which of the following terms do ecologists use to describe the community interaction where one organism makes the environment more suitable for another organism?
facilitation
Type II-
fairly uniform death rate
In mammals, males are substantially larger than
females
Vegetables have
fiber
Territory is a
fixed area in which an individual or a group excludes others
Unlike fixed action patterns, most behavior is
flexible and condition dependent
In species like sea turtles with high juvenile mortality, low adult mortality, and low fecundity, conservationists can most effectively help them by _____.
focusing on keeping adults alive
An estuary is where
freshwater meets saltwater -it has variable salinity with tides and rainfall (0-3%) -it is nutrient-rich -it has a salt-tolerant vegetation -it provides nursery areas for oysters, crabs, and many fishes -They are often bordered by extensive coastal wetlands
Alligators and some turtle species temperature determines their
gender or sex
Light intensity goes down quicker in _________________________ than ______________________
goes down quicker in pure seawater than pure freshwater (aka light penetrates farther in freshwater than in seawater)
As r increases, a population
grows more rapidly
The main factor that leads to the loss of biodiversity is _____.
habitat destruction
Reciprocal altruism is also widely invoked as an explanation for the
helpful and cooperative behavior commonly observed among unrelated humans
Indirect fitness is derived from
helping relatives produce more offspring than they could produce on their own
low fecundity=
high survivorship
Areas with lots of endemics are called
hotspots
Resilience is the idea of
how well something will bounce back
Populations grow due to births and _____.
immigration
Calculating species diversity
important points: # of species and eveness
The combination of direct and indirect fitness components is called
inclusive fitness
Biologists refer to direct fitness and
indirect fitness
Direct fitness is derived from an
individual's own offspring
Polygamy-
individuals mate with more than one partner (often a single parental care)
Behavior is often a mix of
innate and learned
Fixed action patterns are examples of _____.
innate behaviors
Small males can still father offspring by
intercepting females Example: female-mimic male who fertilizes eggs (see p.14/23 behavioral ecology) female salmon actually prefer this
r=
intrinsic rate of growth (can be estimated by life history table)
reciprocal altruism (non-kin)
is an exchange of fitness benefits that are separated in time (I'll do this for you hoping you'll do it for me) (very little cost to yell out about prairie dogs); (happen if there is a group benefit)
Net primary productivity is important because ________.
it is the source of chemical energy used by a species throughout a food web
Edge effects is
its own habitat
In most animals, females are
larger than males
Resilience goes back up
later in time
Lakes are
lentic (not moving aka stopped flowing)
More edge means
less equal habitat
Predation Categories of predation can be classified according to how
lethal they are for prey and how close is the association between predator and prey
Lake zones relative depth is important because of? (3 things)
light, temperature, and nutrients
food chain
linear depiction of energy flow
Streams and rivers are
lotic (moving/flowing current)
High fecundity=
low survivorship
Intrasexual defn
members of one sex compete over partners with the winner performing most of the matings [intra=within] (aka males vs males or females vs females) like deer
Relationships are interconnected so a food web is
more correct
Widowbird with experimentally lengthened tails attracted
more females and fathered more clutches
Compound found in poison dart frog, epibatidine, has the potential to be approximately 200 times more potent than
morphine in blocking pain in animals, yet shows no sign of side effects of addiction
Theoretically, an animal will evolve to behave in the
most optimal way Ex: class with money
Resistance doesn't allow
much change in the first place
Oceans phytoplankton are responsible for
much of Earth's productivity
Kin selection is
natural selection that acts through benefits to relatives and results in increased indirect fitness
Medicinal implications (conclusions) can be drawn from
nature
Invasive species have
no natural predators
Fecundity-
number of offspring per individual Ex: dogs have 8, humans have 1
In the aquatic world, marine means
ocean
Polyandry-
one female mates with many males Example: Male pipefish have brood pouches and female produces enough eggs for 2 male brood pouches if she can find another male
Polygyny-
one male mates with many females
Some pesticides accumulate in
organisms
Temperature is relatively constant in the tropics all year, whereas temperature fluctuates dramatically at higher latitudes. Organisms that are physiologically adapted to constant temperatures may not have as much genetic variation for traits that enable adaptation to higher temperatures, compared to
organisms at higher latitudes, which are adapted to tolerate different temperatures at different times of the year.
DDT comes from
other places out of the country?
Look at Marine Zones split up by water depth
p. 23/32 in Ecology
See slide show for number of extinct species over time
p.10 of Conservation Biology
See West vs. East Slopes
p.20/32 in Ecology
See aquatic systems pic
p.21/32 in Ecology
Up Next: Examples of Conservation Strategies to Preserve Genetic Diversity, Species, and Ecosystem Function
p.23/27 Conservation Biology
See how the intensity of light declines with water depth
p.24/32 in Ecology
Look at which age has the most babies per mother chart
p.8/20 Population ecology
What term applies to the relationship between a dog and a blood-sucking tick?
parasitism
The aquatic world is not recognized by vegetal form, but
physical factors (salinity, depth, flow)
Is climate change
politics or science
N=
population size
A human eats a deer. Which of these terms applies to the relationship between the human and the deer?
predation
Predators affect
prey densities
A cow eating grass is an example of a _____.
primary consumer
In an ecosystem, phytoplankton are _____.
producers
Sexual selection is a form of evolution that
promotes traits to increase an organism's mating success
So we should also reduce our eating of
red meat (beef)
Community biology is focused on the
relationship between multiple species
Alarm calling usually benefits
relatives
Resistance is how
resistant something is to actually change in the first place (Ex? pulling something out of an ecosystem)
Earth's carrying capacity
resources of the Earth can only support a finite number of people -many and varied estimates, changing with technological advances -depletion of resources forces alternative approaches (oil)
Dominance between males is determined by fighting or
ritualized sparring (often don't fight, just perform to show manliness)
In the aquatic world, freshwater means
rivers, lakes
Which one of the following animals would most likely be defined as a keystone species?
sea otter
When a human eats a steak, the human is acting as a _____.
secondary consumer
Female sticklebacks prefer males that
shake (dance) more during courtship as evidence that he will be a better parent
Character displacement
shifting of closely related traits due to competitive interactions
If you're on an island, don't eat something
slow moving or brightly colored
Endemic species are
species found only in a particular region (see slide p.17 Conservation Biology)
There is a link between biodiversity and
stability (See chart on page 19/27 in Conservation Biology)
Terrestrial biomes:
subtropical deserts, temperate grasslands, temperate forest, (arctic) tundra, boreal forest (taiga), tropical wet forest
Females often mate with competitively
superior males, but they still have a choice in some cases
The intertidal zone is adapted to
surf-attachment structures (holds its place strongly against it)
See Whittaker- Vegetation structure
temperature vs. precipitation p.10/17 Ecology Intro
A human who just ate a hamburger is eaten by a shark while swimming. The shark is acting as a _____.
tertiary consumer
Biomagnification
the concentration of toxins in an organism as a result of its ingesting other plants or animals in which the toxins are more widely disbursed.
"Ecology is the study of all of the complex interrelations referred to by Darwin as
the conditions for the struggle for existence"
During March 20th,
the equator faces the Sun directly
primary producers
the first producers of energy-rich compounds that are later used by other organisms
ecological footprint
the impact of a person or community on the environment, expressed as the amount of land required to sustain their use of natural resources.
Energy flow
the movement of energy through an ecosystem
During June 21st,
the northern hemisphere faces the sun at the most direct angle (23.5 degrees)
Species richness
the number of species in a community
During December 21st,
the southern hemisphere faces the sun at the most direct angle
In the aquatic world, estuary means
the tidal mouth of a large river, where the tide meets the stream.
What if K and N are equal to each other
then the top is 0 and if you multiply it then the rate is 0 and the growth stops
If Earth did not tilt on its axis,
there would be no seasons
Less developed countries have more kids because
they are much more likely to die
The artificially lengthened tails may be more attractive to females, however
they put the males at a higher risk of being killed (The female thinks that the male must have many skills if he is still alive)
An example of a mixed innate and learned behavior is that birds are genetically programmed to learn but
they will sing the correct song only if the correct songs are heard Ex: taking a baby white-crowned sparrow and raising it alone or with a different animal (it will not sing the right song)
33% of ALL amphibian species are
threatened with extinction, they are literally disappearing across the globe. There have been unimaginable population declines
there are _____________ patterns of survivorship curves
three
Each feeding level in a chain is a
trophic level
They then are magnified at every
trophic level
Others include (not important):
tropical dry forest, tropical coniferous forest, tropical grassland, mangrove, Mediterranean forest, flooded grassland, montane grassland, temperate coniferous forest, tundra, taiga, cold desert, hot desert, temperate grassland, temperate deciduous forest, tropical deciduous forest, temperate rain forest, tropical rain forest
The video describes a coevolutionary arms race between the Plasmodium parasite and its human hosts. True or false? One example of a coevolutionary arms race is when faster deer evolve and favor wolves and cougars that have stronger eyesight and senses of smell.
true
External energy source
usually solar energy but also chemical energy
Sexual production creates
variation
Coral Reefs are supposed to be
very colorful
Sea level Warming temperature expands ______________ and melts ____________________
volume; ice
Realized niche
what a population ACTUALLY utilizes
The aphotic zone is
where light can't reach the water
The photic zone is
where light penetrates the water
See slide show about where bears used to be compared to
where they are now p.9 of Conservation Biology
DDT has
widespread use as an insecticide. It stopped being used in the US in 1970 but is still manufactured here and exported.
Altruistically-
willing to give up your life, food, etc. for someone else Ex: Praire dog alarm calling Br>C (Benefits x relatedness > Cost) Hamiltons Rule: Your relatedness matters
Kelp forests are
~found in cold-water areas ~structures defined by kelp ~affected by sea otters because the otters eat sea urchins which eat kelp
Coral reefs are
~found in warm-water areas ~structures defined by coral ~a critical habitat