College Bio II (153) Exam 1

Natural selection-

"Only the strong survive" Which is stronger? A fly or a dog? Who is better? Kobe Bryant or Peyton Manning? Cannot compare these

Proximate behavior:

'how' explanation- signal triggers response Ex: red belly on male stickleback or just the red on anything

Ultimate behavior:

'why' explanation- behavior increases fitness (passing on one's genes) aka more territorial Ex: he is just protecting his spot

Type I-

(K) rate of loss of juveniles low and most individuals lost later in life

Type III-

(r) rate of loss for juveniles high and then loss low for survivors

What is a biome?

-A major division of the terrestrial environment distinguished by the predominant plant growth form and associated with a particular climate -Examples are tropical forests, coniferous forests, grasslands etc. -Biomes DISREGARD species composition -Tropical rain forests in Africa are made up of different species than those in South America but you would know you were in a rainforest in either place

Difference between headwater streams and large rivers

-Increase temperature -Decrease flow (gradient) -Differences in bed makeup (rocky vs. silt)

Why study ecology? Ecology spans the entirety of biology

-Molecular question, medical question, agriculture question, geological question

Streams and Rivers

-Organisms adapted to currents -high nutrients (although drift downstream) -bottom current moves slower than towards the top -Near the source, water is fast, cold, nutrient-poor, high in Oxygen -Later, the water slows down, becomes warmer, nutrient-rich, lower in oxygen

For example. experiment evidence has shown:

-Vervet monkeys are most likely to groom unrelated individuals that have groomed or helped them in the past -Vampire bats are most likely to donate blood meals to non-kin that have previously shared food with them

The oceanic zone

-has no structure -most life is near the surface like phytoplankton (small microscopic floating organisms) and nekton (highly motile fish, sharks, etc.) -has fascinating bottom dwellers

A littoral zone has

-macrophytes -snails, crayfish, insects -amphibians, small fish (little trees/plants too?)

What is natural?

-original status -What is undisturbed -Not influenced by humans -Occurs on its own

Shore crabs will eat different sized mussels. Which do they prefer?

-prefer intermediate mussels with highest rate of energy in return -larger mussels yield more energy but take longer to open -smaller mussels are easier to open but yield less energy

Limnetic zone has

-primary production from phytoplankton -larger fish

Aggregate of land needed for survival... a sustainable world

1 hectare, ha= 10,000 m^2

What causes the differences in temperature in these biomes?

1) Solar radiation: Atmosphere molecules absorb sunlight See pic on pg. 12/17 in Ecology Intro 2) Seasonal Variation: Orbit around sun & tilt/angle of Earth has a lot to do with this temperate vs. tropical vs. arctic See pic on pg. 13/17 in Ecology Intro

Mountain steps on p.18/32 in Ecology [Cascade Mountains]

1) West: Moisture-laden air blows onshore from the Pacific Ocean 2) Air rises over mountains and cools; rain falls 3) East: Dry air creates desert conditions (Known as a rain shadow [defn: a region having little rainfall because it is sheltered from prevailing rain-bearing winds by a range of hills.])

1)Exponential growth- 2)dN/dt is the

1)growth whose rate becomes ever more rapid in proportion to the growing total number or size. 2)change in population size over time

Antipredator strategies (3)

1. Mimicry 2. Displays of intimidation 3. Fighting and defense

Hamilton's rule states that altruistic behavior is most likely when three conditions are met:

1. The fitness benefits of altruistic behavior are high for the recipient 2. The altruist and recipient are close relatives 3. The fitness costs to the altruists are low

A population is growing exponentially and its instantaneous growth rate (r) is 0.02. Would the number of individuals added to the population (rN) be greatest at a population size (N) of 20, 500 or 1000?

1000

In 2005, the world's population was estimated to be increasing at the rate of 153 people every minute

2 in developed nations and 151 in less developed nations

China population

3 billion

US population

304 million

1. Roosting areas in buildings of any height are the fundamental niche of species 1. 2. Interspecific competition between the two bat species occurs because both species prefer the same roosting areas. 3. In parts of the city with only tall buildings (over two stories), competitive exclusion of species 1 may occur.

4. Roosting areas in buildings that are one to two stories tall are the realized niche of species 1 when species 2 is present. 5. The change in the roosting habits of species 1 after species 2 became established in the city is an example of resource partitioning. 6. The competition between the species for roosting areas is an example of a -/- interaction. 7. The changes in the eyes of species 1 are examples of character displacement.

Brown tree snake introduced in Guam. By the 1980's,

8 of 11 of island's forest birds extinct

Competition

A negative interaction between two organisms because they are competing for resources

Commensalism

A relationship between two organisms in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected

Mutualism

A relationship between two species in which both species benefit

Genetic Restoration

After 8 Texas pumas were introduced to Florida in 1995, the endangered panther populations were quadrupled in size. Gene flow can counteract the effects of genetic drift and inbreeding in small populations.

biotic factors

All the living organisms that inhabit an environment

What would be a proximate cause for increased sex drive in human teens?

An increase in estrogen and testosterone

Decomposer

An organism that breaks down wastes and dead organisms

Consumer

An organism that obtains energy by feeding on other organisms

Why are there no forests here?

Because of lack of rainfall and precipitation

Why should we care about frogs besides the fact that they keep bugs in check, and help balance the food chain?

Because they're frogs and they deserve a chance. We are not above them! They are here for a reason

What makes bed bugs different than most other blood-feeding parasites?

Bed bugs prefer humans over other hosts.

Things optimize territory size based on costs and benefits. Explain further.....

Benefit is exclusive access to resources like food, mates, nesting sites But this can be costly to defend

Positive effects of global warming

Boon to Icelandic farmers

What is Hamilton's rule?

Br > C, meaning altruism occurs when its benefit to a relative times r, the coefficient of relatedness between the relative and the actor, outweighs the costs to the actor

Hamilton's rule can be expressed as

Br>C, where B is the fitness benefit to the beneficiary, r is the coefficient of relatedness, and C is the fitness cost to the actor

What can we do?

Buy "Rainforest" coffee @ HyVee (same price as Starbucks) It impacts other animals and is typically organic

California Tiger Salamanders are endemic to

California

Antipredator strategies include (2)

Chemical defense (ex: newt) Cryptic coloration

Ernst Haeckel

Coined the term Ecology in 1866 from the root words: Oikos (home) -ology (knowledge)

See table 57.1

Community Biology

See picture following

Community biology (rabbit, deer, fox)

intraspecific competition

Competition among members of the same species

See p.24/27

Conservation Biology

See slide on p.18 about the jobs of different things in the ecosystem

Conservation Biology

What is conservation and why should we care?

Conservation is protecting the resources/habitats we have (sustainability). We should care because there is still a future ahead and our health is at risk.

What is happening to coral reefs?

Coral bleaching- ocean acidification and warming (Too much CO2 in the air and global warming) Loss of reefs- disease

Quantifying ecosystem services

Costa Rica pays some landowners not to deforest their land because the ecosystem services provided by the intact forest, including ecotourism, are so valuable

how do humans combat infection by the Plasmodium parasite?

Cytotoxic T cells destroy infected liver cells by recognizing a Plasmodium protein bound to an HLA protein on the surface of those cells.

Refer to the accompanying art to answer the question below. According to the Shannon Diversity Index, which of the five blocks shown, with each containing 36 squares, would show the greatest diversity?

D, even diversity between 4 species

Every person has

DDT in their fat cells

Alpha diversity

Diversity at a particular site

In May 2012, a Japanese nuclear reactor melted down. Stanford study on Bluefin Tuna off the coast of California found that

EVERY single fish tested was contaminated with Cesium (product of radioactive activity). This is because tuna swim across the entire ocean. If we eat the fish, we are now at risk.

See habitat slide p.8/32

Ecology

See p.10/32, 13/32, & 14/32 in

Ecology to see chart example similar to test

See p.5/22

Ecosystems

The aquatic world is influenced by its surrounding biome

Example: Desert streams vs. Woodland streams

Study sierra zones

Foothill Lower Montane Upper Montane Subalpine Alpine p.19/32 in Ecology

Why is it flat here?

Glaciers

Education campaigns

Global outcry about shark finning has helped to reduce the demand for shark-fin soup by more than 80% in China since 2012. Anti-finning regulations are enabling shark populations to recover.

An area with a steady supply of rain and warmth

Grass or Trees?

Which species should survive? An area with regular fires due to lightning strikes

Grass or trees?

causes for biodiversity loss

Habitat destruction/degradation (#1 reason), direct exploitation (Ex: Fishing with a giant boat and net; rules help with this), introduced species (new species in an area that impacts other species), disease (globalization causes animal pandemics; panzawatics)

What causes the differences in precipitation in these biomes?

Hadley Cells: Circulation cells that exist at the equator... and at higher latitudes (Warm air rises and cools, dropping rain. Cooled air is pushed poleward. Dense, dry air descends, warms, and absorbs moisture.) See p. 15/17 Ecology Intro and phone for colored pics

Fighting and defense

Horns and antlers can be used in defense

Population ecology-

How and why does population size change over space and time? Ex: Each female salmon produces thousands of eggs. Only a few will survive to adulthood. On average, only two will return to the stream of their birth to breed

Ecosystem ecology-

How do energy and nutrients cycle through the environment? Ex: Salmon die and then decompose, releasing nutrients that are used by bacteria, archaea, plants, protists, young salmon, and other organisms

Organismal ecology-

How do individuals interact with each other and their physical environment? Ex: Salmon migrate from saltwater to freshwater environments to breed

Community ecology-

How do species interact, and what are the consequences? Ex: Salmon are prey as well as predators

_______________________________ between the two bat species occurs because both species prefer the same roosting areas.

Interspecific competition

There are two forms of sexual selection

Intrasexual & Intersexual

Two kinds of competition

Intraspecific and interspecific

Freshwater includes

Lakes, rivers, and streams

Eating steak has a higher negative environmental impact than eating other foods. These negative environmental impacts include

Land use, water use, and Greenhouse emissions See p.27/27 Conservation Biology

logistic growth

Logistic growth takes place when a population's per capita growth rate decreases as population size approaches a maximum imposed by limited resources, the carrying capacity( K). [growth typically has a limit]

Why are food chains relatively short?

Longer chains are less stable and energy transfer between trophic levels is inefficient.

Intersexual defn

Member of one sex chooses mate based on particular characteristics [inter=between]

which of the following statement about the Plasmodium parasite is true?

Merozites live off the hemoglobin and nutrients in red blood cells and divide to produce more Merozites, destroying red blood cells in the process

which form of Plasmodium is the immediate cause of anemia in humans?

Merozoites.

Mimicry

Mullerian mimicry- Toxic species similar pattern Batesian mimicry- Palatable mimic cheats

Humans who have pets tend to be healthier than humans who do not have pets. Which of these terms applies to the relationship between a human and a pet?

Mutualism

Neutralism

Neither species benefits or is harmed

Management plans for invasive species

New barriers thwart the movement of invasive species like purple loosestrife around the globe, such as the requirement that ships exchange their ballast water mid-ocean

Who will win between a garter snake and newt? Bullfrog and newt?

Newt both times

Designating protected areas

No-catch zones on the Great Barrier Reef of Australia have enabled the recovery of reef communities, boosting the numbers of commercially valuable fish in adjacent areas.

abiotic factors

Nonliving components of environment.

ex situ conservation and reintroduction

Once classified by the IUCN as extinct in the wild, the Arabian oryx has now reestablished wild populations after reintroduction from captive populations

Atrazine

One of the most popular herbicides in the US. It is present in Midwest waters. It causes Leopard Frogs to become hermaphrodites (testes grow in ovaries or vice versa aka an organism has both male and female sex organs, makes the body think there's estrogen) at 0.1 parts per billion.

Name the five main levels of study in ecology from smallest to largest.

Organism → Population → Community → Ecosystem → Biosphere

Different types of ecology

Organismal, population, community, ecosystem

Trophic efficiency is ________.

Percentage of production transferred from one trophic level to the next.

See chart on page 8/20

Population biology

How can human population size keep increasing in spite of decreased fertility rates?

Population size will continue to increase as long as the average fertility is above the replacement rate.

Neonicotinoids

Pretreats nearly ALL corn/soybean seed Causes loss of bees/butterflies Lack of insects cause the loss of birds

What is the most effective way to preserve species diversity?

Protect an entire area from exploitation or habitat degradation

Theoretically, which would be the most effective way to disrupt a Hadley cell?

Remove all equatorial moisture and convection.

Resource vs interference competition

Resource competition: there at separate times (donut example) interference competition: Confrontation; same time same place Ex: apple fritter

Pesticides are used by

SD farmers

What is the safest trophic level to eat?

See chart on 10/22 Ecosystems

Seed banks

Several organizations are storing seeds worldwide to avoid the permanent loss of genetic diversity in both domesticated and wild plants

Why is South Dakota different from Costa Rica?

South Dakota is a grassland and Costa Rica is a tropical rainforest?

What does the bed bug illustrate in regards to evolution?

Speciation can occur in just a few thousand years.

During September 22nd,

The Equator faces the sun directly

If the Earth were to reorient such that the North Pole always received direct sunlight (always faced the Sun), how would that change Earth's climate?

The South Pole would get colder.

Which of the following statements best describes the effect of climate on biome distribution?

The average climate and pattern of climate are important in determining biome distribution.

Management plans for endangered species

The bald eagle was placed on the endangered species list in 1967, then recovered so successfully that it was delisted in 2007.

Why doesn't Dr. Logan feel the bed bug feeding on him?

The bed bug injects an anesthetic as it feeds.

How does natural selection favor an individual that can detect deceitful communicators?

The detector will incur less cost and gain an advantage over others unable to detect the deceit.

Many blood-feeding parasites carry diseases but bed bugs do not. What is the most logical explanation for this?

The infectious agent is inactivated within the gut of the bed bug.

What best explains hare and lynx population cycles?

The interaction of food availability and predation intensity

A land developer and several ecologists are discussing how a parcel of private land should be developed while saving 20 hectares as natural habitat. The land developer suggests that the 20 hectares be divided into twenty separate 1-hectare areas. The ecologists suggest that it would be better to have one intact parcel of 20 hectares. What is the significance of these different arrangements of the 20 hectares?

The isolated plots are more vulnerable to edge effects.

species abundance

The number of individuals of each species

Why do we often get an itchy red bump after being bitten by a bed bug?

The proteins injected by the bed bug trigger an inflammatory response in the human body.

Ecosystem restoration

The restoration of a clear-cut forest in Borneo has successfully produced a dramatic increase in both species diversity and ecosystem services

What is ecology?

The study of how organisms interact with each other and their environment.

Bed bugs probably evolved from bat bugs. Which statement best describes how this likely happened?

There were two populations of bat bugs, one feeding on humans, and one on bats. Reproductive isolation, mutation, and natural selection led to speciation.

What role do frogs play ecologically?

They eat bugs (You'll notice if they become extinct)

Why does the age structure of human populations differ in developed versus developing nations?

This is because in developing countries, survivorship and the fertility rate have been increasing.

Some scientists are conducting research on the "saliva" of bed bugs. Which of the following is the most logical medical benefit from this research?

Using the anticoagulant to prevent blood clots in humans.

Which of the following can be said about light in aquatic environments?

Water selectively reflects and absorbs certain wavelengths of light.

fundamental niche

What a population is CAPABLE of using (ex: types of food, habitat)

Temperature shifts Thinking about the ________________ diagram and biomes

Whittaker

Wildlife corridors

Wildlife corridors such as the vegetated overpass in Banff National Park in Canada, reconnect fragmented habitats, enabling gene flow and access to resources

Can animals cheat on each other?

Yes

Back to frogs... It is estimated that much of these declines are due to a single pathogen-

a chytrid fungus. (now there is another) [Not in North America yet]

K-selected species

a few offspring that that take longer to grow (more invested with them) [more or less stable populations adapted to exist at or near carrying capacity]

The tundra has

a layer of soil that is permanently frozen beneath the top soil (permafrost) and no trees

r-selected species

a lot of offspring with little time invested [high rate of per capita population growth, r, but poor competitive ability (weeds)]

Amensalism

a relationship in which one organism is harmed and the other is unaffected

Conservation Efforts Single species approach Keystone Species-

a species on which other species in an ecosystem largely depend on, such that if it were removed the ecosystem would change drastically

Fixed Action Pattern (FAP)

a type of INNATE behavior (instinct.) The FAP is a preprogrammed response to a particular stimulus (known as a releaser stimulus). FAP's include courtship behaviors and feeding of young. These are not learned behaviors, they are automatically performed without any prior experience. Ex: goose nudging egg back in nest

a) You are doing a mark-recapture experiment to determine the population size of the MendAliens living on an island in my back yard. Initially, you catch and mark 130 MendAliens, which you then release. Next, you capture 90 MendAliens, of which 20 are marked. What is your estimate of the population size of MendAliens living on the island in my back yard? b) Assume there are 200 MendAliens living on an island in my back yard. If my island has an area of 20 hectares, what is the population density of MendAliens in terms of MendAliens per hectare? c) The mark-recapture method would be best for sampling a population of _____.

a)585 b) 10 MendAliens per hectare c)sharks

There are 2 types of species of frogs

aka 2 kinds of leopard frogs, but have different cells

Female hangingflies demand a nuptial gift-

allows female to produce more eggs and allows male to copulate longer (uses chocolate cake basically)

Can have same number but be different for

alpha and beta diversity

According to most conservation biologists, the single greatest threat to global biodiversity is _____.

alteration or destruction of the physical habitat

trophic level transfer efficiency

amount of energy at one trophic level that is acquired by the trophic level above and incorporated into biomass Averages around 10% with much variation ~Some marine food chains exceed 30% Low for 2 reasons -Many organisms cannot digest all their prey -Much assimilated energy lost as heat Limits number of trophic levels in the food web

Particular site in Costa Rica has seen 75% decline in both

amphibian and reptile species (This is directly linked to the loss of trees and leaf litter (raking?)) [Deforestation causes this loss]

Optimality theory predicts

an animal should behave in a way that maximizes benefits of a behavior minus its costs

Optimal foraging proposes that an

animal seeks to obtain the most energy possible with the least expenditure of energy (The more net energy gained, the greater the reproductive success)

Anti-microbial peptides on amphibian skin have been found to have

anti-cancer properties

Female mate choice

are choices based on plumage color or courtship displays

Species richness increases _____.

as we travel southward from the North Pole

Ultimately, behaviors that influence the choice of mates are driven by ______.

attempts to maximize the fitness of the individual

The source of energy for all species emerges from

autotrophs

Limnetic means

away from shore

Natural selection favors production of the rarer sex so that the sex ratio is kept

balanced at 1:1

Relatively small geographic areas with high concentrations of endemic species and a large number of endangered and threatened species are known as _____.

biodiversity hot spots

Consumption of carbonate ions impedes

calcification

Changes in the environment cause

cancer

K=

carrying capacity (how many individuals a habitat can support)

Littoral means

close to shore

Gamma diversity-

combines both alpha and beta diversity

Shannon diversity index

combines both species richness and abundance

An egret eats insects stirred up by grazing animals. Which of these terms applies to the relationship between the egret and the grazing animal?

commensalism

Plasmodium exhibits consumption in its interactions with mosquitoes and humans. Which process is not an example of consumption?

commensalism

Humans and sharks both eat fish. Which of these terms applies to the relationship between the human and the shark?

competition

interspecific competition

competition between members of different species

OA is a serious

concern

the neritic zone is made up of

coral reefs and kelp forests

The benefit at excelling in one thing comes at a

cost of another

Benefits come with

costs

Defending a territory has both

costs and benefits

Wildlife corridors allow areas to be recolonized if a species is lost and enable the introduction of new alleles that can

counteract genetic drift and inbreeding in small, isolated populations, which tend to reduce genetic diversity.

Mosquitos are the

deadliest thing on Earth

Habitat destructions is the single most

deadly threat to species extinctions

The intertidal zone is able to deal with

desiccation risk (aka loss of moisture)

An earthworm that feeds on the remains of plants and animals is acting as a _____.

detritivore

Edge habitat is

different ex: hawk waiting for mice

Birds hang out in

different parts of trees

What determines the success of a species

distribution and abundance

Beta diversity

diversity between sites

Effects of climate change on SD farming Increased flooding/______________ (less normal periods) More fungal _______________ Feast or _____________ (both drop corn prices) 4 degree climate change can _______________________

drought pathogens famine decrease corn production by ?500%?

Monogamy-

each individual mates exclusively with one partner (doesn't necessarily mean lifelong)

Since there have been over 80 alkaloids discovered from the 20 species of dendrobatids, there is much more research being conducted, especially on the

effects of the alkaloids on neurological and muscular disorders

human growth fits an _________ pattern

exponential -low until agriculture and animal domestication -Between 1750 and 1998, the population surged from 800 million to 6 billion

Which of the following terms do ecologists use to describe the community interaction where one organism makes the environment more suitable for another organism?

facilitation

Type II-

fairly uniform death rate

In mammals, males are substantially larger than

females

Vegetables have

fiber

Territory is a

fixed area in which an individual or a group excludes others

Unlike fixed action patterns, most behavior is

flexible and condition dependent

In species like sea turtles with high juvenile mortality, low adult mortality, and low fecundity, conservationists can most effectively help them by _____.

focusing on keeping adults alive

An estuary is where

freshwater meets saltwater -it has variable salinity with tides and rainfall (0-3%) -it is nutrient-rich -it has a salt-tolerant vegetation -it provides nursery areas for oysters, crabs, and many fishes -They are often bordered by extensive coastal wetlands

Alligators and some turtle species temperature determines their

gender or sex

Light intensity goes down quicker in _________________________ than ______________________

goes down quicker in pure seawater than pure freshwater (aka light penetrates farther in freshwater than in seawater)

As r increases, a population

grows more rapidly

The main factor that leads to the loss of biodiversity is _____.

habitat destruction

Reciprocal altruism is also widely invoked as an explanation for the

helpful and cooperative behavior commonly observed among unrelated humans

Indirect fitness is derived from

helping relatives produce more offspring than they could produce on their own

low fecundity=

high survivorship

Areas with lots of endemics are called

hotspots

Resilience is the idea of

how well something will bounce back

Populations grow due to births and _____.

immigration

Calculating species diversity

important points: # of species and eveness

The combination of direct and indirect fitness components is called

inclusive fitness

Biologists refer to direct fitness and

indirect fitness

Direct fitness is derived from an

individual's own offspring

Polygamy-

individuals mate with more than one partner (often a single parental care)

Behavior is often a mix of

innate and learned

Fixed action patterns are examples of _____.

innate behaviors

Small males can still father offspring by

intercepting females Example: female-mimic male who fertilizes eggs (see p.14/23 behavioral ecology) female salmon actually prefer this

r=

intrinsic rate of growth (can be estimated by life history table)

reciprocal altruism (non-kin)

is an exchange of fitness benefits that are separated in time (I'll do this for you hoping you'll do it for me) (very little cost to yell out about prairie dogs); (happen if there is a group benefit)

Net primary productivity is important because ________.

it is the source of chemical energy used by a species throughout a food web

Edge effects is

its own habitat

In most animals, females are

larger than males

Resilience goes back up

later in time

Lakes are

lentic (not moving aka stopped flowing)

More edge means

less equal habitat

Predation Categories of predation can be classified according to how

lethal they are for prey and how close is the association between predator and prey

Lake zones relative depth is important because of? (3 things)

light, temperature, and nutrients

food chain

linear depiction of energy flow

Streams and rivers are

lotic (moving/flowing current)

High fecundity=

low survivorship

Intrasexual defn

members of one sex compete over partners with the winner performing most of the matings [intra=within] (aka males vs males or females vs females) like deer

Relationships are interconnected so a food web is

more correct

Widowbird with experimentally lengthened tails attracted

more females and fathered more clutches

Compound found in poison dart frog, epibatidine, has the potential to be approximately 200 times more potent than

morphine in blocking pain in animals, yet shows no sign of side effects of addiction

Theoretically, an animal will evolve to behave in the

most optimal way Ex: class with money

Resistance doesn't allow

much change in the first place

Oceans phytoplankton are responsible for

much of Earth's productivity

Kin selection is

natural selection that acts through benefits to relatives and results in increased indirect fitness

Medicinal implications (conclusions) can be drawn from

nature

Invasive species have

no natural predators

Fecundity-

number of offspring per individual Ex: dogs have 8, humans have 1

In the aquatic world, marine means

ocean

Polyandry-

one female mates with many males Example: Male pipefish have brood pouches and female produces enough eggs for 2 male brood pouches if she can find another male

Polygyny-

one male mates with many females

Some pesticides accumulate in

organisms

Temperature is relatively constant in the tropics all year, whereas temperature fluctuates dramatically at higher latitudes. Organisms that are physiologically adapted to constant temperatures may not have as much genetic variation for traits that enable adaptation to higher temperatures, compared to

organisms at higher latitudes, which are adapted to tolerate different temperatures at different times of the year.

DDT comes from

other places out of the country?

Look at Marine Zones split up by water depth

p. 23/32 in Ecology

See slide show for number of extinct species over time

p.10 of Conservation Biology

See West vs. East Slopes

p.20/32 in Ecology

See aquatic systems pic

p.21/32 in Ecology

Up Next: Examples of Conservation Strategies to Preserve Genetic Diversity, Species, and Ecosystem Function

p.23/27 Conservation Biology

See how the intensity of light declines with water depth

p.24/32 in Ecology

Look at which age has the most babies per mother chart

p.8/20 Population ecology

What term applies to the relationship between a dog and a blood-sucking tick?

parasitism

The aquatic world is not recognized by vegetal form, but

physical factors (salinity, depth, flow)

Is climate change

politics or science

N=

population size

A human eats a deer. Which of these terms applies to the relationship between the human and the deer?

predation

Predators affect

prey densities

A cow eating grass is an example of a _____.

primary consumer

In an ecosystem, phytoplankton are _____.

producers

Sexual selection is a form of evolution that

promotes traits to increase an organism's mating success

So we should also reduce our eating of

red meat (beef)

Community biology is focused on the

relationship between multiple species

Alarm calling usually benefits

relatives

Resistance is how

resistant something is to actually change in the first place (Ex? pulling something out of an ecosystem)

Earth's carrying capacity

resources of the Earth can only support a finite number of people -many and varied estimates, changing with technological advances -depletion of resources forces alternative approaches (oil)

Dominance between males is determined by fighting or

ritualized sparring (often don't fight, just perform to show manliness)

In the aquatic world, freshwater means

rivers, lakes

Which one of the following animals would most likely be defined as a keystone species?

sea otter

When a human eats a steak, the human is acting as a _____.

secondary consumer

Female sticklebacks prefer males that

shake (dance) more during courtship as evidence that he will be a better parent

Character displacement

shifting of closely related traits due to competitive interactions

If you're on an island, don't eat something

slow moving or brightly colored

Endemic species are

species found only in a particular region (see slide p.17 Conservation Biology)

There is a link between biodiversity and

stability (See chart on page 19/27 in Conservation Biology)

Terrestrial biomes:

subtropical deserts, temperate grasslands, temperate forest, (arctic) tundra, boreal forest (taiga), tropical wet forest

Females often mate with competitively

superior males, but they still have a choice in some cases

The intertidal zone is adapted to

surf-attachment structures (holds its place strongly against it)

See Whittaker- Vegetation structure

temperature vs. precipitation p.10/17 Ecology Intro

A human who just ate a hamburger is eaten by a shark while swimming. The shark is acting as a _____.

tertiary consumer

Biomagnification

the concentration of toxins in an organism as a result of its ingesting other plants or animals in which the toxins are more widely disbursed.

"Ecology is the study of all of the complex interrelations referred to by Darwin as

the conditions for the struggle for existence"

During March 20th,

the equator faces the Sun directly

primary producers

the first producers of energy-rich compounds that are later used by other organisms

ecological footprint

the impact of a person or community on the environment, expressed as the amount of land required to sustain their use of natural resources.

Energy flow

the movement of energy through an ecosystem

During June 21st,

the northern hemisphere faces the sun at the most direct angle (23.5 degrees)

Species richness

the number of species in a community

During December 21st,

the southern hemisphere faces the sun at the most direct angle

In the aquatic world, estuary means

the tidal mouth of a large river, where the tide meets the stream.

What if K and N are equal to each other

then the top is 0 and if you multiply it then the rate is 0 and the growth stops

If Earth did not tilt on its axis,

there would be no seasons

Less developed countries have more kids because

they are much more likely to die

The artificially lengthened tails may be more attractive to females, however

they put the males at a higher risk of being killed (The female thinks that the male must have many skills if he is still alive)

An example of a mixed innate and learned behavior is that birds are genetically programmed to learn but

they will sing the correct song only if the correct songs are heard Ex: taking a baby white-crowned sparrow and raising it alone or with a different animal (it will not sing the right song)

33% of ALL amphibian species are

threatened with extinction, they are literally disappearing across the globe. There have been unimaginable population declines

there are _____________ patterns of survivorship curves

three

Each feeding level in a chain is a

trophic level

They then are magnified at every

trophic level

Others include (not important):

tropical dry forest, tropical coniferous forest, tropical grassland, mangrove, Mediterranean forest, flooded grassland, montane grassland, temperate coniferous forest, tundra, taiga, cold desert, hot desert, temperate grassland, temperate deciduous forest, tropical deciduous forest, temperate rain forest, tropical rain forest

The video describes a coevolutionary arms race between the Plasmodium parasite and its human hosts. True or false? One example of a coevolutionary arms race is when faster deer evolve and favor wolves and cougars that have stronger eyesight and senses of smell.

true

External energy source

usually solar energy but also chemical energy

Sexual production creates

variation

Coral Reefs are supposed to be

very colorful

Sea level Warming temperature expands ______________ and melts ____________________

volume; ice

Realized niche

what a population ACTUALLY utilizes

The aphotic zone is

where light can't reach the water

The photic zone is

where light penetrates the water

See slide show about where bears used to be compared to

where they are now p.9 of Conservation Biology

DDT has

widespread use as an insecticide. It stopped being used in the US in 1970 but is still manufactured here and exported.

Altruistically-

willing to give up your life, food, etc. for someone else Ex: Praire dog alarm calling Br>C (Benefits x relatedness > Cost) Hamiltons Rule: Your relatedness matters

Kelp forests are

~found in cold-water areas ~structures defined by kelp ~affected by sea otters because the otters eat sea urchins which eat kelp

Coral reefs are

~found in warm-water areas ~structures defined by coral ~a critical habitat