College Western Civilization 1: Chapter Test: 3

Who were the Sophists?

Traveling teachers who—for a fee—taught students philosophy and rhetoric

Greeks in search of a personal religion that addressed both life on earth and the afterlife joined

mystery cults such as the cult of Demeter.

When the Thirty Tyrants were overthrown in 403 B.C.E., the Athenians restored their democracy and

proclaimed an amnesty to prevent further civil disorder.

Which reforms did the most to create radical democracy?

Attaching salaries to many of the position and choosing individuals by ballot

After the defeat of the Persians, the Athenians and their allies formed what group? Who led it and why?

The Delian League, the Athenians because they had the ships and rowers on the ships

Why were the Greeks able to defeat the Persian fleet in the battle of Salamis in 480 B.C.E.?

The Greeks forced the Persians to fight in a narrow strait between the island of Salamis and the coast, where their sturdier ships rammed the flimsier Persian ships.

Why do historians consider the Greek victory over the far more numerous Persians during the great Persian invasion of 480-479 B.C.E. to have been truly remarkable?

The Greeks so valued their political freedom that they joined forces to preserve it.

Why did the Sophists arouse controversy in fifth-century B.C.E. Athens? Who was most likely to embrace the ideas and teachings of the Sophists?

The Sophists taught conflicting views to tradition causing controversy among older citizens that held true to their traditions. Young men were most likely to embrace the ideas and teachings of the Sophists due to not having their fathers' ideals drilled into their minds yet. Fathers and mentors eventually began complaining when their sons came home and told them their traditions were outdated and irrelevant. Another reason it created controversy was that by teaching the young men these ideas they returned home attempting to educate their elders which messed with the line of education from father to son.

Which of these was an unexpected early victory that strengthened the Athenians' sense of community?

Victory at the battle of Marathon in the sense to stall and hold the Persian army

Aristophanes' comedy Lysistrata (411 B.C.E.) portrayed women seizing the initiative and acting aggressively against men in order to

end the Peloponnesian War and restore ordinary life.

Greek tragedies played a significant role in Greek society by

illustrating conflicts and moral dilemmas that pertained to the society of citizens in a city-state.

The majority of Athens's population consisted of

individuals who lacked political rights.

Historians refer to the period from around 500 to around 400 B.C.E. as the Golden Age of Greece because during this period

the Greeks put forward innovations in architecture, sculpture, drama, and philosophy.

What were all the major institutions of the Athenian government in the age of radical democracy?

the assembly; the council of 500 chosen annually by lottery; nine archons (higher-level officials); an executive board of ten "generals" elected annually with political and military responsibilities; hundreds of other annual minor officials (chosen by lottery); the court system

What did the Athenians do that so enraged the Persian king Darius I?

The Athenians aided the Greek Ionian city-states in their uprising against their Persian overlords.

Socrates was the first philosopher in ancient Greece to

make ethics and morality the main focus of his teachings.

Who convinced the Athenians to double the size of their navy in 483 B.C.E.?

Themistocles

Athens's wealth during the Golden Age largely derived from

taxes on trade and Delian League dues.

What does "the Socratic method" refer to?

A manner of teaching that features relentless questioning

Why did the Athenians send troops to help the Ionians in 499 B.C.E.?

(Ionians- Greek colonies, coast of Anatolia[Turkey]) The Ionians rebelled against the Persians and the Athenians decided to help them. The Persian emperor believed the Athenians broke their agreement for him to protect them by assisting a revolt against him.

What percentage of the Athenian population of 250,000 during Pericles' time do historians estimate were slaves?

40 percent

What sparked the first major clash between the Persian Empire and Athens?

A diplomatic misunderstanding- Diplomats sent from Athens to discover terms of Persia for potential protection and an ally spoke to the Persian emperor. They gave him tokens showing they had agreed to his terms and went home to discuss it with the people. The people voted no by nobody sent word to him they had chosen not to be his subjects.

Which of the following was one of the educational traditions of Golden Age Athens?

A mentor-protégé relationship whereby a male adolescent would learn from an older man by accompanying him in the course of his public functions, athletic exercises, and social interactions

What consequence did the Delian League have for Athenian politics and society?

Athens became insanely democratic within the city due to the importance of the lower class as rowers for the triremes.

Where did Pericles build many of the temples constructed as part of his building program?

Athens and its Acropolis

Why have some historians labeled the changes in Athenian democracy in the 460s and 450s B.C.E. radical?

Because it broadened the electorate so much and began to equalize the classes

How did Athens's radical democracy balance the competing goals of widening the participation of ordinary male citizens in government with which of the following?

Broadened the direct voice of the average man by giving the working and lower class the right to vote

How did Pericles make citizenship more exclusive?

By granting citizenship only to those children whose mother and father were both Athenian by birth.

What finally convinced Sparta to send Athens an ultimatum demanding that it curtail its aggressive foreign policy?

Corinth, a Spartan ally, threatened to ally itself with Athens if Sparta did not intervene on its behalf to prevent future Athenian aggression.

Which Persian leader launched an invasion of Greece in 480 B.C.E.?

Darius I

The procedure known as ostracism in fifth-century B.C.E. Athens served as a safeguard against which of the following?

Despotism by any individual who had become so popular that he might overthrow the democracy.

Which of these describes the Greek coalition that was assembled to confront the Persian invasion?

Didn't include all the city-states

What major reforms were sponsored by Pericles?

Equalization of citizens Introduced pay for all offices Law restricting citizenship to those born to two Athenian parents

How did the fifth-century Sophist Protagoras offend many Athenians?

He insisted that absolute truth did not exist because every issue had two irreconcilable sides.

What happened to a man who was ostracized in Athenian society in the fifth century B.C.E.?

He was exiled for ten years, nothing else happened to their property or family.

Whose The Histories depicted the Persian Wars as a clash between East and West?

Herodotus of Halicarnassus

What consequence did the Delian League have for member states other than Athens? For the relationships between the Athenians and other member states?

Less democratic opportunities and influence in the political choices of the Delian League due to Athens being the leader and choosing democracy for their own people. The Athenians kept it close to home in terms of voting on important league decisions.

Where did Athenian forces first confront the Persian army?

Near the town of Marathon on their eastern coast

What was the name of the chief temple of Athens on the Acropolis? What made it unique?

Parthenon- "virgin goddess's house", the massive temple to Athena as a warrior goddess built atop the Athenian acropolis Foremost symbol of Athens's Golden Age Honored Athena (chief god of Athens) Gold-and-ivory statue Forty feet high Depicted her in armor Held a six foot tall statue of Nike (goddess of victory) 20,000 pounds of marble 230 feet long and 100 feet wide

According to Thucydides, what reason did Pericles offer for rejecting Sparta's ultimatum?

Pericles argued that giving in to Sparta's demand would be a sign of weakness and would only encourage Sparta to take further advantage of Athens.

What was the initial goal of the Athenian-led Delian League?

Protecting Greece against Persia

What was one of Pericles' most important democratic innovations?

Providing a modest salary to any officeholder selected by lottery, thus enabling even poor men to serve as public officials

What did initiates into Greek mystery cults generally hope to obtain?

Secret knowledge and divine protection

Athens met with disaster when its generals attempted to conquer Sparta's allies in

Sicily.

What arguments did some Athenian social elites use to support the proposition that oligarchy was morally superior to democracy?

That the poor were not educated enough or had morals to be a part of ruling a city-state. They believed that the poor would attempt to strip the rich of their wealth.

Why did the Persians believe that the Athenians had agreed to behave as loyal Persian subjects?

The Athenian diplomats offered the Persians tokens that signified Athens's submission to Persian authority.

Which statement describes the outcomes of the Battle of Thermopylae?

The Spartan soldiers blocked Xerxes and his men with an infantry of 300 at the pass called Thermopylae in central Greece. These men died but held strong for several days. They sent back a man to warn and proclaim to Athens that the Persians were coming this is where the tradition of the Marathon comes from

Which city-state did the Greeks choose to lead their coalition against the Persians? Why?

The Spartans due to their extensive knowledge in combat. Their warships and weapons were stronger as well as their strategies

What finally led to Athenian defeat and the conclusion of the Peloponnesian War?

The Spartans enlisted the help of the Persians to build a navy that could force the Athenians to surrender.

Why did Athens attract more Sophists than other similarly sized Greek city-states?

The demand was greater in Athens, since aspiring politicians needed the training in rhetoric that the Sophists offered to advance in Athens's democracy.

Why did some members of the Athenian elite support judicial reform in the 460s B.C.E.?

The elites were eligible to take the high positions. They figured if they represented the ordinary Athenians in turn the ordinary citizens would vote for them. They became the defenders of the poor and gained continued support from the people.

Explain why the Greeks were able to defeat the Persians and what were the long-term consequences of the Persian Wars?

The ships they had were able to move easily and rammed the flimsier Persian ships. These ships were in control of Athens causing them to have strong naval power to control their allies.

Which of these Greek city-states refused to join the Greek coalition that was assembled to defend against the Persian invasion of 480 B.C.E. because its leader was embroiled in a war of his own?

The tyrant ruled Syracuse

On what was the power of the Delian League built?

Their navy, triremes built with dues and taxes from the league and controlled by Athens

What farsighted leader convinced the Athenians to invest their resources of precious metals in the navy and later led Athens during the great Persian invasion of Greece?

Themistocles

Which of these made it possible for the Athenians to double the size of their navy prior to the Persian invasion of 480 B.C.E.?

Themistocles convinced the assembly to use the silver from the publicly owned mines of Athens to double the size of their navy instead of distributing it among the people. - Resulted in a strike in the mines

How did Athenians traditionally justify restricting women's freedom of movement?

They insisted that women needed to be protected from seducers and rapists.

How did ordinary male citizens contribute to the development of Athenian radical democracy?

They pressed for judicial reform and equal treatment under the law.

Why did some Athenians criticize democracy and argue in favor of an oligarchy?

They worried that the poor, who lacked proper education and moral values, would exploit majority rule to pass laws against the wealthy.

Who sought to avenge his father's defeat by launching an invasion of Greece in 480 B.C.E.?

Xerxes I

After the Persian Wars, a formal defensive alliance that included city-states in northern Greece, on the Aegean islands, and along the Ionian coast

became the basis for the Athenian Empire, because Athens required the other member city-states to fund warships built and manned by Athenians.

Which of these was a major reform sponsored by Pericles?

convinced the assembly to pass reforms to strengthen citizens' equality, making him the most influential leader of his era. Introduced pay for all official positions, voted or lottery Law restricting citizenship to those born to two Athenian parents Increased status of Athenian women

Golden Age sculptors shattered traditions from the Archaic Age not only by creating realistic and perfectly formed bodies, but also by

depicting their subjects in a state of movement.

In his History of the Peloponnesian War, the Greek historian Thucydides broke with tradition by

describing the moral failures and miscalculations of the Greeks.

Greek warships propelled by 170 rowers on three levels and equipped with a battering ram at the bow were known as

triremes.

Pericles, a skilled orator and leading Athenian democrat, made a major blunder in the late 450s B.C.E. when he urged Athens to

use the Athenian fleet to support an uprising in Egypt against the Persians.

The Delian League ensured that its members were protected from Persian attack but aroused the anger of many of its smaller members because Athens

used its control of the league fleet to coerce dues from weaker members.

In Greek tragedies, leading characters, usually the high and mighty, suffered a reversal of fortune because of hubris, a Greek term for

violent arrogance.