COM 100 CH 1, 3, 4, 5, 6
Anne Curzan
"How does a word get in the dictionary? Because we use it and keep using it." -Meaning is in people, not words.
Language varies in clarity
-Ambiguous language: Words that have more than one meaning. -Strategic ambiguity: Using ambiguous language purposefully. -someone gets fired for being late and you tell your friends you got fired because there was a difference in values
Communication has many characteristics
-Communication relies on multiple channels. -channel-rich context -channel-lean context Communication passes through perceptual filters. People give communication its meaning. -scratch paper - draw a house -words are just symbols -slang words Communication has literal meanings and relational implications. -"nothings wrong" -"did you eat the ice cream?" Communication sends messages, whether intentional or unintentional. -nonverbal communication -outfit of the day? Communication is governed by rules.
We Misperceive others' communication behaviors
-Cultures and co-cultures influence perceptions. -Stereotypes influence perceptions. -Primacy and recency effects influence perceptions. -Perceptual sets influence perceptions.
Components of Cultures
-Cultures vary in their symbols. -Cultures vary in their languages. -Cultures vary in their values. -Cultures vary in their norms. -Cultures have distinctive features (being an ASU student is its own culture, our vales and sayings and language)
Language has layers of meaning
-Denotative meaning concrete meaning of the message -Connotative meaning describes the meanings suggested by or associated with the message and the emotions triggered by it
proxemics
-In comparison to men, women are approached more closely, give more readily to others, stand and sit closer to one another, and tolerate more violations than men. -Men are more likely to violate women's personal space than they are another man. -intimate space is 0-18 inches -personal space is 1.5-5 feet -social space is 5-7 feet
Dispelling Communication myths
-Myth: Everyone is a communication expert. -Myth: Communication will solve any problem. -Myth: More communication is always better. -Myth: Communication can break down. -Myth: Communication is inherently good. -Myth: Communication is spelled with an "s".
Identities are created through interaction
-Study abroad -Women in 60s and 70s -Middle children, only child
Fixed and Dynamic
-What it means to be male changes over time -What it means to be left or right handed may change over time
attributions
-an explanation of behavior -the answer to a "why" question -we explain behavior through attributions
chronemics
-defined as the use of time as a message influenced by: -personal values -culture -power
oculesics
-eye contact -varies by culture same sex -women engage in more eye contact than men -male-female dyads are similar to female-female dyads -size of pupils makes us think people are better -people who blink fewer
nonverbal codes
-facial displays -eye behavior (oculesics) -movement (kinesics) -touch behavior (haptics) -vocal behaviors (paralanguage) -the use of smell (olfactics) -the use of space (proxemics) -physical apperance -use of time (chronemics) -artifacts
Stereotyping
-identify a group -recall a generalization of that group apply the generalization to one person
characteristics of identities
-identities exist at the individual societal levels -identity is both fixed and dynamic -individuals and societal identities are created through interaction -identities must be understood in terms of the historical, social, and cultural environments Identities are rooted in historical, social, and cultural environments identities are complex and multi-layered
identity and culture
-identity is linked directly to culture culture defined: -the totality of learned, shared, symbols, language, values, and norms that distinguish one group of people from another
paralanguage
-pitch -inflection -volume -rate -silence
functions of nonverbal communication
-present in most communication contexts -often conveys more information than verbal communication -usually believed over verbal communication -primary means of expressing emotion -varies by gender -displays power -in texts using periods means you are annoyes or angry -having bolded or bigger font mean its important -nonverbal tone "idc go to the party have fun (verbally)" but your tone is sarcastic and your face is angry (nonverbal)
I think you have a good start here, but I think we can make it even stronger. My instructor gave me several tips that might help you.
A friend asks you to review their paper before they turn it in. You notice the paper is poorly written, but you don't want to hurt your friend's feelings. You say:
Primacy effects
According to the _____, first impressions are crucial because they set the tone for future interactions.
how does communication differ?
Communication differs from other social science disciplines because it focuses exclusively on the exchange of messages to create meaning
complexity of communication
Communication is a complex activity influenced by a variety of factors, cultutral differences, cognitive abilities, and social norms - Help attain goals, establish relationships and develop ones identity
language
Defined: A rule-guided system of symbols that allows us to translate messages into meaning -Language is usually arbitrary. -Words mean whatever we choose them to mean. -language is bound by context and culture
communication definition
Human communication as a transactional process in which people generate meaning through the exchange of verbal and nonverbal messages in specific contexts, influenced by individual and societal forces and embedded in culture
false
Identity is fixed and never changes over time.
Interpretation
Interpretation -Assigning meaning to the information that has been selected and organized
lacks relational appropriateness
Kara is your new team leader at work. She is great at completing tasks, but she is rude, interrupts people and has unrealistic demands. Based on this information, Kara:
organization
Organization -Categorizing information that has been selected -To classify a stimulus, your mind applies a perceptual schema - which is a mental framework for organizing information into categories -We call these categories constructs
selection
Selection -Paying attention to a certain stimulus -Information we attend to influences the perceptions we form. -The stimuli we choose to selection is not always a conscious process
Perception is a process
Selection > organization > interpretation -it is a cycle, circular
avoiding attribution errors
Self Serving Bias -the tendency to attribute ones own success to stable internal causes and ones own failures to unstable external causes -we are nicer on ourselves Fundamental Attribution Error -the tendency to attribute others behaviors to internal rather than external causes -thinking someone cheated if they did good in an exam
Ethnocentrism
The belief that one's own culture is superior to all others is referred to as:
Denotative; Connotative
The dictionary definition of a word is its _______ meaning, whereas the implication of that word is its _____ meaning.
Sapir Whorf Hypothesis
The idea that language shapes our views of reality by influencing how various cultures see the world is reflected in:
meaning of a word
The term semantics refers to the study of meaning
false
Using idioms is an effective way of communicating across cultures.
Fundamental Attribution Error
When a classmate is late to class, we tend to attribute that behavior to their carelessness and their negative attitude toward school. Our attribution of their behavior best exemplifies:
Comprehension
Which of the following is not a part of the perception process? -organization, selection and interpretation are apart of the perception process
face
a persons desired public image
face threats
any behaviors that threaten one or more face needs
facial displays signal attractiveness
attractiveness is based on symmetry -consistent across cultures -give us identity
artifacts
communicate -power (corner office with windows and couches) -belongings -status
definition of communication
context + message = meaning context -is the situation message -verbal or nonverbal meaning -different meaning from each context
communication is symbolic
describing the fact that the symbols we use, the words we speak and the gestures we use, are arbitrary (without any inherent meaning)
polychronically
engaging in multiple activities simultaneously
monochronically
engaging in one task or behavior at a time
function touch
ex) touch on a patients cheek by a dentist
pragmatics
field of study that emphasizes how language is used in specific situations to accomplish goals
What is identity
identity includes -who you are social categories -identified by yourself -identified by others
face needs
important components of ones desired public image
fixed mindset
intelligence and talent are fixed at birth -avoid challenges -give up easily -feel threatened by other success -as a result they plateau early and achieve less than their full potential
growth mindset
intelligence and talent can go up or down (grow or decrease) -embrace challenges -learn from criticism -persevere -as a result they reach ever higher levels of achievement
communication competence
is the balance of: -task effectiveness -relational appropriateness skills: -self-awareness -adaptable -empathetic -ethical
haptics
patterns of touch vary with: -power - people have the power are more touchy -gender -culture
Perception
perceptual error comes from differences in perceptual filters
encoding
process of taking ideas and converting them into messages encode and exchange 2 types of messages -verbal and nonverbal
decoding
receiving a messages and interpreting its meaning
How we perceive ourselves
self concept defined: - also known as our identity -multi-faced -partly subjective awareness and management of self-concept -self-monitoring -self-fulfilling prophecy we perceive our self through our self-concept (self - concept = identity)
context refers to
setting, the occasion, who is present
proxiemics
study of how people use spatial cues, including interpersonal distance
phonology
study of sounds that compose language and how sounds communicate meaning
facework
the behaviors people use to establish and maintain their desired public image
false - communication is different from communicationS
the name of this course is communicationS 100
heuristic
use of language to acquire knowledge and understanding: RSVP