COM 100 CH 1, 3, 4, 5, 6

Anne Curzan

"How does a word get in the dictionary? Because we use it and keep using it." -Meaning is in people, not words.

Language varies in clarity

-Ambiguous language: Words that have more than one meaning. -Strategic ambiguity: Using ambiguous language purposefully. -someone gets fired for being late and you tell your friends you got fired because there was a difference in values

Communication has many characteristics

-Communication relies on multiple channels. -channel-rich context -channel-lean context Communication passes through perceptual filters. People give communication its meaning. -scratch paper - draw a house -words are just symbols -slang words Communication has literal meanings and relational implications. -"nothings wrong" -"did you eat the ice cream?" Communication sends messages, whether intentional or unintentional. -nonverbal communication -outfit of the day? Communication is governed by rules.

We Misperceive others' communication behaviors

-Cultures and co-cultures influence perceptions. -Stereotypes influence perceptions. -Primacy and recency effects influence perceptions. -Perceptual sets influence perceptions.

Components of Cultures

-Cultures vary in their symbols. -Cultures vary in their languages. -Cultures vary in their values. -Cultures vary in their norms. -Cultures have distinctive features (being an ASU student is its own culture, our vales and sayings and language)

Language has layers of meaning

-Denotative meaning concrete meaning of the message -Connotative meaning describes the meanings suggested by or associated with the message and the emotions triggered by it

proxemics

-In comparison to men, women are approached more closely, give more readily to others, stand and sit closer to one another, and tolerate more violations than men. -Men are more likely to violate women's personal space than they are another man. -intimate space is 0-18 inches -personal space is 1.5-5 feet -social space is 5-7 feet

Dispelling Communication myths

-Myth: Everyone is a communication expert. -Myth: Communication will solve any problem. -Myth: More communication is always better. -Myth: Communication can break down. -Myth: Communication is inherently good. -Myth: Communication is spelled with an "s".

Identities are created through interaction

-Study abroad -Women in 60s and 70s -Middle children, only child

Fixed and Dynamic

-What it means to be male changes over time -What it means to be left or right handed may change over time

attributions

-an explanation of behavior -the answer to a "why" question -we explain behavior through attributions

chronemics

-defined as the use of time as a message influenced by: -personal values -culture -power

oculesics

-eye contact -varies by culture same sex -women engage in more eye contact than men -male-female dyads are similar to female-female dyads -size of pupils makes us think people are better -people who blink fewer

nonverbal codes

-facial displays -eye behavior (oculesics) -movement (kinesics) -touch behavior (haptics) -vocal behaviors (paralanguage) -the use of smell (olfactics) -the use of space (proxemics) -physical apperance -use of time (chronemics) -artifacts

Stereotyping

-identify a group -recall a generalization of that group apply the generalization to one person

characteristics of identities

-identities exist at the individual societal levels -identity is both fixed and dynamic -individuals and societal identities are created through interaction -identities must be understood in terms of the historical, social, and cultural environments Identities are rooted in historical, social, and cultural environments identities are complex and multi-layered

identity and culture

-identity is linked directly to culture culture defined: -the totality of learned, shared, symbols, language, values, and norms that distinguish one group of people from another

paralanguage

-pitch -inflection -volume -rate -silence

functions of nonverbal communication

-present in most communication contexts -often conveys more information than verbal communication -usually believed over verbal communication -primary means of expressing emotion -varies by gender -displays power -in texts using periods means you are annoyes or angry -having bolded or bigger font mean its important -nonverbal tone "idc go to the party have fun (verbally)" but your tone is sarcastic and your face is angry (nonverbal)

I think you have a good start here, but I think we can make it even stronger. My instructor gave me several tips that might help you.

A friend asks you to review their paper before they turn it in. You notice the paper is poorly written, but you don't want to hurt your friend's feelings. You say:

Primacy effects

According to the _____, first impressions are crucial because they set the tone for future interactions.

how does communication differ?

Communication differs from other social science disciplines because it focuses exclusively on the exchange of messages to create meaning

complexity of communication

Communication is a complex activity influenced by a variety of factors, cultutral differences, cognitive abilities, and social norms - Help attain goals, establish relationships and develop ones identity

language

Defined: A rule-guided system of symbols that allows us to translate messages into meaning -Language is usually arbitrary. -Words mean whatever we choose them to mean. -language is bound by context and culture

communication definition

Human communication as a transactional process in which people generate meaning through the exchange of verbal and nonverbal messages in specific contexts, influenced by individual and societal forces and embedded in culture

false

Identity is fixed and never changes over time.

Interpretation

Interpretation -Assigning meaning to the information that has been selected and organized

lacks relational appropriateness

Kara is your new team leader at work. She is great at completing tasks, but she is rude, interrupts people and has unrealistic demands. Based on this information, Kara:

organization

Organization -Categorizing information that has been selected -To classify a stimulus, your mind applies a perceptual schema - which is a mental framework for organizing information into categories -We call these categories constructs

selection

Selection -Paying attention to a certain stimulus -Information we attend to influences the perceptions we form. -The stimuli we choose to selection is not always a conscious process

Perception is a process

Selection > organization > interpretation -it is a cycle, circular

avoiding attribution errors

Self Serving Bias -the tendency to attribute ones own success to stable internal causes and ones own failures to unstable external causes -we are nicer on ourselves Fundamental Attribution Error -the tendency to attribute others behaviors to internal rather than external causes -thinking someone cheated if they did good in an exam

Ethnocentrism

The belief that one's own culture is superior to all others is referred to as:

Denotative; Connotative

The dictionary definition of a word is its _______ meaning, whereas the implication of that word is its _____ meaning.

Sapir Whorf Hypothesis

The idea that language shapes our views of reality by influencing how various cultures see the world is reflected in:

meaning of a word

The term semantics refers to the study of meaning

false

Using idioms is an effective way of communicating across cultures.

Fundamental Attribution Error

When a classmate is late to class, we tend to attribute that behavior to their carelessness and their negative attitude toward school. Our attribution of their behavior best exemplifies:

Comprehension

Which of the following is not a part of the perception process? -organization, selection and interpretation are apart of the perception process

face

a persons desired public image

face threats

any behaviors that threaten one or more face needs

facial displays signal attractiveness

attractiveness is based on symmetry -consistent across cultures -give us identity

artifacts

communicate -power (corner office with windows and couches) -belongings -status

definition of communication

context + message = meaning context -is the situation message -verbal or nonverbal meaning -different meaning from each context

communication is symbolic

describing the fact that the symbols we use, the words we speak and the gestures we use, are arbitrary (without any inherent meaning)

polychronically

engaging in multiple activities simultaneously

monochronically

engaging in one task or behavior at a time

function touch

ex) touch on a patients cheek by a dentist

pragmatics

field of study that emphasizes how language is used in specific situations to accomplish goals

What is identity

identity includes -who you are social categories -identified by yourself -identified by others

face needs

important components of ones desired public image

fixed mindset

intelligence and talent are fixed at birth -avoid challenges -give up easily -feel threatened by other success -as a result they plateau early and achieve less than their full potential

growth mindset

intelligence and talent can go up or down (grow or decrease) -embrace challenges -learn from criticism -persevere -as a result they reach ever higher levels of achievement

communication competence

is the balance of: -task effectiveness -relational appropriateness skills: -self-awareness -adaptable -empathetic -ethical

haptics

patterns of touch vary with: -power - people have the power are more touchy -gender -culture

Perception

perceptual error comes from differences in perceptual filters

encoding

process of taking ideas and converting them into messages encode and exchange 2 types of messages -verbal and nonverbal

decoding

receiving a messages and interpreting its meaning

How we perceive ourselves

self concept defined: - also known as our identity -multi-faced -partly subjective awareness and management of self-concept -self-monitoring -self-fulfilling prophecy we perceive our self through our self-concept (self - concept = identity)

context refers to

setting, the occasion, who is present

proxiemics

study of how people use spatial cues, including interpersonal distance

phonology

study of sounds that compose language and how sounds communicate meaning

facework

the behaviors people use to establish and maintain their desired public image

false - communication is different from communicationS

the name of this course is communicationS 100

heuristic

use of language to acquire knowledge and understanding: RSVP