Com 305 FINAL Ch 18 - 28

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Semiotics

The study of verbal and nonverbal signs that can stand for something else, and how their interpretation impacts society

Purpose

The goal the agent had for the act

Cybernetics

The study of information processing, feedback and control in communication systems

Social Penetration

The process of developing deeper intimacy with another person through mutual self-disclosure and other forms of vulnerability

Taking the role of the other

The process of mentally imagining that you are someone else who is viewing you

Victimization

The process of naming an external enemy as the source of all personal or public ills; scapegoating.

Latitude of Acceptance

The rang of ideas that a person sees as reasonable or worthy of consideration

Breadth of penetration

The range of areas in an individual's life over which disclosure takes place

Latitude of noncommitment

The range of ideas that a person sees as neither acceptable nor objectionable

Latitude of rejection

The range of ideas that a person sees as unreasonable or objectionable

Communication

The relational process of creating and interpreting messages that elicit a response

Assumption 3: The media compete with other sources for need satisfaction

The relationship between media and audience is affected by the society

Epistemology

The study of knowledge What is it, how do we acquire it, how do we know what we know

Proxemics

The study of people's use of space as a special elaboration of culture

Epistemology

The study of the origin, nature, method, and limits of knowledge

Semiotics

The study of the social production of meaning from sign systems; the analysis of anything that can stand for something else

Axiology

The study of value: attempts to determine what is good (ex) action=good; object=aesthetically pleasing

What is the ratio for dramatistic pentad?

The relationship between two parts of the pentad; the emphasis/importance given to them by the speaker.

Ratio* (Additional Element o/ Dramatic Pentad)

The relative importance of any two elements of the "pentad" is determined by their relationship

Ethical echo

The reminder that we are responsible to take care of each other; I am my brother's keeper

Falsifiability

The requirement that a scientific theory be stated in such a way that it can be tested and disproved if it is indeed wrong

Boundary ownership

The rights and responsibilities that co-owners of private information have to control its spread

Responsive "I"

The self created by the way we respond to others

I

The subjective self; the spontaneous driving force that fosters all this novel, unpredictable, and unorganized in the self

Communicator reward valence

The sum of positive and negative attributes brought to the encounter plus the potential to reward of punish in the future

Style

The technique used to try and lower frustration

Mainstreaming

The tendency for heavy viewers to perceive a similar cultural dominant reality to that pictured on the media although this differs from actual reality.

Self-fulfilling prophecy

The tendency for our expectations to evoke responses that confirm what we originally anticipated.

Territoriality

The tendency to claim a physical location or object as our own.

Ice Age Analogy

a position stating that television doesn't have to have a single major impact, but influences viewers through steady limited effects

ice age analogy

a position stating that television doesn't have to have a single major impact, but influences viewers through steady limited effects

Digital age

a possible fifth era of specialized electronic tribes contentious over diverse beliefs and values

Narrative Fidelity

a principal of narrative rationality judging the credibility of a story

2. Effective public speakers utilize three proofs in their presentations

assumption of the rhetoric- - ethos - logos - pathos

theory does NOT speak to what we will do based on watching violent television

but ASSUMES that watching violent TV makes us feel afraid because it cultivates within us the image of a mean dangerous world

Isolate

belongs to a network but has no links (works for an organization but doesn't communicate with others from that organization)

Decision

benefit/cost analysis and decide if you should adopt or reject it

Selective Perception

biases or strongly held attitudes sometimes cause our intrapersonal communication to be incomplete or inaccurate

Hyper-commercialism o Advergames

brands have become the games themselves Available thru CD-Rom and the Internet Designed to provide an enjoyable experience while introducing players to product information

narrative coherence

internal consistency with characters acting in a reliable fashion; the story hangs together

Artistic proofs

internal proofs that contain logical, ethical, or emotional appeals

artistic proofs

internal proofs that contain logical, ethical, or emotional appeals

The Narrative Paradigm asserts that people believe stories insofar as the stories seem

internally consistent and truthful

IRB

international review board; institutes ethics

reasons for internet use

interpersonal utility, passing time, information seeking, entertainment, peer identity, good feelings, coolness

critique of theory: scope

scope too large, framing can be its own theory and definition too specific. research doesnt always show a relationship.

evaluation criteria

scope, logical consistency, heurism

evaluation criteria

scope, utility, heurism

Media Ecology

the study of how media and communication processes affect human perception, feeling, emotion, and value

media ecology

the study of how media and communication processes affect human perception, feeling, emotion, and value

Media Ecology

the study of media environments and how those environments may affect people and society Marshall McLuhan

Semiotics

the study of signs Roland Barthes

agent

the subject

purpose

the target

Mainstreaming

the tendency for heavy viewers to perceive a similar culturally dominant reality to that pictured on the media although this differs from actual reality

mainstreaming

the tendency for heavy viewers to perceive a similar culturally dominant reality to that pictured on the media although this differs from actual reality

mainstreaming

the tendency for heavy viewers to percieve a similar culturally dominant reality to that pictured on the media although thiss differs from actual reality

Devil-term

the term that sums up all that a speaker regards as bad, wrong, or evil

social exchange theory

the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs

Fidelity

the truthfulness or reliability of a story - the logic of good reasons - provide the internal reasons necessary for a person to judge the narrative as true and worth believing

Golden mean

the virtue of moderation; the virtuous person develops habits that avoid extremes

Correlation

the way that media direct our attention to certain issues through communicating them to the public and to policy makers

Correlation

the way that media direct our attention to certain issues through communicating them to the public and to policy makers.

correlation

the way that media direct our attention to certain issues through communicating them to the public and to policymakers

correlation

the way that media direct out attention to certain issues through communication them to the public and to policymakers

victimage

the way we attempt to purge the guilt we feel as part of being human

nonsummativity

the whole is greater than the sum of its parts (synergy) Example: animals working together to save themselves from predator

God-term

the word a speaker uses to which all other positive words are subservient

Interpretivism

theory building; go out into the world and experience; inductive research Goal: understand source of research

elaboration likelihood model

theory identifying two ways to persuade: a central route and a peripheral route

elaboration likelihood model

theory identifying two ways to persuade: a central route and a peripheral route Petty and Cacioppo

Positivism

theory testing; do so systematically with deductive research Goal: understand the relationship between variables; prediction control generalizes statements

Expectancy violation theory

theory that you interpret the messages of others based on how you expect others to behave Judee Burgoon

equifinality

there are many ways to achieve one goal, within a group you won't see the same idea

Equifinality

there are many ways to achieve one goal.

Relational Dialetcics

A dynamic knot of contradictions in personal relationships; an

Act

One prong of the pentad, that which is done by a person.

External dialectics

Ongoing tensions between a couple and their community

Internal Dialectics

Ongoing tensions played out within a relationship

Consonance

belief that all media are similar in attitudes, beliefs, and values

Consonance

belief that all media are similar in attitudes, beliefs, and values.

Which country is famous for the slogan "for every village a different culture"

Papua New Guinea

The deliberative rhetoric is also known as

political rhetoric

Reproduction

we can fairly accurately demonstrate new behavior/info (mimicking)

agenda

Plan of action; purpose

Boundary permeability

The extent to which a boundary permits private information to flow to third parties

Privacy

The feeling that one has the right to own private information

dependency overaccommodation

a behavior that occurs when speakers place listeners in a lower-status role

Transmissional Perspective

a position depicting the media as senders of messages across space

transmissional perspective

a position depicting the media as senders of messages across space

Narrative paradigm

a theoretical frramework that views narrative as the basis of all human communication

Relational Dialectics

A dynamic knot of contradictions in personal relationships; an unceasing interplay between contrary or opposing tendencies

Metaphor

A figure of speech that helps to make the unclear more understandable

Aesthetic Moment

A fleeting sense of unity through a profound respect for disparate voices in dialogue

Tribal Age

an acoustic era; a time of community because the ear is the dominant sense organ

Tribal age

an acoustic era; a time of community because the ear is the dominant sense organ

Predicted outcome value

A forecast of future benefits and costs of interaction based on limited experience with the other

Linked to Culture

beliefs, values, and customs all affect, communication, and communication affects them

Arousal, relational

A heightened state of awareness, orienting response, or mental alertness that stimulates a review of the relationship.

Mortification

confession of guilt and request for forgiveness

Face of the "Other"

A human signpost that points to our ethical obligation to care for the other before we care for self

approbation facework

focusing less on the negative aspects and more on the positive aspects of another

study design

- identify media agenda (headlines & columns, cover story; first 3 stories & stories with more than 45 sec coverage time; time and space) - identify public agenda (survey then compare the two)

Five cannons of rhetoric

- invention - arragngement - style - delivery - memory

in-groups

groups in which a person feels he or she belongs

out-groups

groups in which a person feels he or she does not belong

biosphere

growth by coral reef

Burke stated, Redemption

has the inherent notion of a redeemer

Narrow Ridge

A metaphor of I-Thou living in the dialogic tension between ethical relativism and rigid absolutism

Civic Spaces

A metaphor suggesting that speakers have "locations" where the opportunity to persuade others exists

Privacy Boundaries

A metaphor to show how people think of the borders between private and public information

First Order Effects

A method for cultivation to occur; refers to learning facts from the media

Second Order Effects

A method for cultivation to occur; refers to learning values and assumptions from the media

Burke calls the type of victimage that we turn in on ourselves

Mortification

Body

Part of an organizational strategy in a speech that included arguments, examples, and important details to make a point

Transmission Model

Picturing communication as a transfer of meaning by a source sending a message through a channel to a receiver

Participant Observation

A method of adopting the stance of an ignorant yet interested visitor who carefully notes what people say and do in order to discover how they interpret their world.

assumption 1 (reality)

media establishes an agenda -this shapes and filters reality for public

tetrad

organizing concept that allows people to understand the past, present, and current effects of media

Ethnography

A method of participant observation designed to help a researcher experience a culture's complex web of meaning.

mainstreaming effects

- heavy viewers assume they're middle class, believe they're political moderates but in fact, they tend to be more conservative and represented across classes - light viewers portray themselves accurately

Beat-The-Company Culture

- high stakes gambles that take years to pay off - low level and constant stress Ex. oil, manufacturers

focus of cultivation theory

- how and why TV influences us - TV is a key storyteller in our culture - TV viewing creates a belief in a mean & scary world - violence is TV's main message

victims

- underrepresented on TV and over-victimized - same marginalized people exhibit the most fear of violence as a result of TV programming ex. older people, children, hispanics, African Americans, women, blue-collar workers

mean world index

1. most people are just looking out for themselves 2. you can't be too careful in dealing with people 3. most people would take advantage of you if they got the chance

1972 o Odyssey

1972- Magnavox markets the first home videogame system, Odyssey, which sold for $100

Developments o LED

1977 - Mattel Toys brings electronic games to handheld devices Used LED (light-emitting diode) and LCD (liquid crystal display) screens

Relational Dialectics

The dynamic and unceasing struggle between discourse about unpleasing relationships Leslie Baxter and Barbara Montgomery

Pathos

The emotion drawn from the listener in the course of a speech

life history

schedule of how resources are allocated to growth, survival, an reproduction over time.

Agency (4/5 Elements o/ Dramatic Pentad)

"How". How do the agents act? By what means do they act? Stimulus.

A canon of rhetoric that includes the use of language to express ideas in a certain manner is called

style

Blending

"Reality" is blended into a cultural mainstream

Act (2/5 Elements o/ Dramatic Pentad)

"What". What happened? What's the action? Situation.

Scene (3/5 Elements o/ Dramatic Pentad)

"When" and "where". Where is the act happening? When is the act happening? Subject.

Agent (1/5 Elements o/ Dramatic Pentad)

"Who". Who is involved? Response.

Purpose (5/5 Elements o/ Dramatic Pentad)

"Why?" Why do the agents act? What do they want? Target.

step 4) comparing the social realities of light and heavy viewers

"cultivation differential" exists between light and heavy viewers

Gerbner

"mean world syndrome" -author of cultivation theory -TV acts as a high priest w/respect to culture -people grow values and beliefs by watching TV (usually younger people) -cultivation theory: media has a role model influence, little interaction as role model compared to parents as role models

Blending (TV)

"reality" is blended into a cultural mainstream

blending

"reality" is blended into a cultural mainstream ex. we agree on what's real

Blending

"reality" is blended into a cultural mainstream EX: we agree on what's real

integration-separation

- "Me - We tug of war" - No relationship can exist unless the parties sacrifice some individual autonomy

Lyengar lab study

- 4 days in a row watching the news - edited the news - pollution, national defense, economic inflation - asked: what is the most important issue → each group said the topic they watched for the 4 days

Describe Face-Negotiation Theory in general

- A face describes identity - Face = metaphor for public image - Face is created in interaction - Face-threatening - Face-saving - Face-restoring

Pattern - handling conflicts (5 stk)

- Avoiding - Obliging (try to satisfy others need) - Compromising - Dominating - Integrating

Assumptions of Cultural Studies

- Culture pervades and invades all facets of human behavior - People are part of a hierarchical structure of power, resulting in alienation of the majority of lower classes.

Assumption 1: The audience is active and its media use is goal oriented

- Diversion: escaping from routines and problems (fx when you go to the movies after a long day og work, then you would rather see a funny movie, than a historical educating movie) - Personal relationships: substituting media for companionship (drivers prefer to talk in the cellphone during longer trips, because it passes time and keeps them in contact with friends and family) - Personal identity: a way to reinforce individual values (truck drivers may listen to radio-talk during a night of work, rather than driving in silence) - surveillance: collecting needed information (some people like to watch home improvement shows, so they'll learn how to do it themselves around the house)

Aristotle

- Generally thought to be THE person who drew significant attention to public speaking

Narrative paradigm vs rational

- Humans are storytellers - Decision making and communication are based on 'good reasons' - Good reasons are determined by matters of history, biography, culture, and character - Rationality is based on the internal consistency and truthfulness of stories - The world is experienced by ppl as a set of stories from which to choose from - Little kids think abt the world and communicate this way

Rhetoric says

- Important aspect of this book was the definition of "rhetoric" as "the available means of persuasion" - When persuading others, speakers should consider all aspects of speech making, including the audience

Critique

- Logical consistency - suffers from lack of theoretical coherence. Relies too much on the functional use of media and is not up-to-date as media has changed and everyone can in some way give their inputs as journalists - Utility - Does not notice the unconscious decisions made by individuals. Some of the key concepts are shaky. - Heurism - highly heuristic. A lot of studies have been made after this about home computer use, the remote control, youtube and the internet.

Approbation

- Minimizing blame - When an individual focuses less on the negative aspect and more on the positive aspects of another person

• Aristotle and Sophists

- Sophists: public speaking teachers - They helped ppl gain an understanding of the principles of persuasion - As a result they created the first public speaking handbooks - So citizens could become more effective public speakers - Aristotle criticized the sophists handbook bc: - He argued that there was too much focus on the judicial system, it didn't consider all the other contexts

Stability - Change

- Takes on Certainty - Uncertainty - With Others - Conventionality - Uniqueness

Key terms

- The active audience (audience engaging in media on voluntary basis, because of goals and needs) - Utility (using media to accomplish specific tasks) - Intentionality (a cognitive behavior that occurs when people's prior motives determine use of media) - Selectivity (audience members' use of media reflects their existing interests) - Imperviousness to influence (audience members constructing their own meaning from media content) - Activity (what the media consumer does e.g. she chose to go online instead of reading the news paper) - Activeness (how much freedom the audience really has in the face of mass media)

Rational vs Narrative

- The scientific revolution further separated logic from emotional - Humans are rational beings - Decision making is based on arguments - Arguments adhere to specific criterias for soundness and logic - Rationality is based in the quality of knowledge and formal reasoning - The world can be reduced to a series of logical relationships that are uncovered through reasoning

Plato and Aristotle

- They had conflicting views on society and the world - Plato: - Interested in absolute truths rather than the practical value of truth - Felt that as long as people could agree on important matters, society would be fine - Aristotle: - More interested ina logical, realistic and rational view of society ( the here and now) - Bc of his personal views on society, he taught diverse groups of people and became well known for his commitment to helping ordinary people

Why a paradigm?

- Understanding that we are storytellers and that we experience life in a narrative form effects our understanding of all human communication - Approaching all human communication from this perspective causes a paradigm shift in the way we think abt the world and its meanings

Assumptions of NP

- humans are naturally storytellers - narrative is universal - decision making and communication are based on good reasons - rationality is based on the internal consistency and truthfulness of stories - not all stories are equally effective

Dual Control Model

sub-discipline - communication and conflict

Avoiding Style

- Worst Style - Lowest on the chart

summary

- accommodate those we identify with/admire/respect or have power over us - accommodation → mainly positive responses - nonaccommodate those we dis-identify with, or when language is a core dimension of our social identity in an intergroup setting - nonaccommodation → mainly negative responses

Process Culture

- can't measure work but look at how it is done - stable and consistent Ex. banking, insurance

research example

- does TV cultivate unrealistic expectations about marriage - surveyed unmarried students - viewing romantic genre programming was positively associated with idealistic expectations about marriage - shows that type of programming, not just overall TV viewing matters

focus of the theory

- election campaigns (throughout the 1970s) - original hypothesis: cause-effect relationships between media content and voter perception - media tells us what information is important

critiques

- fails to acknowledge ego involvement, avoids the issue of selectivity, failure to test fear of isolation assumption, may be too reliant on West Germany media (logical consistency) - has attracted scholars, employed in studies on many topics (heurism)

Work hard, play hard

- fun and action - lots of activity and high levels of certainty - stress comes from how much you work, not the work itself Ex. sales

critiques

- heavy on description and light on prediction - one criticism is that the theory is a descriptive typology of media - uses & gratifications theory is not overly complex, but relies on the ability of people to accurately report reasons for their media use and assumes users are active participants in the media choices they make

Reducing Cognitive Dissonance

- lowering the importance - changing from dissonate to Consonate (Most effective) -Adding consonate elements - changing mental state (last resort)

agenda-melding function

- media affects our group affiliations - people who join groups adopt their agendas - how is the agenda agenda affected by fake news (false headlines, stories without facts, etc.)

straight-line effects of media

- media content alone predicts behavior - little consideration of the differences in people who consume that content

Key Concepts

- narration: an account that listeners assign meaning to that can be verbal and nonverbal

results of violence index

- portrayals of violence vary little from year to year - over 50% of prime time shows contain violence or threat of violence - about 2/3 of major characters are caught up in violence; heroes just as violent as villains

Tough-guy macho culture

- quickly takes gambles - high rewards or huge losses - constant feedback - temperamental in their demands - superstars not team players Ex. advertising and entertainment

critiques

- research on agenda setting doesn't always show a relationship (utility) - definition of framing is too specific (scope)

critiques

- research shows only a small relationship between heavy viewing and the belief in a mean, cruel, and scary world - correlation between heavy viewing and giving the "television answer" is only 0.091 - and yet, given the importance of the issue, maybe that's enough

Puffery

- small lies or exaggerations that make the ad more entertaining

assumptions

- society threatens deviant individuals with isolation; fear of isolation is pervasive - this fear of isolation causes individuals to try to assess the climate of opinion at all times - public behavior is affected by public opinion assessment

assumptions

- speech and behavioral similarities and dissimilarities exist in all conversations - the manner in which we perceive the speech and behaviors of another will determine how we evaluate a conversation - language and behaviors impart information about social status and group belonging - accommodation varies in its degree of appropriateness, and norms guide the accommodation process

study example

- studied 1035 Caring Bridge authors who set up personal webpages while facing serious illnesses - four primary benefits were found to be important to all authors of site: 1. providing information, 2. receiving encouragement from messages, 3. convenience, 4. psychological support - online care pages add to the theory; it's not just about having fun, these pages provide new media gratifications for authors of the pages

findings of train test

- supporters of a dominant opinion are more willing to speak out - people refrain from speaking their opinion when they perceive it will attract laughter or mockery - various ways of speaking out exist - men from large cities aged 45-59 are more willing to speak out - people will voice an opinion if it agrees with societal views - people share their opinions with those who agree with them - people draw the strength of their convictions from a variety of sources - people engage in a last-minute swing (bandwagon)

assumptions

- television is essentially and fundamentally different from other forms of mass media - television shapes our society's way of thinking and relating - the influence of television is limited

research example

- tested agenda setting in the 1996 Spanish general election - compared media stories about candidates to public attitudes about candidates - high correlations found (0.72) between media coverage and public attitudes - causality is inferred because individuals were polled after the media presentations

assumptions

- the audience is active and its media use is goal oriented - the initiative in linking need gratification to a specific medium choice rests with the audience member - the media compete with other sources for need satisfaction - people have enough self-awareness of their media use, interests, and motives to be able to provide researchers with an accurate picture of that use - value judgements of media content can only be assessed by the audience

assumptions

- the media establish an agenda and in so doing are not simply reflecting reality, but are shaping and filtering reality for the public - the media's concentration on the issues that comprise their agenda influence the public's agenda, and these together influence the policymakers' agenda - the public and policymakers have the possibility to influence the media's agenda as well

cognitive dissonance

sub-discipline- social influence

According to the Narrative Paradigm, what grounds humans' beliefs and behaviors?

-Aesthetic Consideration - values -emotions

Stuart Hall approach to Decoding Media Messages

-Dominant or Preferred (hegemonic) -Negotiated (dominant but with cultural exceptions). -Oppositional (counterhegemonic)

Assumptions

-Effective public speakers must consider their audience -Effective public speakers employ a number of proofs in their presentation

Mean world syndrome

-Gerbner -TV acts as a high priest with respect to culture -people grow values and beliefs by watching TV -violence related content of mass media makes viewers believe that the world is more dangerous than it actually is

cultivation theory

-Gerbner -media has a role model compared to parents as role models

Assumptions of the Narrative Paradigm

-Humans are naturally storytellers -Decisions about a story's worth are based on "good reasons" -Good reasons are based on people's judgments of a story's consistency and truthfulness -We experience the world as filled with stories, and we must choose among them

Narrative Paradigm

-Humans are storytellers and that values, emotions, and aesthetic considerations ground our beliefs and behaviors. -good story > good argument -explain and shape our world

Discuss the purpose and procedure of the Surgeon General's Committee on TV violence. What are the findings? Limitations?

-Relationship with media and aggression -1968 ----high profile assassination ----increased urban violence ----Vietnam war -congress thought TV was the cause ----increase of violent programming -committee of 11 experts to review research and come up with report to prove/disprove the link of TV and violence 3 background hypothesis' 1. catharsis 2. imitation 3. disinhibition -very little support for catharsis; did not reduce aggression -more support for stimulation (imitation and disinhibition) -criticism dismissed some studies -aggression of 19 yo was b/c TV watched in 3rd grade FINDINGS some evidence media violence creates aggressive/violent tendencies in some people -networks: reduced violent content; created family viewing hour = wholesome content, family oriented -mobilized PTA/PTO/AMA INTERPRETATION FOR CAUSAL LINKAGE 1. aggressive personalities consume more violent content 2. violent media content causes aggressive behavior 3. a 3rd, n 4th, n nth variable causes aggressive behavior (diet, IQ, living situation, etc. plays a bigger role) LATER STUDIES -violent TV and video games tend to increase aggression in children but nonviolent video use in linked to an increase aggression -when a kid isolates themselves, they don't learn social skills b/c of more time w/the screen -movies w/violent content, 1950-today has increased violent actions, more than double violent acts in films than 20 years ago GOERBNER "Mean World Syndrome" -author of cultivation theory -TV acts as a high priest w/respect to culture -people grow values and beliefs by watching TV (mainly younger people) -cultivation theory ---- media has a role model influence; little interaction as role model compared to parents as role models

Neo-Marxist

-The media are first and foremost industrial and commercial organizations that produce and distribute commodities. -An understanding of pressures towards the commodification of media and its consequences for the way in which power is distributed through the material conditions of the capitalist system.

Critique of Cultural Studies

-To what extent can audiences be active and counter-hegemonic -Useful in articulating the struggles of the underprivileged -Multi-disciplinary and widely applied

Apple II - Jobs and Wozniak

1977 - Steve Jobs and Stephen Wozniak perfected Apple II Low cost, easy to use, designed for personal instead of business use Had multimedia capabilities (sound and image applications)

Critique

-Too broad of a claim that all forms of communication are narrative storytelling based on values -Not as democratic as the theory claims when opposing a rational paradigm -Rationality and Fidelity too similar -Through time the narrative paradigm has proved useful because of its storytelling approach to human communication

three types of survivorship curves with examples

-Type 1 (k-select) -Type 2 -Type 3 (r-select)

Narrative Rationality

-a standard for judging which stories to believe and which to disregard * Is a narrative coherent and consistent?

literary era

-a visual era -a time of private detachment because messages can be written which allowed for more privacy -the eye is the dominant sense organ

Narration

-an account to which listeners assign meaning. *Narrative Rationality *Narrative Fidelity

tribal age

-an acoustic era -oral tradition was embraced -the hear was the dominant sense organ

3 levels of culture

-artifacts -values -assumptions

Cultivation Theory

-assumptions -TV has become central to American lives and culture -TV influences audience perceptions of social reality and shapes culture- repetitively showing American life in a particular light teaches us to see it as normal -TV's effect is limited it is not the greatest, but consistent and therefore significant -based on what's on TV, how would you see the world?

spiral of silence

-attempt to explain how public opinion is formed. -explains how people tend to remain silent when they feel that their views are in the minority. -the closer a person believes their opinion is to the public opinion the more likely they will voice it in public. if public opinion changes, their willingness to voice opinion may change. the greater the distance between person's opinion and public opinion, the less likely they will voice it out

quantitative/qualitative research

-audiences construct own view of social reality through interaction with symbolic constructs -also signals methodological shift -used to be quantitative, shifted to qualitative methods

three different patterns of population distribution

-clumped -uniform -random

coefficient of satisfaction

-coefficient of satisfaction (want:get) -media aspects led to rising expectations, you become aware of world around and want it -revolution of rising frustrations, wants are not matching gets

3 types of stories

-corporate -personal -collegial

Encoding/Decoding theory

-cultural studies -ideology -dominant -articulation -decoding -active audiences

what was the causal argument

-definition: assertion of cause and effect, including the direction of the causality TV cultivate- causes- conceptions of social reality in people's minds

Encounter

-enters workplace and learns the normal work, goes through uncertainty reduction, relies on coworkers and bosses, usually stresses over the difference between their expectations and the reality.

electronic age

-era of instant communication -dominant sense: seeing, hearing, touching -this brought people back to tribalization and the art of oral communication -allowed people across the world to be connected -explains global village

theory first crafted? study conducted by McCombs and Shaw

-examined the public's media agenda during election (1968) -focused on politics initially

tough guy macho culture

-high risk/ rapid feedback and reward. -quickly takes gambles in exchange for high rewards or huge losses. Gives constant feedback and temperamental in their demands. Wants to be the superstar, not a team player -Example (advertisement, entertainment)

hot media

-high-definition communication -demands little involvement from a viewer, listener, or reader ex: movies, books, lectures, radio

Social cognitive theory of mass communication

-how the media influences what we see as normal -that we self-reflect on our behavior in relation to the TV vision -most behavior is learned through modeling of others

print age

-invention of the print press -visual era continued -print press allowed mass production of writing for all to see -produced a fragmented population because people could remain in isolation reading their mass produced media

cool media

-low-definition communication -demands active involvement from a viewer, listener, or reader ex: seminars, facebook, cartoons, television

assumptions

-media infuse every act and action in society -media fix our perceptions and organize our experiences -media tie the world together

Briefly explain social construct theory

-negotiated media influence -media constructs meanings and offers these constructs in a systematic way to audiences where they are incorporated (or not) info personal meaning structures. this mediating process is strongly influenced by social context of the receiver -have an idea of what tokyo look like, never been SIMILARITIES to powerful effects theory -includes noelle-newman's theory and gerbner's cultivation theory 2 main thrusts 1. media construct social formations in history by framing images of reality (in fiction and news) in a predictable and patterned way 2. audiences contrust own view of social reality through interaction w/symbolic constructs -also signals methodological shift ----used to be quantitative (behavioral) ----shift to qualitative methods (cultural)

network properties

-network mode -content -density -level of analysis

network roles

-nodes- network members -isolate- belongs to a network but has no links -gatekeeper- controls the flow of information -bridge- members of more than one group -liaison- connects two or more groups -star- node that is a central to the network

Who is Marshall McLuhan? Explain his main theory

-nontraditional ideas to mass media research/theory building -technological determinism -communication probes -"understanding media" "Gutenburg Galaxy" "medium is the message" -single-causality perspective ----one factor that explains everything else; factor=communication technology new communication technologies-->new communication patterns-->new perspectives-->new beliefs *human society has been/is being/will continue to be shaped by the means of communication not necessarily the content "medium is the message" ADD MORE

artifacts

-observable evidence of a culture. -Architecture, dress, documents, patterns of behavior, rituals, acronyms, forms of address, approaches to decision making management style. -Example: Aggie ring, corp boots, academic building, Kyle Field

values

-preferences about how situation should be handled/shared beliefs about how things ought to happen. -Intangible, innovation, creativity. -Example: football, research

Lerner

-revolution of rising expectations (social/cultural theories of mass communication) -coefficient of satisfaction (want:get) -media aspects led to rising expectations, you become aware of world around and want it -revolution of rising frustrations, wants are not matching gets -chart

Types of control

-simple -technological -bureaucratic -unobtrusive -concertive

Bandura

-social learning theory (social/cultural theories of mass communication) -children's behavior modeled after observing symbolic role models (media)

communication tradition

-socio-cultural -critical

possible present 5th age: digital age

-specialized electronic tribes -contentious over diverse beliefs and values

4 approaches to decision making

-strategy -consent -involvement -participation

properties of network links

-strength (frequency, intimacy, or intensity) -direction (reciprocal) -symmetry (share the same kind of bond?) -frequency(how often) -stability (how long) -mediation (common link) -multiplexity (extent to which two network members are linked)

Family Viewing Hour

-surgeon general -findings of surgeon general: some evidence media violence creates aggressive/violent tendencies in some people ---networks reduced violent content, created family viewing hour = wholesome content, family oriented

expansions of MET

-technology affects communication through new technology -the impact of new technology affects society -the changes in society cause further changes in technology

critique

-testability (concepts are difficult to understand, so difficult to text) -very heuristic

central elements to culture

-values (organization's core -belief) -heroes (people who best represent this value) -rites and rituals (public performance that demonstrate these values) -cultural network (informal communication within the organization)

assumptions

-viewpoints organizational members hold about the world. -perceptions, thoughts, feelings, and beliefs, been subconsciously reinforced over time, nature of reality, time, space, human nature, human relationships, philosophical.

how individuals become integrated into the culture of an organization

-vocational anticipatory socialization. -Anticipatory socialization. -Encounter -Metamorphosis

4 laws to understand the role of technology in our culture posed as questions

-what do media enhance? -what do media make obsolete? -what do media retrieve? -what do media reverse??

4 organizational cultures

-work hard play hard -tough guy macho culture -process culture -bet-the-company culture

The objectives of a speech's introduction in the correct sequence

1 Gaining the audience's attention 2 suggesting a connection with the audience 3 Providing an overview of the speech's purpose

Overcoming Noise

1) eliminate noise source 2) compensate/Enhance Message 3) use multiple channels and multiple message forms

Mass Communication Theories

1) gatekeeping 2) agenda setting 3) framing

Assumptions of Dramatism

1) humans are animals who use symbols 2) Language and symbols form a critically important system for humans 3) humans are choice makers

Functions(Purposes) of Communication

1) people communicate for control 2) People communicate for affiliation 3)people communicate for goal achievement

Types of Schemas

1) people schemas 2) role schemas 3) event schemas

5 Types of Noise

1) physical 2) physiological 3) psychological 4)perceptual 5)semantic

6 Characteristics of Communication

1) symbolic behavior 2) shared code 3) linked to culture 4) intentionality 5) requires a medium 6) a transactional process

what is the 4 step process to theory

1)message system analysis 2)formulation of ?'s about viewers realities 3) surveying the audience 4) comparing social realities of light and heavy viewers

First Series of 5 questions that listeners ask about the narrative fidelity

1. Are the statements that claim to be factual in the narrative really factual? 2. Have any relevant facts been omitted from the narrative or distorted in its telling? 3. What are the patterns of reasoning that exist in the narrative? 4. How relevant are the arguments in the story to any decision the listener may make? 5. How well does the narrative address the important and significant issues of this case?

Three Levels of Culture

1. Artifacts 2. Values 3. Assumptions

Steps of Social Cognitive Theory of Mass Communication

1. Attention Process 2. Retentive Process 3. Reproduction 4. Motivation

The Three Bs of Television

1. Blurring - Traditional distinctions are blurred (ex. Educational people see the world similarly to those who have less education) 2. Blending - "Reality" is blended into a cultural mainstream (ex. We agree on what's real) 3. Bending - The mainstream reality benefits the elite (ex. We all want to buy more products)

3 Types of Stories

1. Corporate 2. Personal 3. Collegial

Assumptions of the Narrative Paradigm

1. Human are naturally storytellers 2. Decisions about a story's worth are based on "good reasons" 3. Good reasons are determined by history, biography, culture and character 4. Rationality is based on people's judgements of a story's consistency and truthfulness 5. We experience the world as filled with stories, and we must choose among them.

Types of Nodes

1. Isolate 2. Gatekeeper 3. Bridge 4. Liasion 5. Star

Assumptions of Dramatism

1. Life is not like a drama, life is drama ("Waiting on the World to Change") 2. Language is a strategic response to a specific situation (NWA) 3. The task of the critic is to assess the motives of the speaker and the writer 4. The dramatic pentad is a tool critics use to discern the motives of speaker/writer by labeling five key elements in the human drama 5. God-Term vs. Devil-Term 6. Language is the genisus of guilt

What are the assumptions of Agenda-Setting Theory?

1. Media establish agenda & shaping/filtering reality to the public 2. Media's concentration on issues influence policymakers agendas. 3. Public and policymakers have possibility to influence medias agendas as well.

The Mean World Index

1. Most people are just looking out for themselves. 2. You can't be too careful in dealing with people 3. Most people would take advantage of you if they got the chance.

Coordinated Management of Meaning (CMM) Theory

1. Our communication creates our social worlds 2. The stories we tell differ from the stories we live 3. We get what we make 4. Get the pattern right, create better outcomes

Types of Control in Organizations

1. Simple 2. Technological 3. Bureaucratic 4. Unobtrusive 5. Concertive

What are the 3 assumptions of SST?

1. Society threatens deviant individuals with isolation; fear of isolation is pervasive. 2. This fear of isolation causes individuals to try to assess the climate of opinion at all times. 3. Public behavior is affected by public opinion assessment.

4 Approaches to Decision Making

1. Strategy 2. Consent 3. Involvement 4. Participation

Assumptions of Cultivation Theory

1. Television is essentially and fundamentally different from other forms of mass media 2. Television shapes our society's way of thinking and relating 3. The influence of television is limited

Four central elements to a culture

1. Values 2. Heroes 3. Rites and Rituals 4. Cultural Network

Levels of Organizational Assimilation

1. Vocational anticipatory socialization 2. Anticipatory socialization 3. Encounter 4. Metamorphosis

Second set of 5 Questions that listeners ask about the narrative fidelity

1. What are the implicit and explicit values contained in the narrative? 2. Are the values appropriate to the decision that is relevant to the narrative? 3. What would be the effects of adhering to the values embedded in the narrative? 4. Are the values confirmed or validated in lived experience? 5. Are the values of the narrative the basis for ideal human conduct?

The Four Types of Organizational Cultures

1. Work hard, play hard 2. Tough-guy macho culture 3. Process culture 4. Bet-the-company culture

guilt

tension, embarrassment, shame, disgust, or other unpleasant feeling

Stages of Adoption of an Innovation

1. knowledge 2. persuasion 3. decision 4. implementation 5. confirmation 6. adoption

6 stages of adoption of an innovation

1. knowledge 2. persuasion 3. decision stage 4. implementation stage (reinvention) 5. confirmation (replacement and disenchantment) 6. adoption

two levels of agenda setting

1. making an issue salient for us 2. linking of other attributes with the original story

four-step process

1. message system analysis: consists of detailed content analyses of television programming in order to demonstrate its most recurring and consistent presentations of images, themes, values, and portrayals 2. formulation of questions about viewers' social realities: involves developing questions about people's understandings of their everyday lives 3. surveying the audience: requires that the questions from step two be posed to audience members and that researchers ask these viewers about their levels of television consumption 4. comparing the social realities of light and heavy viewers: cultivation differential

Mean World Index

1. most people are just looking out for themselves 2. you can't be too careful in dealing with people 3. most people would take advantage of you if they got the chance

Mean World Index 3 statements (heavy viewers are more suspicious of others, light viewers have lower mean index)

1. most people are just looking out for themselves 2. you cant be too careful in dealing with people 3. most people would take advantage of you if they got close

8 motivations of typology

1. passing time, 2. companionship, 3. escape, 4. enjoyment, 5. social interaction, 6. relaxation, 7. information, 8. excitement (Rubin claims typology captures most explanations that people give for media consumption)

Three premises of spiral of silence

1. people have a 6th sense that allows to know the prevailing public opinion, even without access to polls 2. people have a fear of isolation and know what behaviors will increase their likelihood of being socially isolated. 3. people are reticent to express their minority views primarily out of fear of being isolated

Properties of network links

1. strength 2. direction 3. symmetry 4. frequency 5. stability 6. mediation 7. multiplexity

Identify and discuss the main social theories with respect to media influence on society

1. technological determinism 2. cultivation theory -Gernber -media and children (did not generalize to adults) -TV had become the high priest of American culture; cultivates values and morals -"mean world syndrome" ex. 2 communities side by side. the household that watches more TV sees the world as a much more dangerous place 3. social learning theory -Bandura -children's behavior modeled after observing symbolic role models (media) 4. mirror metaphor theory -media reflects Americans values as a society -violence in media? only b/c violence in society 5. revolution of rising expectations -ADD MORE

heavy viewers perception

1/10 will be a victim of violence; 4 or more hours of tv viewing

light viewers perception

1/100 will be a victim of violence; up to 2 hours of tv viewing per day

First computer

1880s - Charles Babbage becomes "originator of the computer" Designed to conduct algebraic computations using stored memory and punch cards for input and output

Who is playing o Demographics of gamers

190 million regular American video-game players Average player is 31 years old; 45% of American gamers are over 36 Female players 50 and older increased 32% from 2012 - 2013 [42%(?) are female] 42% of gamers' parents play with their children weekly

1972 o Pong

1972 - Bushnell incorporates Atari Pong sets off the game revolution

Developments o LAN

1993 - Doom - could be played by several players at once over LANs (local area networks) First of the first-person perspective shooting games

Explain "hot" and "cool" media

2 guiding principles of technological determinism: 1. because of only a limited number of senses we are constantly striving to keep senses in balance 2. media are extensions of our senses 1. by being hot: one that extends in to a high-def realm; you do not have to fill in information 2. by being cool: low-def, have to fill in information

What is elaboration

The extend to which a person carefully thinks about issue-relavent arguments contained in persuasive communication

How many square miles of the Pacific Ocean does Oceania cover roughly?

3.3 million

How many square miles does New Guinea cover?

300,000

heavy viewer

4 or more hours ("the television type")

How many different languages are spoken in Papua New Guinea alone?

860

Syllogism

: a set of propositions that are related to one another and draw a conclusion from the major and minor premise - Major premise: combines with a minor premise to lead the listener to a logical conclusion that is explicitly explained by a speaker (deductive reasoning) one of the most wrestled concepts in ari's book

Resonance

A behavior that occurs when a viewer's lived reality coincides with the reality pictured in the media

Intergroup overaccommodation

A behavior that occurs when speakers place listeners in cultural groups without acknowledging individual uniqueness.

Dependency overaccommodation

A behavior that occurs when speakers place listeners in lower status role

Style

A canon of rhetoric that included the use of language to express ideas in a speech

Arrangement

A canon of rhetoric that pertains to a speaker's ability to organize a speech

Invention

A canon of rhetoric that pertains to the construction or development of an argument related to a particular speech

Memory

A canon of rhetoric that refers to a speaker's effort in storing information for a speech

Delivery

A canon of rhetoric that refers to the nonverbal presentation of a speaker's ideas

Plan Complexity

A characteristic of a message plan based on the level of detail it provides and the number of contingencies it covers.

Stability-Change

A class of relational dialectics that includes certainty-uncertainty, conventionality-uniqueness, predictability-surprise, and routine-novelty

Integration-separation

A class of relational dialectics that includes connection- autonomy, inclusion- seclusion, and intimacy- independence

Expression-Nonexpression

A class of relational dialectics that includes openness-closedness, revelation-concealment, candor-secrecy, and transparency-privacy

Reluctant Confidant

A co-owner of private information who did not seek it nor want it

Segmentation

A compartmentalizing tactic by which partners isolate different aspects of their relationship

Shareholder

A confidant fully committed to handling private information according to the original owner's privacy rules

Bifurcation Point

A critical point in a conversation where what one says next will affect the unfolding patter of interaction and potentially take it in a different direction

Assumption 4: People have enough self awareness of their media use, interests and motives to be able to provide researches with an accurate picture of that use.

A methodological issue with researchers ability to collect reliable and accurate information from media consumers.

Law of reciprocity

A paced and orderly process in which openness in one person leads to openness in the other; "You tell me your dream; I'll tell you mine."

Assimilation

A perceptual error whereby people judge messages that fall within their latitude of acceptance as less discrepant from their ancho than they really are.

Contrast

A perceptual error whereby people judge messages that fall within their latitude of rejection as farther from their anchor than they really are.

what is Aristotle's view on forensic rhetoric?

A person's character is critical in forensic rhetoric

Interaction position

A person's initial stance toward an interaction as determined by a blend of persona requirements, expectations, and desires (RED)

Ritual Perspective

A position depicting the media as representers of shared beliefs

Transmissional Perspective

A position depicting the media as senders of messages across space

Ice Age Analogy

A position stating that television doesn't have to have a single major impact, but influences viewers through steady limited effects

Fidelity

A principle of narrative rationality judging the credibility of a story

Coherence

A principle of narrative rationality related the internal consistency of a story

Theorem

A proposition that logically and necessarily follows from two axioms

Deliberate confidant

A recipient who sought out private information

Text

A record of a message that can be analyzed by others; for example, a book, film, photograph, or any transcript or recording of a speech or broadcast

Textual Analysis

A research method that describes and interprets the characteristics of any text

Experiment

A research method that manipulates a variable in a tightly controlled situation in order to find out if it has the predicted effect

Survey

A research method that uses questionnaires and structed interviews to collect self-reported data that reflects what respondents think, feel, or intend to do

Behavioral Scientist

A scholar who applies the scientific method to describe, predict , and explain recurring forms of human behavior

Rhetorician

A scholar who studies the ways in which symbolic forms can be used to identify with people, or to persuade them toward a certain point of view

Axiom

A self-evident truth that requires no additional proof

policy agenda

A set of issues and problems that policy makers consider important. The mass media play an important role in influencing the issues which receive public attention.

Syllogism

A set of propositions that are related to one another and draw a conclusion from the major and minor premises (Example - Major Premise - All people are mortal Minor Premise - Aristotle is a person Conclusion - Therefore, Aristotle is mortal)

Theory

A set of systematic, informed hunches about the way things work

Good Reasons

A set of values for accepting a story as true and worthy of acceptance; provides a method for assessing fidelity

Narrative Fidelity based on Good Reasons

A set of values for accepting a story as true and worthy of acceptance; provides a method for assessing fidelity.

Paradigm Shift

A significant change in the way most people see the world and its meaning

Paradigm Shift

A significant change in the way most people see the world and its meanings.

Narrative Rationality

A standard for judging which stories to believe and which to disregard

Reciprocity

A strong human tendency to respond to another's action with similar behavior

Mutual Privacy Boundary

A synchronized collective privacy boundary that co-owners share because they have negotiated common privacy rules

Rational World Paradigm

A system of logic employed by many researches and professionals

Interaction adaptation theory

A systematic analysis of how people adjust their approach when another's behavior doesn't mesh with what's needed, anticipated or preferred

Attribution Theory

A systematic explanation of how people draw inferences about the character of others based upon observed behavior

Dramatism

A technique of analysis of language and thought as basically modes of action rather than as means of conveying information

Rule-Base Theory

A theory that assumes we can best understand people's freely chosen actions if we study the system of rules they use to interpret and manage their lives

Dramatistic Pentad

A tool critics can use to discern the motives of a speaker or writer by labeling five key elements of the human drama: Act, scene, agent, agency, and purpose

dramatistic pentad

A tool to analyze how a speaker attempts to get an audience to accept his or her view of reality by using five key elements of the human drama—act, scene, agent, agency, and purpose.

Characterological Coherence

A type of coherence referring to the believability of the characters in the story

Material Coherence

A type of coherence referring to the congruence between one story and other related stories

Structural Coherence

A type of coherence referring to the flow of the story

Deliberative Rhetoric

A type of rhetoric that determines an audience's course of action

Epideictic Rhetoric

A type of rhetoric that pertains to praising or blaming

Forensic Rhetoric

A type of rhetoric that pertains to speakers promoting feelings of guilt or innocence from an audience

Guilt-Redemption Cycle

A universal motive for rhetoric. (Ex: American Idiot - Green Day) Includes mortification and victimization

Convergence

A way where people accommodate because they are attracted to others. To match the other part. In some way copying the others way of communicating, but the other could also just be similar, and therefore we feel attracted to them. Stereotyped perceptions will affect the way someone converge to others.

Violence Index

A yearly content analysis of prime-time network programming to assess the amount of violence represented

Emily is caught by her employer for stealing money. The process of being caught constitutes the

ACT in Burke's concept of the pentad

reception analysis

AKA semiotic theory how types of audiences make sense of specific forms of content Hall and Moore media content are a TEXT made up of SIGNS -in order to make sense of text, you must read/interpret signs (ex. when you read a sentence, you have to decode the words) texts = polysemic -fundamentally ambiguous; text can be interpreted different most texts are polysemic, but creator has a preferred dominate reading/theme preferred dominant sign/reading -more simple = easier reading (on the same page)

Solidarity Facework

Accepting others as a member of a group

cultural performance

Actions by which member constitute and reveal their culture to themselves and other; an ensemble of text.

Scope and Structure o Control over placement

Activities designed to sell a product, service or idea Not the same as advertising - difference in control Advertisers pay to have their ads in specific media just as they want PR has less control over how information is used by the media

Narration

An account to which listeners assign meaning

Topics

An aid to invention that refers to the arguments a speaker uses

Boundary linkage

An alliance formed by co-owners of private information as to who else should be able to know

Pragmatism

An applied approach to knowledge; the philosophy that true understanding of an idea or situation has practical implications for action

Causal Argument

An assertion of cause and effect, including the direction of the causality

Audience Analysis

An assessment and evaluation of listeners

Categorical Imperative

An ethical guideline developed by Immanuel Kant under which an action is evaluated in terms of what would happen if everybody else in the same situation, or category, acted the same way.

Train test

An experiment used to assess the extent to which people will speak out

Minding

An inner dialogue used to test alternatives, rehearse actions, and anticipate reactions before responding: self-talk

Collective privacy boundary

An intersection of personal privacy boundaries of co-owners of private information, all of whom are responsible for the information

Critical Sensibility

An obligation to critique dominant voices, especially those that suppress opposing viewpoints; a responsibility to advocate for those who are muted

Communication Perspective

An ongoing focus on how communication makes our social worlds

Active theory of media consumption (active-audience theory)

Anderson Kaiser Foundation causal risk factor between violent video games and aggressive behavior

Tim Berners-Lee - HTTP

Another way to access files on the Internet is through the Web (World Wide Web or WWW) Uses hypertext transfer protocols (HTTP) to transfer files from one place to another Designed by Tim Berners-Lee in early 1990s, gave it to the world for free to "support and improve our web-like existence in the world"

Consubstantiation

Appeals made to increase overlap between people

Symbols

Arbitrary words and non-verbal signs that bear no natural connection with the things they describe; their meaning is learned within a give culture.

Symptom Strategy

Ascribing our silence to something beyond our control that renders communication justifiably impossible—sleepiness, headache, drunkenness, etc.

Assumption 5: Value judgments of media content can only be assessed by the audience

Asserts that researchers should suspend value judgments linking the audience's needs to specific media or content

Focus of Dramatism

Assessing the motives of a writer or speaker

Spiral of Silence

Attempt to explain how public opinion is formed. Explains how people tend to remain silent when they feel that their views are in the minority

Boomerang Effect

Attitude change in the opposite direction of what the message advocates; listeners driven away from rather than drawn to an idea

Assumption 2: The initiative in linking need gratification to a specific medium choice rests with the audience member

Audience have a great deal of autonomy in the mass communication process

how can TV be so powerful force if it influences as slowly as the coming of the ice age? The Three B's of Television

Blurring, Blending, Bending

The Rhetoric

Book by Aristotle - The Rhetoric is considered to be one of the most influential pieces of writing in the Western World . A book about the speaker - Book about speech itself - Book abt the audience

Draw and explain the mass media effects charts with respect to the "power" of the media

Bullet Theory 1920-1940 (very large effect on mass communication) Limited Effects Model 1940-1970 (very small effect because of Hovland's Array Research) Moderate Effects Model 1970-1980 (medium effect because of Blumber and McQuinl) Powerful Effects Model 1980-2000 (very large effect because of Noelle Newman) Second Constructed Theory 2000 Active Audience Theory 2010 (large effect because of kaiser anderson study and tiggerman and clark)

Guilt

Burke's catchall term to cover every form of tension, anxiety, embarrassment, shame, disgust, and other noxious feelings intrinsic to the human condition

pentad

Burke's method for applying Dramatism

The Pentad

Burke's method for applying dramatism

Smartphone, tablets o Casual games

Casual gamers also use social networking sites (like Farmville on Facebook)

Positive Feedback

Change the system

Intrusiveness

Cityscapes, landscapes, even the night skies are altered by advertising Learning aids in schools are provided by candy makers People are growing tired of the intrusion and lack trust in the messages

Metaphor

Clarifies what is unknown or confusing by equating it with an image that's more familiar or vivid

Priming

Cognitive process where what the media present temporarily, at least, what influences what people think about afterwards in processing additional information

The principle of narrative rationality that refers to the internal consistency of a story is known as

Coherence

Constitutive Dialogue

Communication that creates, sustains, and alters relationships and the social world; social construction

Dialogue

Communication that is constitutive, always in flux, capable of achieving aesthetic moments

Mortification

Confession of guilt and request for forgiveness.

Dialogic Communication

Conversation in which parties remain in the tension between holding their own perspective while being profoundly open to the other.

Social constructionists

Curious participants in a pluralistic world who believe that persons-in-conversation co-construct their own social realities and are simultaneously shaped by the worlds they create

Communication Pathologies

Damaging pattern of communication that develops over time in the family system.

Empirical Evidence

Data collected through direct observation

Salience

Degree to which agenda issue is perceived as important relative to other issues on agenda

Dual climates of opinion

Difference between the population's perception of a public issue and the way the media report on the issue

Boundary turbulence

Disruption of privacy management and relational trust that occurs when collective privacy boundaries aren't synchronized

Cognitive Equation

Dissonate elements / Total elements

Relational Uncertainty

Doubts about our own thoughts, the thoughts of the other person , or the future of the relationship

Concepts of Dramatism

Dramatism Dramatistic Pentad God-Term vs. Devil-Term Guilt-Redemption Cycle Identification

Categorical Imperative

Duty without exception; an act only on that maxim which you can will to become a universal law

what is the cause? media agenda--> to public agenda

EX: monica lewisky. public did not care at first, but media kept covering it. then polls started to show difference, media stopped and polls still showed difference

History o 4 stages

Early public relations propaganda/publicity stage Early two-way communication Advanced two-way communication

Relational turbulence

Negative emotions arising from perceived problems in a close relationship

Who was the theorist who conceptualized SST?

Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann

Pathos

Emotional proof, emotions drawn from audience members (Emotional Appeal)

Pathos

Emotional proof, which comes from the feelings the speech draws out of those who hear it.

Culture Industries

Entertainment businesses that reproduce the dominant ideology of a culture and distract people from realizing unjust distribution of power within society; e.g. film, TV, music and advertising

Scope and Structure o PR departments

Executives - set policies and serve as spokesperson for the operation Account executives - advise the client, assess needs, gather resources in support of the client Creative specialists - meet communication needs of client (writers, graphic designers, photographers) Media specialists - find the right media for the client's message

Mental Balance

Existing attitudes and beliefs about things

Tact Facework

Extent to which a person respects another's autonomy

extrapolation

Extrapolation is an estimation of a value based on extending a known sequence of values or facts beyond the area that is certainly known. In a general sense, to extrapolate is to infer something that is not explicitly stated from existing information.

Who is the theorist?

Howard Giles

Hard-line determinists

Humans act because of forces outside their control (ex) alcoholism is a choice; you are your own person

Transcendence

Finding the similarities

Give an example of how people will adjust their communication into what they think the other expect from the conversation

For example if I talk to Peter, I would adjust my communication to become more academic, to meet his expectations of me being a good student (that's what I think), then Peter has accommodated me.

Types of rhetoric corresponding to the time periods

Forensic rhetoric---the past Epideictic rhetoric---the present Deliberative rhetoric--the future

Fisher's main point?

Humans are storytellers - Values, emotions and aesthetic considerations ground our beliefs and behaviors and impact storytelling - we are more persuaded by a good story than a good argument

Which country has jurisdiction over a smaller island in Oceania?

France England New Zealand

Cultural Approach to Organizations

Geertz and Pacanowsky - An organization does not have culture, an organization is culture.

Substance

General nature of something

Rule of Parsimony (Occam's Razor)

Given two plausible explanations for the same event, we should accept the simpler version

False Consciousness

Gramsci's belief that people are unaware of the domination in their lives.

Explain the "coefficient of satisfaction"

Lerner per capita income vs. media satisfaction chart want:get media aspects led to rising expectations -you become aware of world around and want it revolution of rising frustrations -wants are not matching gets

Ethical imperative

Grant others that occur in your construction the same autonomy you practice constructing them

Social categories model

Group memberships (republicans spend more time with other republicans)

Frankfurt School of Theorists

Group of scholars who believed that the media were more concerned with making money than with presenting relevant news.

Hard core

Groups at the end of the spiral willing to speak out at any cost

Reference Groups

Groups that members use to define their identity

What happens when an order or a hierarchy is reestablished?

Guilt returns to plague the human condition

Bias of Communication

Harold Innis's contention that technology has the power to shape society

bias of communication

Harold Innis's contention that technology has the power to shape society

Plato's philosophy

He engaged in the search of absolute truths about the world

Author of Mind, Self and society

Herbert Blumer

Conceptualization

How individuals define conflict

Residual frustration

How much frustration is left

Explain accommodation

Modifying, adjusting, regulating

Disconfirmation Message

I don't see you at all

Rejection Message

I don't see you how you want

Confirmation Message

I see you how you want

Ideology

Ideas, values, beliefs, perceptions, and understandings that are known to members of a society and that guide their behaviors.

What is the key persuasion according to Dramatism?

Identification; the more the listener can relate to the speaker, the higher rate of retention and persuasion

Accommodation is central to...?

Identity construction

Active Strategy

Impression formation by asking a third party about a person

Passive Strategy

Impression formation by observing a person interaction with others

Extractive Strategy

Impression formation by searching the internet for information about a person

Interactive Strategy

Impression formation through face-to-face discussion with a person

Guilt

In terms of Burke, every form of tension, anxiety, embarrassment, shame, disgust, and other noxious feelings intrinsic to the human condition.

Self-referential Imperative

Include yourself as a constituent of your own construction

Uncertainty Reduction

Increased knowledge of what kind of person another is, which provides an improved forecast of how a future interactions will turn out.

Industrialization and the Civil War

Industrialization brought social and cultural change Telegraph, railroads, immigrants providing labor in cities meant manufacturers wanted access to larger markets, more than the local paper could provide 1841 - Advertising copywriter Volmey Palmer agreed to broker space between merchants and larger newspapers in Philadelphia First ad agency 1845 - opened in Boston 1849 - expanded to New York Civil War sped industrialization Factories needed to produce war materials, machines needed on the farms as workers moved into the city, more factories needed Early 1880s saw telephone and electric lights, innovations in manufacturing, explosion in products Manufacturers forced to differentiate their products Brands were born!

Phenomenology

Intentional analysis of everyday experience from the standpoint of the person who is living it; explores the possibility of understanding the experience of self and others

Narrative coherence

Internal consistency with characters acting in a reliable fashion; the story hangs together

Approach of Dramatism

Interpretive

Narrative Paradigm Theory

Interpretive

Approach to knowledge

Interpretive/hermeneutics, Critical

Global village

Is technology creating a "global village" (Marshall McLuhan - optimistic about what electronic media could do) or interchangeable consumers (William Gibson - pessimistic because he saw what electronic media were doing)? Technology alone is not good or bad - power resides in us and what we choose to do with it The same communication technology that can create the global village can dehumanize and standardize the people who live in it

Gatekeeping

Journalists are gatekeepers, deciding what issues are most important for readers Research focuses on what motivates gatekeepers to choose certain stories and angles

Framing

Journalists choose the angles of their news stories based on values they think are important Public relations professionals seek to affect framing through media relations

Agenda Setting

Journalists' decisions about what to cover directly affects public opinion

Consequentialist Ethics

Judging actions solely on the basis of their beneficial or harmful outcomes

Last minute swing

Jumping on the bandwagon of the popular opinion after opinions have been expressed

What are the research findings with respect to Uses and Gratifications studies?

Katz 1959/1960 too much focus on what media does to people; looked at people using media/what they do 1. entertainment/time punctuation: watching for fun; how we divide time with social media usage and time of day 2. information: newspapers to TV to internet 3. escapism/nostalgia: the way to get away; something that brings you back to a "better" time, cheaper to produce 4. companionship: individual forms relationship w/media personality 5. problem solving: how to get places, weather, etc. 6. personal enrichment: to gain knowledge; develop intelligent structure 7. catharsis: to purge feelings, rid emotions, to identify/relate with

Who is the theorists?

Katz, Blumler and Gurewitch

Narrative Rationality

Key concept of NP - a means for judging a narrative that is different from traditional methods found in the rational world paradigm consists of two different prinicples 1. coherence 2. fidelity

What does Burke's Dramatism Theory propose?

Language and symbols form a critically important system for humans

Emancipation

Liberation from any form of political, economic, racial, religious, or sexual oppression; empowerment

LUUUUTT Model

Lived Stories: What we actually did/are doing Unknown Stories: Information that is missing Untold Stories: What we choose not to say Unheard Stories: What we say that isn't heard of acknowledged Untellable Stories: Stories that are forbidden or too painful for us to tell Story Telling: The manne rin which we communicate Stories Told: What we say we are doing

Logos

Logical proof, the use of arguments and evidence in a speech (Logical Appeal)

Radio programming o Hard sell

Making claims about why a consumer needed the product

Brands

Manufacturers forced to differentiate their products Brands were born

Which communication context is Agenda-Setting Theory?

Mass/Media

Which context?

Mass/media

McLuhans media history

McLuhan traced major ecological shifts in media throughout human history in 4 ages: -tribal age -literary age -print age -electronic age

Axiom 1

One cannot not communicate -all behavior has message value - all behavior = communication

CPM

Media department - makes decisions about where and when to place ads and buys appropriate time or space Effectiveness measured by cost per thousand (CPM) - cost of reaching 1000 audience members

Assumption

Media fix our perceptions and organize our experiences

Assumption

Media infuse nearly every act and action in society

Agenda setting theory

Media presents the public with an agenda of what they should consider important -assume news media have an agenda (they tell us what to think about) -people need help in trying to evaluate politics

Cultural Studies

Media represent ideologies of the dominant class in a society. Culture must be interpreted based on power exerted by the media and its owners.

What does SST assume about the relationship between media and users of media?

Media shapes who we are today

Assumption

Media tie the world together

What is the name of the largest island, being New Guinea, located East of Australia?

Melanesia

Which 3 islands in Oceania have US military bases on it?

Melanesia, Polynesia, & Micronesia

Which group in Oceania was the only culture to use bow and arrows to hunt?

Melanesian people

Harold Innis

Mentor to McLuhan, and who McLuhan based his work off of. Harold Innis believed that: -major empires in history were built by those in control of the written word -elites used a number of communication technologies to build economic empires -bias of communication

Contrast a cosmopolitan leader with a local opinion leader

Merton - followed two step flow COSMOPOLITAN (effective with like people) 1. monomorphic - experts in one narrow range 2. mobile - moved around more often 3. restrictive associations 4. more interested in national/international events LOCAL (effective with local people) 1. polymorphic - sphere of influence = many areas 2. local by birth or lived there for a long time 3. large associations - knew lots of people 4. more interested in local news/events

Research

Methodical gathering of data as well as the careful reporting of the results of the analysis

What are the three sections Oceania is divided into?

Micronesia, Melanesia, and Polynesia

Which group in Oceania is remembered for their storytelling to retell history?

Micronesian people

What do people often do when they have a conversation?

Mimic each other's speech and behaviour

What does SST suggest about people who hold minority viewpoints on public issues? What about those holding the majority viewpoint?

Minority: Less assertive in communicating their opinions Majority: More encouraged to speak up

Freedom of the press - Liebling

New Yorker columnist A.J. Liebling argued that freedom of the press is guaranteed only to those who own the presses The Net makes every user a potential mass communicator, makes all publishers equal

Agenda-Setting Theory

News media does not tell people what to think, it tells people what to think about.

Divergence

No intend to make the conversation go smooth. No one wants to accommodate and people feel often a difference between them. Does not have to be negative or rude. It is for the person to maintain social identity. For example when french people refuse to speak english to you, when you visit France.

Assumption 3: Accommodation varies in its degree of appropriateness and norms guide the accommodation process

Norms is the expectations of behavior in a conversation

Evaluation

Not logically consistent Heuristic

Partner Interference

Occurs when a relational partner hinders goals, plans and activities

free association

Oceania islands negotiated independence with foreign powers

Personality Structure

Onion-like layers of beliefs and feelings about self, others, and the world; deeper layers are more vulnerable protected, and central to self-image

Expression and Nonexpression dialectical

Openness vs. Closedness (internal) Revelation vs. Concealment (external)

Explain how accommodation is often done unconsciously

Out of our internal scripts that we use in certain situations - For example when we talk to an 85-year old, we would speak slower and more appropriate

Glosses

Outdated words in a speech

History o P.T. Barnum

P.T. Barnum used PR to lure people to his shows "There's a sucker born every minute."

Introduction

Part of an organizational strategy in a speech that includes gaining the audience's attention, connecting with the audience, and providing an overview of the speaker's purpose

Family

Part of the system

According to the assumptions of Dramatism Theory, human actions are guided

Partly by their animal nature and partly by symbols

Conclusion

Parts of an organizational strategy in a speech that is aimed at summarizing a speaker's main points and arousing emotions in an audience

Assumption 1: Speech and behavioral similarities and dissimilarities exist in all conversations

Past experiences - people bring their various fields of experiences into conversations. The more similar our attitudes and beliefs are to those of others, the more we will be attracted to and accommodate those others.

Coordination

People collaborating in an attempt to bring into being their vision of what is necessary, noble, and good, and to preclude the enactment of what they fear, hate, or despise.

Minimax principle of human behavior

People seek to maximize their benefits and minimize their costs

Ethos

Perceived credibility, which comes from the speaker's intelligence, character, and goodwill toward the audience, as these personal characteristics are revealed through the message

Assumption 2: The manner in which we perceive the speech and behaviors of another will determine how we evaluate a conversation

Perception (a process of attending to and interpreting a message) Evaluation (process of judging a conversation) Before we know how to act in a conversation, we will perceive or get a sense of a message and then in the long run we will evaluate the speakers communication and react according to it.

Social Judgement Involvement

Perception and evaluation of an idea by comparing it with current attitudes

Alienation

Perception that one has little control over his or her future.

Agent

Person performing the act

Coordinate Management of Meaning

Person-in-conversation co-construct their own realities and are shaped by the world they create Pearce and Cronen

Give some examples of a Low island.

Polynesia

What is located in the central Pacific Ocean and includes the Cook Islands, Hawaiian Islands, and French Polynesia?

Polynesia

What approach to knowing is Agenda Setting Theory?

Positivistic/Empirical

when is it better to be direct?

Pros: less likely to lead to misunderstanding (those in power are more likely to be direct- politeness theory) Cons: different cultures use different levels of directness (different generations use different levels)

How does your text define "public opinion" and what are its characteristics?

Public opinion: Attitudes and behaviors expressed in public in order to avoid isolation Often determined by the media and the media often make the subject controversial

Communiation context

Public/Rhetoric

Mortification

Purging guilt by blaming one's self

Scapegoating

Purging guilt by way of blaming others

Order or Hierarchy

Ranking that exists in society primarily due to language

Researchers live in what paradigm

Rational

Redemption

Rejection of the unclean and a return to the new order after purging of guilt

Ratio

Relation of merger to division

Social Exchange

Relationship behavior and status regulated by both parties' evaluations of perceived rewards and costs of interaction with each other.

Shannon-Weaver Communication Model

Repetition is important

Communication Tradition

Rhetoric

Tradition

Rhetorical

Traditions of Dramatism

Rhetorical (Public Address/Speeches)

Ruth is a well-known educationist in U.S. Her work in promoting literacy among the backward classes of society is widely appreciated. Ruth's brief jail term influenced her to word toward educating the socially backward communities of the american Society. According to Burke's pentad, Ruth's jail term is the

SCENE pertaining to her act

Critical Theorists

Scholars who use theory to reveal unjust communication practices that create or perpetuate an imbalance of power

fraction of selection

Schramm's idea of how media choices are made: the expectation of reward divided by the effort required

Individual differences perspective

Smart and more secure people are less affected by unwanted media impact (intelligence and self-esteem)

Assumption

Society threatens deviant individuals with isolation; fear of isolation is pervasive

Which tradition?

Socio-cultural

Which communication tradition is Agenda-Setting Theory?

Socio-psychological

The theorist of Face-Negotiation Theory?

Stella Ting-Toomey ("inspiration" from Goffman)

In the context of narrative rationality, when stories are confusing, when one part does not seem to lead to the next, or when the plot is unclear, then they lack

Structural Coherence

Humanistic scholarship

Study of what it's like to be another person in a specific time and place; assumes there are few important panhuman similarities

Interactional View

Sub discipline: interpersonal

Dramatism

Sub-discipline - Rhetoric (interpretive)

Explain the catharsis hypothesis

Surgeon General relieves you of certain tendency "blow off steam" ex. plays violent video games in order to feel better

Spiraling Inversion

Switching back and forth between two contrasting voices, responding first to one pull, then the other

Cultivation Theory

TV has become central to American lives and culture and influences audiences' perceptions of social reality and shapes culture by repetitively showing American life in a particular light, teaching us to see it as normal. However, TV's effect is limited - it is not the greatest, but consistent and therefore significant.

Assumption

TV is essentially and fundamentally different from other forms of mass media

Assumption 1) uniqueness of television

TV is essentially and fundamentally different from other forms of mass media -requires no literacy, free, combined picture and sound unlike radio, no mobility -ageless, can use early and late years in life -draws together dissimilar groups and bring together (EX: watch olympics -a storyteller

Assumption

TV shapes our society's way of thinking

Sophists

Teachers of public speaking (rhetoric) in ancient Greece

Guilt

Tension,embarrassment, shame and disgust

Rhetoric

The art of using all available means of persuasion, focusing on lines of argument, organization of ideas, language use, and delivery in public speaking

Determinism

The assumption that behavior is caused by heredity and environment

Dialectical model

The assumption that people want both privacy and intimacy in their social relationships; they experience a tension between disclosure and withdrawal.

Objective Approach

The assumption that truth is singular and is accessible through unbiased sensory observation; committed to uncovering cause-and-effect relationships

Rhetoric

The available means of persuasion

What is Aristotle's Definition of Rhetoric

The available means of persuasion

Consonance

The belief that all media are similar in attitudes, beliefs, and values

Ethical Egoism

The belief that individuals should live their lives so as to maximize their own pleasure and minimize their own pain.

Ubiquity

The belief that media are everywhere

Cumulativeness

The belief that media repeat themselves

Comparison Level of alternatives (CL ALT)

The best outcome available in other relationships; a standard for relational stability

Utterance Chains

The central building blocks of meaning-making, where utterances are linked to competing discourses already heard as well as those yet to be spoken

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis of linguistic relativity

The claim that the structure of a language shapes what people think and do; the social construction of reality.

Identification

The common ground between speaker and audience; overlap of physical characteristics, talents, occupation, friends, experiences, personality, beliefs, and attitudes; consubstantiation. (Ex: "My fellow victims..."

Generalized other

The composite mental image a person has of his or her self based on societal expectations and responses

Private Information

The content of potential disclosures; information that can be owned

Scene

The context surrounding the Act

Depth of penetration

The degree of disclosure in a specific area of an individual's life.

Threat threshold

The hypothetical outer boundary of intimate space; a breach by an uninvited other occasions fight or flight

General idea about the theory?

The idea that average people are the victims of the powerful forces of mass media

Ego-involvement

The importance of centrality of an issue to a person's life, often demonstrated by membership in a group with a known stand.

Assumption

The influence of TV is limited

Apply the interactional model

The interactional model pertains of two interpreters who both encode and decode the message sent, to get a mutual understanding. Stereotypes is a generalized belief about a particular group or class of people. social categorization --> social identification --> social comparison

Personal space

The invisible, variable volume of space surrounding an individual's preferred distance from others

"Frustation"

The level of Frustration each individual feels to start

Interpretive Theory

The linguistic work of assigning meaning or value to communicative texts; assumes that multiple meanings or truths are possible.

Logos

The logical proof that speakers employ in their arguments, rationalizations and discourse

Bending

The mainstream reality benefits the elite

Bending (TV)

The mainstream reality benefits the elite

Bending

The mainstream reality benefits the elite - we all want to buy more produtcs

Agency

The means in which an act is accomplished

Social situations elicit specific values and the affirmation and reinforcement can be facilitated by the consumption of related media materials

The media offer an appropriate location of the information and knowledge that you seek.

Agenda Setting Theory

The media presents the public with an agenda of what they should consider important assumes news media has an agenda, so they tell us what to think about. People need help in trying to evaluate politics.

Looking-glass self

The mental self-image that results from taking the role of the other; the objective self; me

Pluralistic Ignorance

The mistaken idea that everyone else is doing or thinking something that they aren't

Logical Force

The moral pressure or sense of obligation a person feels to respond in a given way to what someone else has just said or done- "I had no choice"

Axiom 3

The nature of a relationship depends on how both parties punctuate the communication sequence - Punctuating the sequence = Communication sequence

Homeostasis

The nature of a system to maintain stability. Trick: homeo means like or similar. and stasis means inactivity. So together it means remaining the same, not fluctuating

Me

The objective self; the image of self seen when one takes the role of the other

Symbolic Interaction

The ongoing use of language and gestures in anticipation of how the other will eract; a conversation

Information system approach to organisation

The organization is not static entities. In order to survive, they must process their environment in order to be continuously created by communication. Karl Weick

Ethos

The perceived character, intelligence and goodwill of a speaker (Ethical Appeal)

Violation Valence

The perceived positive or negative value assigned to a breach of expectations, regardless or who the violator is

Outcome

The perceived rewards minus the costs of interpersonal interaction.

Cultivation Differential

The percentage of difference in response between light and heavy television viewers

Signifier

The physical form of the sign as we perceived it through our sense; an image.

Hierarchy hypothesis

The prediction that when people are thwarted in their attempts to achieve goals, their first tendency is to alter lower- level elements of their message

Mindfulness

The presence or awareness of what participants are making in the midst of their own conversation

Fidelity

The principle of narrative rationally judging the credibility of a story

Devil-Term

The term that sums up all that a speaker regards as bad, wrong, or evil. (Ex: Bush using the word 'terrorist' and 'terror' after the acts of 9/11)

Comparison level (CL)

The threshold above which an interpersonal outcome seems attractive; a standard for relational satisfaction

Confidentiality Dilemma

The tragic moral choice confidants face when they must breach a collective privacy boundary in order to promote the original owner's welfare

Dialectical Flux

The unpredictable, unfinalizable, indeterminate nature of personal relationships

Golden Mean

The virtue of moderation; the virtuous person develops habits that avoid extremes

Self-disclosure

The voluntary sharing of personal history, preferences, attitudes, feelings, values, secrets, etc., with another person; transparency.

Victimage

The way we attempt to purge guilt as part of being human

Nonsummativity

The whole is greater than the sum of its parts.

God-Term

The word a speaker uses to which all other positive words are subservient (subordinate/submissive). (Ex: MLK uses freedom 20 times in his "I Have a Dream Speech")

Social situations can create an awareness of problems that demand attention information about which may be sought in the media

The world we live in contains information that is in our interest and w can seek all this information through the media

Metatheory

Theory about theory; the stated or inherent assumptions made when creating a theory

Social Identity Theory

Theory that proposes a person's identity is shaped by both personal and social characteristics. - In-groups: groups in which be feel like we belong - Out-groups: groups in which we feel like we do not belong You will provide more resources to your in-group

Why do people have good reason's to accommodate (adjust)?

They either want to evoke listener's approval, achieve communication efficiency, assert a dominant position or maintain a positive social identity

Rational World Paradigm

Traditional and dominant mode of understanding human communication that suggests a system of logic employed by many researchers and professionals.

blurring

Traditional distinctions are blurred Ex: Educated people see the world similarly to those who have less education.

Principle of Veracity

Truthful statements are preferable to lies in the absence of special circumstances that overcome the negative weight

Hedging

Use of strategic ambiguity and humor to provide a way for both parties to save face when a message fails to achieve its goal

Assumptions

Viewpoints organizational members hold about the world, including perceptions, thoughts, feelings, and beliefs that have been subconsciously reinforced over time. Ex. nature of reality, time, space, human nature, human relationships, philosophical

Who do we credit?

Walter Fisher

Rhetorical situations

We tend to say the wrong thing

Culture

Webs of significance; system of shared meaning

Expectancy

What people predict will happen, rather than what they desire

ethic of significant choice

When a group has vital information the public needs in order to make important decisions, that information must be disseminated as completely and accurately as possible. Thomas Nielsen

Social situations can produce tensions and conflicts leading to a pressure for their easement through the consumption of media

When everyone used the media to reassure that their friends were safe under the storm Sandy and every single media wrote about it.

What is conflict?

When someone frustrates a significant goal or desire of another individual

intergroup overaccommodation

a behavior that occurs when speakers place listeners in cultural groups without acknowledging individual uniqueness

Division

When two people fail to have an overlap in their substances.

Identification

When two people have overlap in their substance

Social situations can impoverish real-life opportunities to satisfy certain needs and the media can serve as substitutes or supplements

When you need to know about a certain situation you need to rely on the information that the media suggests, because you might not always be exactly where things happen. For example you were not in New Jersey when the storm Sandy occurred.

Scope and Nature o Wii

Wii - designed to appeal to nontraditional gamers

Who also talks about UG, by 'fraction of selection'? (an idea of how media choices are made. The expectation of reward divided by the effort required)

Wilbur Schramm

Social situations demand familiarity with media, these demands must be met to sustain membership in specific social groups

You are a college student and the future of our country, so off course you need to have an opinion about the storm Sandy, but also about how the media tackled everything. Otherwise you would be uninformed.

How does a persuader choose the right route?

You need to determine the likelihood that the listener will give undivided attention

Overaccommodation

You try too hard to accommodate to the other people. To look too much alike, it can be annoying and disrespectful to the other.

Resonance

a behavior that occurs when a viewer's lived reality coincides with the reality pictured in the media

resonance

a behavior that occurs when a viewer's lived reality coincides with the reality pictured in the media

resonance

a behavior that occurs when a viewer's lived reality coincides with the reality pictured in the media - relive experiences when you see it on TV; makes it worse and makes you more fearful - resonance amplifies cultivation

agenda

a list of the most important issues of the day as decided by an entity, such as the media

Resonance

a behavior that occurs when a viewer's lived reality coincides with the reality pictured in the media amplifies cultivation patterns -EX: some urban dwellers might see the violent world of television resonated in their deteriorating neighborhoods -occurs when repeated violence cause viewers ti replay real life experiences with violence over and over

System

a ____ is a group of individuals who interrelate to form a whole Example: family, work group, sports team

compromising

a behavior that employs give-and-take to achieve a middle-road resolution

attraction

a broad term that encompasses a number of other characteristics, such as liking, charisma, and credibility

Style

a canon of rhetoric that includes the use of language to express ideas in a speech

style

a canon of rhetoric that includes the use of language to express ideas in a speech

Style

a canon of rhetoric that inlcudes the use of language to express ideas in a speech

Arrangement

a canon of rhetoric that pertains to a speaker's ability to organize a speech

arrangement

a canon of rhetoric that pertains to a speaker's ability to organize a speech

Arrangement

a canon of rhetoric that pertains to a speakers ability to organise speech

Invention

a canon of rhetoric that pertains to the construction or development of an argument related to a particular speech

invention

a canon of rhetoric that pertains to the construction or development of an argument related to a particular speech

Memory

a canon of rhetoric that refers to a speaker's effort in storing information for a speech

memory

a canon of rhetoric that refers to a speaker's effort in storing information for a speech

Memory

a canon of rhetoric that refers to speakers effort in storing information for a speech

Delivery

a canon of rhetoric that refers to the nonverbal presentation of a speaker's ideas

delivery

a canon of rhetoric that refers to the nonverbal presentation of a speaker's ideas

diversion

a category if gratifications coming from media use; involves escaping from routines and problems

surveillance

a category of gratifications coming from media use; involves collecting needed information

diversion

a category of gratifications coming from media use; involves escaping from routines and problems

personal relationships

a category of gratifications coming from media use; involves substituting media for companionship

personal identity

a category of gratifications coming from media use; involves ways to reinforce individual values

underaccommodation

a category of miscommunication wherein a participant perceives a speaker to INSUFFICIENTLY (or not at all) implement those communicative behaviors the participant judges necessary for appropriate talk on a particular occasion - it is generally negatively evaluated as inconsiderate, unhelpful, ego-involving (own agenda to exclusion of yours), etc.

intentionality

a cognitive behavior that occurs when people's prior motives determine use of media

Priming

a cognitive process whereby what the media present temporarily, at least, influences what people think about afterwards in processing additional information

priming

a cognitive process whereby what the media present temporarily, at least, influences what people think about afterwards in processing additional information

Priming

a cognitive whereby what the media present temporarily, at least, influences what people think about afterwards in processing additional information.

Walter fisher notes that originally LOGOS meant

a combination of concepts including story, rationale, discourse, and thought

Delivery

a conan of rhetoric that refers to the nonverbal presentation of a speakers ideas

Paradigm

a conceptual framework; a universal model that calls for people to view events through a common interpretive lens

paradigm

a conceptual framework; a universal model that calls for people to view events through a common interpretive lens

collectivism

a cultural value that places emphasis on the group over the individual

individualism

a cultural value that places emphasis on the individual over the group

faustian age

a deal with the devil; selling for temporary earthly gain

Faustian bargain

a deal with the devil; selling your soul for temporary earthly gain

Denotative sign system

a descriptive sign without ideological content

uncertainty

a factor explaining why people seek guidance from the media agenda. It refers to how much information a person believes they already possess about an issue

Relevance

a factor explaining why people seek guidance from the media agenda. It refers to how personally affected they feel by an issue

relevance

a factor explaining why people seek guidance from the media agenda. It refers to how personally affected they feel by an issue

Relevance

a factor explaining why people seek guidance from the media agenda. It refers to how personally affected they feel by an issue.

uncertainty

a factor explaining why people seek guidance from the media agenda; it refers to how much information a person believes they already possess about an issue

relevance

a factor explaining why people seek guidance from the media agenda; it refers to how personally affected they feel by an issue

Metaphor

a figure of speech that helps to make the unclear more understandable

metaphor

a figure of speech that helps to make the unclear more understandable

Internet - definition

a global network of interconnected computers that communicate freely and share and exchange information

attitude

a later addition to the pentad; the manner in which the agent positions himself or herself relative to others

Bridge

a member of more than one group

face

a metaphor for the public image people display

Civic spaces

a metaphor suggesting that soeakers have locations where the opportunity to persuade others exist

Civic Spaces

a metaphor suggesting that speakers have "locations" where the opportunity to persuade others exists

civics spaces

a metaphor suggesting that speakers have "locations" where the opportunity to persuade others exists

First Order Effects

a method for cultivation to occur; refers to learning facts from the media

first order effects

a method for cultivation to occur; refers to learning facts from the media

first order effects

a method for cultivation to occur; refers to learning facts from the media ex. learning of facts such as how many employed males are involved in law enforcement or what proportion of marriages end in divorce

first order effects (facts)

a method for cultivation to occur; refers to learning facts from the media ex: how many males employed in law enforcement, what percentage of marriages end in divorce

Second Order Effects

a method for cultivation to occur; refers to learning values and assumptions from the media

second order effects

a method for cultivation to occur; refers to learning values and assumptions from the media ex. involve hypotheses about more general issues and assumptions that people make about their environments; questions like "do you think people are basically honest?"

second order effects (values)

a method for cultivation to occur; refers to learning values and assumptions from the media -ex: questions like "do you think police should be allowed to use greater force to subdue criminals?" "Do you think people are basically honest"?

wayfinding

a method to navigate that relies on careful observation of the natural world

connotative sign system

a mythic sign that has lost its historical referent; form without substance

desirable image

a person wishes to convey to another based upon societies interpretation of what is "appropriate" and successful

Relational Dialectics Theory

a perspective that emphasizes the trade-offs that create tension in close relationships

exponential growth

a population grows by a fixed percentage in successive time intervals. the size of each increases determined by the current population size

Ritual Perspective

a position depicting the media as representers of shared beliefs

ritual perspective

a position depicting the media as representers of shared beliefs

ritual perspective

a position depicting the media as representers of shared beliefs -

order of hierarchy

a ranking that exists in society primarily because of our ability to use language

thick description

a record of the intertwined layers of common meaning that underlie what a particular people say and do

redemption

a rejection of the unclean and a return to a new order after guilt has been temporarily purged

Rational World Paradigm

a scientific or philosophical approach to knowledge that assumes people are logical, making decisions on the basis of evidence and lines of argument

Rational-world Paradigm

a scientific or philosophical approach to knowledge that assumes people are logical, making decisions on the basis of evidence and lines of argument

Syllogism

a set of propositions that are related to one another and draw a conclusion from the major and minor premises

syllogism

a set of propositions that are related to one another and draw a conclusion from the major and minor premises

Good Reasons

a set of values for accepting a story as true and worthy of acceptance; provides a method for assessing fidelity

Invention

a speaker's "hunt" for arguments that will be effective in a particular speech

Social Categories Model

a specific approach to the idea of limited effects' concentrates on the limits posed by group membership

Social Categories Model

a specific approach to the idea of limited effects; concentrates on the limits posed by group membership

Individual Differences Perspective

a specific approach to the idea of limited effects; concentrates on the limits posed by personal characteristics

medium

a specific type of media; for example a book, newspaper, radio, televisions, telephone, film, website, or e-mail

Medium

a specific type of media; for example, a book, newspaper, radio, television, telephone, film, website, or email

Dramatism

a technique of analysis of language and thought as basically modes of action rather than as means of conveying information

Dramatism

a technique of analysis of language and thought as basically modes of action rather than as means of conveying information Kenneth Burke

Dramatism

a technique of analysis of language and thought as basically modes of action rather than as means of conveying information....Kenneth Burke

Technopoly

a term coined by Postman that means we live in a society dominated by technology

technopoly

a termed coined by postman that means we live in a society dominated by technology

Narrative Paradigm

a theoretical framework that views narrative as the basis of all human communication

Social Penetration Theory

a theory that predicts that as relationships develop, communication increases in breadth and depth Irwin Altman and Dalmas Taylor

Social Identity Theory

a theory that proposes a person's identity is shaped by both personal and social characteristics

Dramatistic pentad

a tool critics can use to discern the motives of a speaker or writer by labeling five key elements of the human drama: act, scene, agent, agency, and purpose

dramatistic pentad

a tool critics can use to discern the motives of a speaker or writer by labeling five key elements of the human drama: act, scene, agent, agency, and purpose

Characterological coherence

a type of coherence referring to the believability of the characters in the story

Material coherence

a type of coherence referring to the congruence between one story and other related stories

Structural coherence

a type of coherence referring to the flow of the story

deliberative rhetoric

a type of rhetoric that determines an audience's course of action

Deliberative Rhetoric

a type of rhetoric that determines an audience's course of action; Political Speech

Epideictic rhetoric

a type of rhetoric that pertains to praising or blaming

epideictic rhetoric

a type of rhetoric that pertains to praising or blaming (ceremonial speaking)

Epideictic Rhetoric

a type of rhetoric that pertains to praising or blaming; Ceremonial Speech

Forensic rhetoric

a type of rhetoric that pertains to speakers prompting feelings of guilt or innocence from an audience

forensic rhetoric

a type of rhetoric that pertains to speakers prompting feelings of guilt or innocence from an audience (courtroom speaking)

Forensic Rhetoric

a type of rhetoric that pertains to speakers prompting feelings of guilt or innocence from an audience; Court Room Speech

Deliberative rhetoric

a type of rhetoricthta determines an audiences course of action

the active audience

a variable concept focused on an audience engaging with the media on a voluntary basis, motivated by their needs and goals

Literary age

a visual era; a time of private detachment because the eye is the dominant sense organ

literary age

a visual era; a time of private detachment because the eye is the dominant sense organ

Print age

a visual era; mass-produced books usher in the industrial revolution and nationalism, yet individuals are isolated

Narrative rationality

a way to evaluate the worth of stories based on the twin standards of narrative coherence and narrative fidelity

narrative rationality

a way to evaluate the worth of stories based on the twin standards of narrative coherence and narrative fidelity

Global village

a worldwide electronic community where everyone knows everyone's business and all are somewhat testy

global village

a worldwide electronic community where everyone knows everyone's business and all are somewhat testy

Violence Index

a yearly content analysis of prime-time network programming to assess the amount of violence represented

Violence Index

a yearly content analysis of prime-time network programming to assess the amount of violence respresented

Ideal audience

an actual community existing over time that believes in the values of truth, the good, beauty, health, wisdom, courage, temperance, justice, harmony, order, communion, friendship, and oneness with the cosmos

Cognition

ability to learn and think at higher levels of complexity

solidarity facework

accepting another as a member of an in group -difference are minimized, commonalities are highlighted through experiences and informal language (ex: able to approach a professor)

solidarity facework

accepting another as a member of an in-group

Negotiated Position

accepting dominant ideologies but allowing for cultural exceptions

Technology

according to McLuhan, human inventions that enhance communication

discipline

achieved by a sense of responsibility to the work group.

cognitive

acquiring information, knowledge, comprehension

facework

actions used to deal with face needs/wants of self and others

facework

actions used to deal with face needs/wants of self and others - how people make whatever they're doing consistent with their face

Adoption

actively use the technology

accommodation

adjusting, modifying, or regulating behavior in response to others

Hyper-commercialism o Freemium games

advertising serves as currency within the game Watching a commercial can get you virtual goods for the game or give you special in-game attributes

Electronic Era

age in which electronic media pervades our senses, allowing for people across the world to be connected; Computer/Seeing, Hearing, Touching

Print Era

age when gaining information through the printed word was customary, and seeing continued as the dominant sense; Printing Press/Seeing

Tribal Era

age when oral tradition was embraced and hearing was the paramount sense; Face-to-Face/Hearing

Literate Era

age when written communication flourished and the eye became the dominant sense organ; Phonetic Alphabet/Seeing

future research of theory?

agenda-melding function - media affects our group affiliations based on our need to belong -people who join groups also adopt agenda (ex joining NRA group) -how is the agenda affected by fake news

Axiom 4

all communication is either digital or analogical -Digital - Verbal - Content - Analogical - nonverbal - relationship

Axiom 5

all communication is either symmetrical or complementary

Advertising and TV o Parity products

all essentially the same Advertisers sometimes create the USP

According to Fisher, the NARRATIVE PARADIGM

allows people to move away from an either/or dualism toward a more unified sense that embodies science, philosophy, story, myth, and logic

ideal audience

an actual community existing over time that believes in the values of truth, the good, beauty, health, wisdom, courage, temperance, justice, harmony, order, communion, friendship, and oneness with the cosmos

Topics

an aid to invention that refers to the arguments a speaker uses

topics

an aid to invention that refers to the arguments a speaker uses

causal argument

an assertion of cause and effect

Casual Argument

an assertion of cause and effect, including the direction of the causality

causal argument

an assertion of cause and effect, including the direction of the causality

Audience Analysis

an assessment and evaluation of listeners

Audience analysis

an assessment and evaluation of listeners

audience analysis

an assessment and evaluation of listeners

Electronic age

an era of instant communication; a return to the global village with all-at-once sound and touch

uncertainty

an estimate of how much a measured or calculated value differs from a true value.

Dialog ethics

an ethical position that emphasizes living dialogically, walking the "narrow ridge" between relativism and absolutism

Train Test

an experiment used to assess the extent to which people will speak out

train test

an experiment used to assess the extent to which people will speak out

Constructivism

an extension of symbolic interaction theory which proposes that reality is what humans cognitively construct it to be Jesse Delia

Enthymeme

an incomplete version of a formal deductive syllogism that is created by leaving out a premise already accepted by the audience or by leaving an obvious conclusion unstated

terministic screens

an individuals preferred system ( the way we talk about something)

Primary source

an original study document object or eyewitness account

Peripheral Route

appearance of credibility, visual aesthetics & expectation of reward

mainstreaming means that heavy television viewers of different co-cultures

are more similar in their beliefs about the world than their varying group membership

Axioms

are the recognized truths about communication

how did theory begin

as a way to test the impact that all this TV viewing had on viewers particularly violence

Aristotle defines rhetoric

as the available means of persuasion

assumption 3 (interrelationship)

assumes policymakers and the public can affect media's agenda

Effective public speakers must consider their audience:

assumption of the rhetoric - The audience as a group of individuals with motivations and desires - Analyzing the audience is essential to understanding them

overaccommodation

attempt to overdo efforts in regulating, modifying, or responding to others - a category of miscommunication wherein participant perceives a speaker to TRANSCEND those communicative behaviors the participant judges necessary for appropriate talk on a particular occasion - it is generally negatively evaluated as patronizing, demeaning, and talking down

4 processes of an act

attention- the observer is attentive to the actions retention-learn from observed behavior reproduction- we can fairly accurately demonstrate the new behavior or information (mimic) motivation- desire to use the process direct- you will be rewarded by using it self-produced- we rely on our own standards to decide if we should precipitate vicarious- motivated by the success of others who are similar to ourselves

Public Opinion

attitudes and behaviors expressed in public in order to avoid isolation

public opinion

attitudes and behaviors expressed in public in order to avoid isolation

public opinion

attitudes and behaviors expressed in public to avoid isolation.

what does the 2 levels of agenda setting focus on?

attribute agenda setting and network agenda setting

The process of evaluating an audience and its background is known as

audience analysis

Segmentation o Psychographic

audience defined by lifestyles, values, attitudes and behaviors

Segmentation o Demographic

audience defined by varying personal and social characteristics

selectivity

audience members' use of media reflects their existing interests

Aristotle suggests that the body of a speech needs to follow an organizational structure because

audiences need to be led from one point to another

what are the ways to manage conflict across cultures (5 terms)

avoiding, obliging, compromising, dominating, integrating

Knowledge

aware of the innovation and its possible uses

how can mediated sources shape a person's sense of reality

because we get info from mediated sources vs through direct experience

Perspective by incongruity

calling attention to a truth by linking two dissonant or discrepant terms

Christian Missionaries

came to Oceania to spread their religion

delivery

cannon of rhetoric - nonverbal presentation

arrangement

cannon of rhetoric - organizational patterns

Invention

cannon of rhetoric - topic, relevance, argument

Memory

cannon of rhetoric - understanding techniques and materials of a speech - the persuasion part

style

cannon of rhetoric -use of language

original hypothesis: cause-effect relationship

cause and effect relationship between media content and voter perception -media tells us what is important

Elaboration Likelihood

central route & peripheral route

Epideictic rhetoric is also known as

ceremonial speaking

Choosing Central Route

choose this route if the listener has the motivation and ability to think about the message

Choosing the Peripheral Route

choose this route when the listener has little/no interest in the topic and doesn't have the ability to think about the message

Requires a Medium

chosen according to the needs, purpose, message, and budget of the audience/receiver

critique: utility

claims are not always useful in explaining how people see the world -ignores other issues such as perceived realism of the televised content

typology

classification scheme; large number of specific instances put into a more manageable set of categories

Interviewing

close-ended vs. open ended questions

which is most common? of the distributions

clumped distribution

what type of conditions are likely to cause each? - distributions (3)

clumped: safety/food/reproduction uniform: territoriality random: weeds.

Name four cash crops Papua New Guinea exports.

coffee, cacao, coconuts, rubber, and tea.

priming

cognitive process whereby what the media presents temporarily influences what the people think about afterwards in processing additional info EX: hearing about North Korea in the news might be primed to have more anxiety than if you hadnt heard about it ex: media reporting might be very strong leading up to event such as superbowl or the olympics, making it hard for audience to not escape event. thus gives the audience interests in the event even though prior were not interested.

Jonathan Schell's book tells a story tha meets the criteria of

coherence and fidelity

Integrating

collaborating with others to find solution -"i think we need to work this out together"

integrating

collaborating with others to find solutions

Dataveillance

collection and distillation of consumer data

Mental state

collection of mental material about a certain subject

The Negative

comes into play when people see their place in the social order and seek to reject it

Feedback

commentary of the functional family system

Axiom 2

communication = content + relationship -Content is the substance of the verbal message -Relationship defines the interpersonal dynamic between communicators.

Metacommunication

communication about communication

Phatic communication

communication aimed at maintaining relationships rather than passing along information or saying something new

phatic communication

communication aimed at maintaining relationships rather than passing along information or saying something new

Critical Tradition

communication as a reflective challenge of unjust discourse Karl Marx

The Cybernetic tradition

communication as a system of information processing Norbert Wiener

Rhetorical Tradition

communication as artful public address Aristotle

Socio-Psychological Tradition

communication as interpersonal interaction and influence

Socio cultural tradition

communication as the creation and enactment of social reality Edwar Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf

Phenomenological Tradition

communication as the experience of self and others through dialogue Carl Rogers

The Semiotic tradition

communication as the process of sharing meaning through signs I.A Richards

Affiliation

communication is a necessary part of all relationships

Intentionality

communicators must be aware of both intentional and unintentional messages

Theatre of Struggle

competition of various cultural ideologies

Hosts

computers linking personal computer users to the Internet

Experiments

concerned with causation (ex) in a lab or in the field

why a critical theory

concerned with the way that communication perpetuates the dominance of one group over another

Narratice fidelity

congruence between values embedded in a message and what listeners regard as truthful and humane; the story strikes a responsive chord

narrative fidelity

congruence between values embedded in a message and what listeners regard as truthful and humane; the story strikes a responsive chord

Liaison

connects two+ groups that would not otherwise be linked

step 1: message system analysis

consists of detailed content analyses of TV programming in order to demonstrate its more recurring and consistent presentations of images, theme, values, etc

The Pentad, created by Burke,

consists of five points for analyzing a symbolic text

Environment 1 of MSW

constant noise, common universe, basic likeness

framing

content of news provides context for discussing related topics

What is an island that once was connected to a larger continental landmass called?

continental island

Logical Consistency

contradictiona and incoherence

Gatekeeper

controls the flow of information

Mr. Biggott Study

cooper and jahoda comedy sketch -very prejudice *satire could reduce prejudice STUDY non-jewish white men -many identified w/mr biggot character instead of change of heart, solidified prior beliefs

Consent

corporations demand loyalty of employees which is secured through language, info, rituals, symbols, and stories

consent

corporations demand the loyalty of the employees or their consent, it is secured through language, information, rituals, symbols, and stories.

Greenwashing

countering PR efforts aimed at its clients by environmentalists

content analysis

counting things

approach to knowing

critical

communication context

cultural

Culture Wars

cultural struggles over meaning, identity, and influence

communication tradition

cybernetic and socio-psychological

Empirical

data obtained and tested in observable ways

face need

desire to be associated (inclusion) or disassociated (autonomy) with others.

face need

desire to be associated or disassociated with others

negative face

desire to be autonomous and free from others

negative face:

desire to be autonomous and free from others

positive faces

desire to be liked and admired by others

Motivation

desire to use the process

Dual Climates

difference between the population's perception of a public issue and the way the media report on the issue

Dual Climates of Opinion

difference between the population's perception of a public issue and the way the media report on the issue

dual climates of opinion

difference between the population's perception of a public issue and the way the media report on the issue

Simple

direct, authoritarian control- threat, conditions on employees

simple control

direct, authoritarian control. characterized by threats, conditions on employees

Scope and Structure o Lobbying

directly interacting to influence elected officials or government regulators and agents

Rhetoric

discovering all possible means of persuasion

Symmetry

do the two people share the same kind of bond?

Secondary source

document written about primary source; often summarizes the documents for more clarity

research example: Seguin and Nabi 2002

does tv cultivate unrealistic expectations about marriage -surveyed unmarried students -viewing romantic genre programming was positively associated with idealistic expectations about marriage -found heavy viewers in romantic genre had unrealistic expectations -shows that type of programming not just overall tv viewing matters

Smartphones o Personal medium

don't like the intrusion of ads Very fine line between personalization and invasion of privacy

Assumption

effective public speakers must consider their audience

Assumption

effective public speakers must employ a number of proofs in their presentations

face-saving

efforts to avoid embarrassment or vulnerability

face-saving

efforts to avoid embarrassment or vulnerability -to not humiliate others -collectivist -ex:french is primary language of other friend. he speaks fluent english, but sometimes says french phrases. because others are not prepared for this, I introduce hum as someone whos primary language is french. I am using a saving -face technique

Click stream

electronic tracking of the choices we make

Pathos

emotional proof, which comes from the feeling the speech draws outof those who hear it

Pathos

emotional proof; emotions drawn from audience members

pathos

emotional proof; emotions drawn from audience members

affective

emotional, pleasant, or aesthetic experience

History o Edward Bernays

emphasized the value of assessing the public's feelings about an organization That knowledge would be used to develop an organization's public relations efforts The beginning of two-way communication in public relations - PR professionals representing the publics to their clients, as well as representing their clients to their publics

personal integrative

enhancing credibility, confidence, and status

social integrative

enhancing social connections with family, friends, etc.

Encounter

enters workplace and learns the normal work, goes through uncertainty reduction, relies on coworkers and bosses, usually stresses over the difference between their expectations and reality

Epoch

era or historical age

tension release

escape and diversion

Aristotle's 3 Appeals

ethos logos pathos (most volatile)

Free Will purists

every human act is ultimately voluntary (ex) alcoholism is a choice, you are your own person

norms

expectations of behavior in conversations

Bloom's Taxonomy

explains how people must learn at increasing levels

what type of population growth has the human population shown so far?

exponential growth

Opinion

expression of attitude

opinion

expression of attitude

tact facework

extent to which a person respects another's autonomy

3 types of facework: tact facework

extent to which a person respects another's autonomy (ex: asking for suggestions while avoiding directions)

Multiplexity

extent to which two network members are linked together by more than one relationship

Inartistic proofs

external evidence the speaker doesn't create

inartistic proofs

external evidence the speaker doesn't create

assumption 3) certain acts threaten one's projected self-image (involves face saving and face restoration)

face threatening process/ acts

density independent limiting factor

factor that limits population growth and arises regardless of population. for example: a flood

density dependent limiting factor

factor that limits population growth and has a greater effect in denser populations, for example competition for a limited source

Astroturf

fake grassroots organization

critique: logical consistency

faults in methods employed by cultivation theory researchers do not match conceptual reach of theory - correlation between heavy viewing and giving the television answer .091, yet importance of issue maybe enough? -small relationship between heavy viewers and belief of mean scary world. -too many exceptions, no strong correlations

Name an "Independent Country"?

fiji

critique: test of time?

find fault in theories predictions - 3 B's not found in later studies

Surveys

find out how how someone thinks feels or intends to behave: interviews, questionnaires, sampling

cultivation produces effects on two levels

first order effect and second order effect

attribute agenda setting

focuses on attributes those issues are most important

approbation facework

focusing less on the negative aspects of another, more on the positive aspects of another (ex: student tries to go to professor and explain why his paper is late but she will give him an extension, rather than then trying to blame student, professor acknowldges good qualities like he is a hard worker and can get it done quickly

agenda

focusing on the list of important issues that is decided by entity, aka media

Bureaucratic

formal procedures, rewards and punishments, hierarchy

Bureaucratic control

formal procedures, rewards and punishments, hierarchy.

Strength

frequency, intimacy, or intensity of the connection

laws of media

further expansion of MET that focuses on the impact technology has on society

Laws of Media

further expansion of Media Ecology Theory with a focus on the impact of technology on society

agenda setters

gatekeepers, candidates, public relations, interest groups

who sets the agenda?

gatekeepers. big companies, candidates, interests groups like NRA

Media

generic term for all human-invented technology that extends the range, speed, or channels of communication

Compromising

give and take, trying to find a middle road to resolve impasses ex: you give up your time and ill give up mine"

you got this lianna

go bish go

Where does 60% of Papua New Guinea's export come from?

gold and copper

integration analysis

graph or diagram sentences

cohort

group of individuals born during the same interval

Systems Metaphore

group of individuals who interrelate to form a whole Family, work group, sports team

Hard Core

group(s) at the end of the spiral willing to speak out at any cost

hard core

group(s) at the end of the spiral willing to speak out at any cost

Dominating Style

have a high concern for self and low concern for others - Bad Style - Most Damaging - Mirroring Pattern * Dominating back * Dominating back * Dominating back * Conflict Escalating

polysemic

having more than one meaning

critique: test of time

held up over time because many studies and media still go by it

purpose of face negotiation theory?

helps explain cultural differences in response to conflict

What has steep slopes rising from shore? This results in diverse plant and animal life.

high lands

bet-the-company culture

high risk/ slow feedback and reward. -High stakes gambles that takes years to pay off. Low level and constant stress. -Example: oil or manufacturers.

Hot Media

high-definition communication that demands little involvement from a viewer, listener, or reader; Radio, Lectures, Twitter, Books, Movies, Films, Photographs

salience: perceived by the audience

how important an issue is relative to others -allows for agenda researchers to capture what the media is and what the media is telling the public to think about

Models of Cognition

how information is processed

Stability

how long does the relationship last?

media framing

how media depictions of events influence and constrain the way consumers can interpret the events

media training

how media depictions of events influence and constrain the way consumers can interpret the events.

uncertainty: a factor in why people seek guidance from media

how much info one may think they know about a topic EX: if they believe have know a lot of info about a candidate, then uncertainty is low, and will not need media guidance. -if high uncertainty, then need media guidance

Frequency

how often do they communicate?

Narrative term

how people live their lives based on their stories

Briefly explain semiotic theory, and give examples

how types of audiences make sense of specific forms of content Hall and Moore media content are a TEXT made up of SIGNS -in order to make sense of text, you must read/interpret signs (ex. when you read a sentence, you have to decode the words) texts = polysemic -fundamentally ambiguous; text can be interpreted different most texts are polysemic, but creator has a preferred dominate reading/theme preferred dominant sign/reading -more simple = easier reading (on the same page)

Role Schemas

how you perceive and categorize a person's place in society

People Schemas

how you perceive and categorize people

Event Schemas

how you predict what will happen in certain situations

Narrative Paradigm

humans are storytelling beings by nature

Narrative Paradigm

humans are storytelling beings by nature Walter Fisher

When there is overlap between two people in terms of their substance, they have

identification

original assumption

media does not so much tell us what to think, but what to think ABOUT

assumption 1) self identity is important

important in interpersonal interactions with indivi negotiating their identities differently across culture

indirect stereotyping

imposing outdated and rigid assumptions of a cultural group upon that group

Guilt

includes any type of tension, embarrassment, shame, disgust, or other unpleasant feeling

Perceptual Noise

incorrect perceptions of the message people just don't understand the message

what is the relation of individualism and collectivism to the theory?

individualistic cultures: tend to be more self-face oriented collectivist: more-other or mutual face oriented in conflict

clumped distribution

individuals aggregate in patones (most common)

uniform distribution

individuals are evenly spaced

low-context culture

info is rested on in the explicit code

Corporate

info which management wants to share with employees

corporate stories

information that management wants to share with the employees

What are most islands in Oceania?

inhabited

face concern

interest in maintaining one's face or the face of others

face concern

interest in maintaining one's face or the face of others (ex. "do i want attention drawn toward myself or toward another?"

Integrating Style

interested parties confront the issue and cooperatively identify the problem, generate and weigh alternatives, and select a solution - Best Style

Cannons of rhetoric

invention, arrangement, style, delivery, and memory

step 2) formulation of ?'s about viewers realities

involves developing ?'s about people's understandings of their everyday life -EX ?: in any given week what are the chances you will be involved in violence? 1/100? 1/10?

Metaphor

is a figure of speech that helps to make the unclear more understandable

Scapegoating

is a form of victimage in which the blame is placed on some sacrificial vessel

The Conclusion of a speech

is aimed at summarizing the speaker's points and arousing emotions in the audience

According to the assumptions of the Narrative Paradigm

is based on people's judgements of a story's consistency and truthfulness

Characterological coherence

is is a type of coherence referring to the believability of the characters of the characters in the story

Direction

is the link reciprocal?

In the pentad, the agent

is the person or persons performing the act

Victimage

is the way in which we attempt to purge the guilt that we feel as part of the human condition

Mediation

is there a common link?

characteristic of epideictic rhetoric

it helps speakers understand the importance of their own character

what is Aristotle's opinion on epideictic speaking?

it is greatly informed by the study of values

Critique of the NP

its highly criticized but - Heurism: people as stoytellers in general has stimulated research - Scope: too broadly defined; impacts the meaningfulness of the core concepts - Logical Consistency: Lack of consistency for some of the claims Fisher makes (overstates the domination of the public by elites or experts - Utility: Conservative slant makes it less useful - Testability: hard to test such broad concepts

Participation

joint, open decisions in the workplace- stakeholder democracy involving investors, workers, suppliers, and world communities

participation

joint, open, decisions in the workplace. Stakeholder democracy involving investors, workers, suppliers, and world communities.

Last-Minute Swing

jumping on the bandwagon of popular opinion after opinions have been expressed

last-minute swing

jumping on the bandwagon of popular opinion after opinions have been expressed

Negative Feedback

keep the system the same

Ideology

knowledge presented as common sense or natural, especially when its social construction is ignored or suppressed

Mindlessness

lack of in-depth schema analysis that causes misperceptions

Shared Code

languages, gestures, expressions, etc.

Enhancement

law that states media amplify or strengthen society

enhancement

law that states media amplify or strengthen society ex: telephone enhanced the spoken word found in face-2-face conversations

obsolescence

law that states media eventually makes something obsolete or out of date ex: tv made radio obsolete

Obsolescence

law that states media eventually render something obsolete or out of date

Retrieval

law that states media restore something that was once lost

retrieval

law that states media restore something that was once lost ex: tv restored the importance of visuals that were lost due to radio

reversal

law that states media will--when pushed to their limit-- produce or become something else ex: the internet-- as a medium pushed to its potential-- reverses society into a new and unique place

Reversal

law that states media will--when pushed to their limit--produce or become something else

Aristotle asserts that only LOGOS

lead to true knowledge because it provides a system of logic that can be proven valid

Anticipatory Socalization

learn about a job, position, or organization (usually only learn the positive)

Anticipatory socialization

learn about a job, position, or organization, usually then only learn the positive.

Retentive Process

learn from observed behavior

cultivation theory as critical theory

learning from television produces a mean world- self fulfilling prophecy

Public

legal, social, and social-psychological concerns of people

public

legal, social, and social-psychological concerns of people

public

legal, social, and social-psychological concerns of people.

high-context culture

little info is in the explicit message, must rely on context

Micronesia

located in the northwestern section of Oceania, East of the Philippines.

population distribution

location of population members relative to one another. clumped uniformity desired or randomly

evaluation criteria

logical consistency, heurism

evaluation criteria

logical consistency, utility, heurism

evaluation criteria

logical consistency, utility, heurism, test of time

critique

logical consistency: found some discrepancies because different cultures such as Japanese showed more concern in face than US heurism: highly heuristic

Logos

logical proof, which comes from the line of argument in a speech

logos

logical proof, which comes from the line of argument in a speech

Logos

logical proof; the use of arguments and evidence in a speech

logos

logical proof; the use of arguments and evidence in a speech

Aristotle's proofs used in speech preparation and speech making include ethos, pathos, and

logos

Test of Time

longest longevity in communication ever

What are smaller, flatter islands with sandy beaches called? (hint: few forests and less diverse plant and animal life)

low lands

process culture

low risk/ slow feedback and reward. Can't measure work, but look how it is done. Stable but consistent.

work-hard-play-hard

low risk/rapid feedback and reward. Fun and action, lots of activity, and high levels of certainty. Stress comes from how much you work, not the work itself.

Cool Media

low-definition communication that demands active involvement from a viewer, listener, or reader; Cartoons, Conversations, Facebook, Seminars, Telephone, YouTube, Television

Binary code

made up of 1s and 0s

assumption 2) relates to conflict

management of conflict is mediated by face and culture

According to Aristotle, the delivery of speech specifically pertains to the

manipulation of the voice

Control

many forms of communication are controlling, or at least persuasive

Ethnography

mapping out social discourse; discovering who people within a culture think they are, what they think they are doing, and to what end they think they are doing it

creator

marshall McLuhan

communication context

mass media

communication context

mass/media

Dissonate

material that doesn't go along with your prevailing mental state

carrying capacity (k)

maximum number of individuals of a species that a particular environment can sustain, can change overtime.

product of theory

mean world index

Concertive

mechanisms to reward and control behavior that influences the team, how group members pressure other group members

concertive control

mechanisms to reward and control behavior that influences the team, how group members pressure other group members.

what were their findings?

media agenda and public agenda were almost identical

Discuss Noelle-Newman's ideas and findings

media has always had high power/large effect but we lacked ability to measure it 1. ubiquity: everywhere/omnipresent 2. consonance: news didn't change, just the platform (same message) 3. cumulation: the psychological effect of news overtime as information increases and we hear it more and more (more frequent)

Gambon and Modigliani

media in opinion formation -public reaction -related to agenda setting

Cultural Studies

media is one way to disseminate cultural ideas

uniform effects model

media messages affect everyone the same way (often referred to as the "magic-bullet" or "hypodermic needle" models)

new assumption ultimately?

media not only tells us what to think but what to think ABOUT (angle ie is the immigration caravan dangerous?)

new assumption

media not only tells us what to think, but also HOW to think about it

Tiggerman and Clark

media vs. children socialization media portrayals may encourage dissatisfaction with self, especially in young girls

Advertising - definition

mediated messages paid for by and identified with a business or institution seeking to increase the likelihood that those who consume those messages will act or think as the advertiser wishes

Randolph, a professor, always makes a mental note of key facts when preparing for a lecture. In this case, the canon of rhetoric employed by Randolph is

memory

Balance theories

mental balance

Ideology

mental framework used to understand the world. - Dominant Ideology: media supports the status quo - Articulation: process where our cultural ideas are reinforced

Schemas

mental structures that "file" information and put them together to create meaning and understanding

face

metaphor for the public image people display, extensions of ones self concept

Semantic Noise

misinterpretation of words and sentences by the sender or receiver. using incorrect grammar, intellectual/specialized jargon, etc.

Pluralistic Ignorance

mistaken observation of how most people feel

pluralistic ignorance

mistaken observation of how most people feel

plurlistic ignorance

mistaken observation of how most people feel

Paradigm

model; overarching standpoint

type 2

mortality varies little with age.

Central Route

motivation & ability to understand

emigration

movement of individuals out of a population

immigration

movement of populations into a population

Metamorphosis

moving from outsider to insider within the organization

Narration

needs a storyteller and a listener

Psychological Noise

negative feelings/distractions in the mind of either the sender or receiver

Digital natives

never known a world without the Internet

Cultural Context

nixon 2 finger story

Star

node that is central to the network

Artifacts

observable evidence of a culture. Ex. architecture, dress, documents, patterns of behavior, rituals, acronyms, forms of address, approaches to decision making

Attention Process

observer is attentive to the actions

Physical Noise

occurrences in the physical surroundings or in the media that can distort a message

Mainstreaming (homogenizing effect)- heavy viewers develop common outlook on world light viewers portray themselves accurately

occurs when for especially heavy viewers, TV symbols dominate other source of info and ideas about the world -tendency for heavy viewers to perceive a similar culturally dominant reality to that pictured on the media although this differs from actual reality

central route persuasion

occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts * recipient has the motivation and ability * persuasion occurs when a person is persuaded by the content of the message. * Message elaboration * High mental effort (high cognitive complexity)

peripheral route persuasion

occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness * recipient has little interest in message * persuasion occurs when a person is persuaded by something other than the message's content. * No message elaboration * Low mental effort (low cognitive complexity) *

per capita rate of increase (r)

of a population , per capita (per individual) birth rate minus per capita death rate

What is New Guinea?

one island that is land that is divided into 2 small parts

scapegoating

one method of purging guilt, by blaming others

mortification

one method of purging guilt, by blaming ourselves

Heurism

one of the most heuristic theories found in communication / has generated research / much public speaking is based upon Aristotle

act

one prong of the pentad; that which is done by a person

scene

one prong of the pentad; the context surrounding the act

purpose

one prong of the pentad; the goal the agent had for the act

agency

one prong of the pentad; the means used to prefrom the act

agent

one prong of the pentad; the person preforming the act

Dominant Position

operating within a code that allows one person to have control over another person

What is the two-step flow theory? Include background and research

opinion leadership old concept of mass audience = socially isolated individuals (mass media---->audience) modern concept = social context in audience participation (mass media---->opinion leader--->audience) (democratic view whether with or without other democrats; you do not lose social identity even without group) listening to Coughlin radio broadcast has different effects either alone or with a group opinion leader: someone who consumes a lot of media, horizontally distributed by social status (leader at one level) majority of people do not get opinions from the media, but other people (opinion leaders) personal communication seems to be more persuasive than mass communication 1. more casual; more difficult to avoid 2. more flexibility 3. Si Senor Syndrome or reward/punishment syndrome -agree to please authorities/agree to avoid punishment -teacher asks "do you get it" students nod even if they do not 4. tend to trust people that we know personally more than the media

Semiconductor

or integrated circuit, or chip replaced the vacuum tube

Speakers look to what are called civic spaces

or the metaphorical locations where rhetoric has the opportunity to effect change

Rhetorical criticism

organizational scholars

Glosses

outdated words in a speech

glosses

outdated words in a speech

Scope and Structure o Spin

outright lying or obfuscation

sensory overaccommodation

overly adapting to others who are perceived as limited in their abilities (physical, linguistic, or other)

Sensory overaccommodation

overly adapting to others who is seen as being limited in their abilities (physical, linguistic etc)

Body

part of an organisational strategy in a speech that includes arguments, examples and important details to make a point

Introduction

part of an organisational strategy in a speech that includes gaining the audiences attention, connecting with the audience and providing an overview of the speakers purpose

Conclusion

part of an organisational strategy in a speech that is aimed at summarising a speakers main points and arousing emoitions in an audience

Body

part of an organizational strategy in a speech that includes arguments, examples, and important details to make a point

Introduction

part of an organizational strategy in a speech that includes gaining the audience's attention, connecting the audience, and providing an overview of the speaker's purpose

Conclusion

part of an organizational strategy in a speech that is aimed at summarizing a speaker's main points and arousing emotions in an audience

conclusion

part of an organizational strategy in a speech that is aimed at summarizing a speaker's main points and arousing emotions in an audience

body

part of an organizational strategy in speech that includes arguments, examples, and important details to make a point

introduction

part of an organized speech that includes gaining the audiences attention, connecting with the audience, and providing an overview of the speaker's purpose

obliging

passive accommodation that tries to satisfy the needs of others. goes along with others -whatever you want to do is fine"

culture

pattern of shared assumptions that have been invented, discovered, or developed by a given group, and are taught to new members and the correct way to perceive, think, and behave.

who is the most affected by agenda setting?

people who have a need for the info or are curious about it -EX: dunbar follows NY post, if they post about education or immigration then she is affected

who is most affected

people who have a need for the information or are curious about it (relevance and uncertainty); high uncertainty causes individuals to seek out information

Ethos

perceived credibility, which comes from the speaker's intelligence, character, and goodwill toward the audience, as these personal characteristics are revealed through the message

Social Judgement Theory

perception and evaluation of an idea by comparing it with current attitudes Muzafer Sherif

Personal

personal accounts of themselves that employees share with each other to define who they are within the organization

personal stories

personal accounts of themselves that employees share with each other to define who they are within the organization

self-identity

personal attributes of an individual

self-identity

personal attributes of an individual, -"sites of identity" locations such as physical, intellectual, and social and poltical ones where identity develops

Quasi-Statistical Sense

personal estimation of the strength of opposing sides on a public issue

Quasi-statistical sense

personal estimation of the strength of opposing sides on a public issue

quasi-statistical sense

personal estimation of the strength of opposing sides on a public issue

individuals receive information about public opinion from:

personal observations and the media

The Medium is the Message

phrase referring to the power and influence of the medium- not the content- on a society

Ratio of the Senses

phrase referring to the way people adapt to their environment

global village

phrase used by McLuhan to explain how media connects the world -it is the notion that humans can no longer live in isolation, but rather will always be connected by continuous and instantaneous electronic media

Physiological Noise

physical discomfort in the body of either the sender or receiver

Collectvism

places emphasis on the group over individual "we can do this" "we are a team" -emphasize harmony -S American countries, Central American countries

individualism culture

places emphasis on the individual over the group "i want" "i need" -freedom, self-motivation -US countries, and European

Smartphone, tablets o Sticky

players "stick" with game sites longer than other websites Use video games to reach their targets in 4 ways Product placement Freemium games Advergaming Advocacy gaming

random

position of each individual is independent of the others. (weeds)

assumption 3) tv effects are limited (ice age analogy)

position stating that television doesn't have to have a single major impact, but INFLUENCES viewers through steady limited effects -cumulative and persuasive impact on our vision of the world -impact is present and significant

collegial stories

positive or negative anecdotes about others in the organization; descriptions of how things "really work"

approach to knowing

positivistic/empirical

approach to knowing

positivistic/empirical and critical

Criteria for Evaluation Theory:

practicality, succinctness, consistency, acuity

what does theory predict and explain

predicts and explains the long term formation and shaping of perceptions, understandings, and beliefs about the world as a result of consumption of media messages

Values (level of culture)

preferences about how things should be handled, shared beliefs about how things ought to happen (intangible) Ex. innovation, creativity

The logic of good reasons

presents a listener with a set of values that appeal to her or him and form warrants for accepting or rejecting the advice advanced by any form of narrative

part 1 of three part process in agenda setting: setting the media agenda

priority of issues to be DISCUSSED in mediated source

perception

process of attending to and interpreting a message

evaluation

process of judging a conversation

surveillance: a function of mass media

process of newspeople scanning info that is in environment to decide which event to focus on/deserves attention

face management-individualistic culture

protection of one's face even it comes to bargaining

mass mediating storytelling

providing for the dominant entertainment medium

part 3 of three part process of agenda setting: policy agenda

public agenda interacts with what is considered important by policymakers

Assumption

public behavior is affected by public opinion assessment

Rites and Rituals

public performances that demonstrate the organizational values

Implementation

puts the innovation to use

Funkhouser study

questioned gallup polls validity (ex. Monica Lewinsky); what was the cause public could care less but the media kept covering it; caused the public to care about it but the media moved on and the public still cared

step 3) surveying the audience

questions from step 2 be posed to audience and researchers ask about levels of television consumption

examples of r selected species and k selected species.

r selected: crabs & dandelions k-selected: elephants and bears

pack journalism

the phenomenon of journalists having their agendas influenced by other journalists

Plato and Aristotle distinguished mythos as story and emotion and logos as

reason

Environment 3 of MSW

receiver constant. Gives feedback to determine whether the message was successful or not.

Confirmation

reconsiders his or her adoption of technology- is it worth it?

The final stage of Burke's cycle for purging guilt is

redemption

Topics

refer to the lines of argument or modes of reasoning a speaker uses in a speech

Material coherence

referring to the congruence between one story and other related stories

Structural coherence

referring to the flow of the story

Rational World Paradigm

refers to a system of logic employed by many researcher and professionals

imperviousness to influence

refers to audience members constructing their own meaning from media content

activeness

refers to how much freedom the audience really has in the face of mass media

second order effects

refers to learning values and assumptions from the media

activity

refers to what the media consumer does

the negative

rejecting one's place in the social order; exhibiting resistence

positive face

related to face politeness theory; desired to be liked and admired by others

Compromising Style

represents a moderate concern for self and other - Better Style - Not the best because their is still frustration at the end

research example

research by Asch and Noelle-Neumann provided support for social conformity; asked what line is closest to the first line → a confederate would provide a false answer and then the participant would usually conform to the same answer, even though the answer was wrong

Ethnography

researchers immerse themselves into a particular culture or context: complete participant, participant observer, complete observer

because heavy viewers see world as dangerous

researchers see this as evidence that TV content is a factor in the construction of social realities for heavy viewers

part 2 of three part process of agenda setting: public agenda

result of the media agenda interacting with what the public thinks

Hawaiin Luau

ritual ceremony celebrating important events like a victory in battle

individual effect

same media message may not affect everyone the same way

obliging

satisfying the needs of others

transmissional perspective

sees media as senders of messages- discrete bits of info- across space; -if all media does is transmit bits of info then people can choose to use or not use that info as they wish

issues are brought out through (framing):

selection, emphasis, exclusion, and elaboration

theory revision: self construal (individual culture)

self-image of idividuals withing a culture sometimes differs self construal is a better predictor of conflict styles than ethnic/ cultural background

Environment 2 of MSW

sender constant noise Sends message in order to change an action, idea, mental image, etc.

identification

sense of oneness with or belonging to an organization

Theory

set of systematic hunches about the way things operate

assumption 2) influence of television

shapes our society's way of thinking and relating -doesn't really persuade - get a stable vision of life from stories on TV and vision teaches us about our fates

Paradigm shift

shift in way of understanding (ex) sun around the earth vs. earth around the sun

Nauru

smallest inhabited island in Oceania

mirror metaphor

social/cultural theories of mass communication media reflects Americas values as a society violence in media? only b/c of violence in society

communication tradition

socio-cultural

communication tradition

socio-cultural and critical

Comm tradition, comm context, approach to knowing

socio-cultural, critical, mass media, empirical, critical

communication tradition

socio-psychological

Comm tradition, comm context, approach to knowing

socio-psychological, cultural, positivistic

convergence

strategy used to adapt to another's behavior - people converge towards others they respect and admire and/or those that have more prestige or social power over them - people like being converged to (up to an optimal level) because it tells them you resonate to them

face restoration (occurs after loss of face)

strategy used to preserve autonomy (dissociation) and avoid loss of face -attempt to restore face through excuses "i thought it was her job" and justifications "im not a morning person"

face restoration

strategy used to preserve autonomy and avoid loss of face

Greenberg

some children watch TV because it's a habit

Goal Achievement

some communication is focused on a very specific task

Consonate

someones prevailing mental state about someone

counting all individuals

sometimes we can count all individuals. sometimes that is impossible.

Identification

speaking in someone else terministic screen

(Assumption 1) Humans are animals who use symbols

speaks to Burke's realization of what we do is motivated by our nature and some of what we do is motivated by symbols example: when Karl drinks his morning coffee , he is satisfying his thirst , an animal need.

History o Pseudo-event

staged to attract public attention

Avoiding

staying away from disagreement, dodge unpleasantness -ex: "im busy "i dont want to talk about "

avoiding

staying away from disagreements

Collegial

stories (positive and negative) that employees tell about each other

collegial stories

stories (positive and negative) that employees tell about each other.

divergence

strategy used to accentuate the verbal and nonverbal differences between communicators - we diverge when our ways of communicating are fundamental aspects of our social identities - language/communication is an important aspect of our ethnic, and many other, identities - in large part, we ARE how we communicate (and are seen to do so)

Epistemology

study of knowledge

Axiology

study of value

Oppositional Position

substituting alternative messages presented by the media

Involvement

suggestion boxes, employee consultation, corporate democracy, free expression and participation in final decisions and right to effect decisions

involvement

suggestion boxes, employee consultation, corporate democracy. Free expression and participation in final decisions. Right to effect decisions.

What is an example of something you could use regarding the ancient practice of "wayfinding"?

sun stars and ocean currents

disinhibition

surgeon general more exposed to media violent content the less restraint to behave violently *stimulation

imitation

surgeon general people learn to imitate seen behavior *stimulation

Narration

symbolic actions - words and/or deeds - that have sequence and meaning for those who live, create, or interpret them

Three Core concepts

systematics, hunches, operate (process)

Corporate stories

tales that carry management ideology and reinforce company policy

personal stories

tales told by employees that put them in a favorable light

violence index- development of Gerbner's theory

task was to produce a yearly content analysis of prime-time networking programming to assess the amount of violence represented -overt expression of physical force, compelling action against one's will on pain of being hurt and or killed or threatened as part of the plot

Sophists

teachers of public speaking (rhetoric) in ancient Greece

sophists

teachers of public speaking (rhetoric) in ancient Greece

what holds a central place in our experience

television

Obliging Style

tend to show low concern for yourself and a great concern for others - Bad Style - Just moves frustration around

Ritual

texts that articulate multiple aspects of cultural life, often marking rites of passage or life transitions

System Theory Models

the "big picture" of communication

The Rhetoric

the art of using language effectively and persuasively Aristotle

Rhetoric

the available means of persuasion

rhetoric

the available means of persuasion

Consonance

the belief that all media are similar in attitudes, beliefs, and values

consonance

the belief that all media are similar in attitudes, beliefs, and values

Ubiquity

the belief that media are everywhere

ubiquity

the belief that media are everywhere

Cumulativeness

the belief that media repeat themselves

cumulativeness

the belief that media repeat themselves

what was the theories development in response to

the beliefs about the media's limited effects that were dominant at the time

characterological coherence

the believeability of the characters in the story

Identification

the common ground between speaker and audience; overlap of physical characteristics, talents, occupation, friends, experiences, personality, beliefs, and attitudes; consubstantiation

Myth

the connotative meaning that signs carry wherever they go; myth makes what is cultural seem natural

Material coherence

the degree of congruence between one story and other stores that seem related

narrative coherence

the degree to which a story makes sense in the world in which we live

Salience

the degree to which an agenda issue is perceived as important relative to the other issues on the agenda

salience

the degree to which an agenda issue is perceived as important relative to the other issues on the agenda

Salience

the degree to which an agenda issue is perceived as important relative to the other issues on the agenda.

structural coherence

the degree to which the elements of a story flow smoothly

Hegemony

the domination of one group over another, usually weaker, group ex: -Class and hegemony -Race and hegemony -Gender and hegemony

substance

the general nature of something

The less overlap between individuals,

the greater the division that exists between them

Mass Society Theory

the idea that average people are the victims of the powerful forces of mass media

Mass society theory

the idea that average people are the victims of the powerful forces of mass media

relevance: a factor in why people seek guidance from media

the influence and how personally affected they feel by an issue EX: if not involved with issue like greenhouse gases, will not look to media for guidance on issue and not affected by media agenda

Cultural Network

the informal communication process within the organization, including stories, jokes and gossip

Sign

the inseparable combination of the signifier and the signified

Coherence

the internal consistency of a narrative - exists when all the important details of a story are present. - based on three types of coherence

Digital divide

the lack of technological access among specific groups of Americans Favors those who have the money to buy hardware and software, and pay for the service Those on the wrong side of the divide will be denied basic democratic rights

bending

the mainstream reality benefits the elite ex. we all want to buy more products

Heavy viewers believe

the mainstreamed realities that the world is a more dangerous place than it really is, that all politicians are corrupt, teen crime is record high

signified

the meaning we associate with the sign

McLuhan believes

the medium is the message -the power and influence of the medium, rather than the content, on a society -we create technology and technology recreates who we are -content affects our conscious state -medium largely affects our unconscious state

homeostasis

the nature of a system to maintain stability, nature to break

Global Village

the notion that humans can no longer live in isolation, but rather will always be connected by continuous and instantaneous electronic media

Symbolic Interactionism

the ongoing use of language and gestures in anticipation of how the other will react; a conversation George Herbert Mead

Values (element to culture)

the organization's core beliefs. (Ex. how they treat clients, suppliers, employees, etc.)

Homophily

the overall similarity among members in the social system

Heroes

the people who best represent or personify these values

Ethos

the perceived character intelligence, and goodwill of a speaker

Ethos

the perceived character, intelligence and goodwill of speaker; revealed through the speech process

Ethos

the perceived character, intelligence, and goodwill of a speaker

ethos

the perceived character, intelligence, and goodwill of a speaker

cultivation differential

the percentage of difference in response between light 1/10 odds of being victimized and heavy television viewers 1/100 odds of being victimized

Cultivation Differential

the percentage of difference in response between light and heavy television viewers

cultivation differential

the percentage of difference in response between light and heavy television viewers

limited effects

the perspective replacing Mass Society Theory; holds that media effects are limited by aspects of the audience's personal and social lives

Canons of Rhetoric

the principle divisions of the art of persuasion established by ancient rhetoricians- invention, arrangement, style, delivery, and memory

media agenda

the priority placed on issues discussed in mediated sources

Consubstantiation

the process of increasing people's identification with each other

Victimisation

the process of naming an external enemy as the source of all personal or public ills; scapegoating

Victimization

the process of naming an external enemy as the source of all personal or public ills; scapegoating

surveillance

the process of news people scanning the information that is in the environment and deciding which of the many events that are occurring deserve attention in their news outlets

surveillance

the process of newspeople scaling the information that is in the environment and deciding which of the many events that are occurring deserve attention in their news outlets.

surveillance

the process of newspeople scanning the information that is in the environment and deciding which of the many events that are occurring deserve attention in their news outlet

surveillance

the process of newspeople scanning the information that is in the environment and deciding which of the many events that are occurring deserve attention in their news outlets

Deconstruction

the process of unmasking contradictions within a text; debunking

pentad or dramatist ratios

the proportions of one element of the pentad relative to another element

face management

the protection of one's face

public agenda

the public issues on which the people's attention is focused

parasocial interaction

the relationship we feel we have with people we know only through the media

Parasocial interaction

the relationship we feel with people we know only from media

Ratio

the relative importance of any two terms of the pentad as determined by their relationship

act

the response

public agenda

the result of the media agenda interacting with what the public thinks

policy agenda

the result of the public agenda interacting with what policy makers think

A Transactional Process

the sender must send a message and the receiver must act on it (feedback)

scene

the situation

Symbolic environment

the socially constructed, sensory world of meanings

what is the major requirement of deliberative speaking?

the speaker should be adept at aligning his thoughts with those of the audience

Narrative Rationality

the standards for judging which stories to believe and which to disregard

agency

the stimulus

Ontology

the study of being

Ontology

the study of being: existence of reality (ex) religion, consciousness, eternity

Media Ecology

the study of different personal and social environments created by the use of different communication technologies

Media ecology

the study of different personal and social environments created by the use of different communication technologies

Ecology

the study of environments and their influence upon people

identifying public agenda through?

they did a survey: what do you care about and compared media and public agenda

Assumption

this fear of isolation causes individuals to try to assess the climate of opinion at all times

Face and Politeness Theory

this theory influences face negotiation theory -will use politeness strategy based on the perception of face threat -believe/discovered 2 types of needs exist:positive face and negative face

how is framing accomplished

through size of headlines, photos included, and jargo. allow editiors to frame its importance and highlight aspects -through selection, emphasis, exclusion, and elaboration.

what is self identity influenced by

time and experience (ex: new teacher overwhelmed and then over time replace with confidence)

Reframing

to change the conceptional or emotional setting in relation to which a situation is experienced

Language enables us

to create categories like richer and more powerful-- the haves and the have-nots

Why would a US base on an island in Oceania, be a good thing for the natives who live there?

to protect people

what is the cultural function of theory

to stabilize social patterns to cultivate resistance to change

Blurring

traditional distinctions are blurred

Blurring (TV)

traditional distinctions are blurred

blurring

traditional distinctions are blurred ex. educated people see the world similarly to those who have less education

accommodation can either be conscious or unconscious

true

accommodation is an optional process

true

Which place is under the governing authority of another country by the United Nation?

trust territories

Systems metaphor

types: nonsummativity,homeostasis, equifinality

population density

umber of individuals per unit area

Advertising and TV o USP

unique selling proposition (USP) - highlighting that aspect of the product that sets it apart from the others of its kind

light viewer

up to 2 hours of TV viewing per day

Aristotle's worldviews differed from that of Plato in that Aristolle

was interested in attaining a logical, realistic, and rational view of society

Methods

way a researcher collects his or her

Active Audiences

we can challenge the audiences Ex. American Idol: the voters get to choose who wins

History o FDR

used the new medium of radio to win support for his New Deal policies PR professionals turning to the newly emerging polling industry, developed by George Gallup and Elmo Roper Gauging public opinion and gathering feedback on the effectiveness of their PR campaigns

mark and recapture

used to estimate populations size of quickly moving or frequency hidden animals.

textual analysis

used to uncover the content nature or structure of messages

technological control

uses technology to manage what can and cannot be done in the workplace Example: assembly line, school bells

Technological

uses technology to manage what can and cannot be done in the workplace- assembly line, school bells

Unobtrusive

using a vision or mission as the leader of a decision making process

Unobtrusive Control

using a vision or mission as the leader of the decision making process

dominating

using influence or authority to make decisions

dominating

using influence or authority to make decisions ex: "i'm the best person to talk about this"

utility

using the media to accomplish specific tasks

media framing (second level of theory)

way media depicts events that have made it onto the media agenda -influence and constrain on how consumers can interpret them

Correlation

way that media directs our attention to certain issues through communicating them to the public/policymakers -media synchronizes various groups in society to pay attention to the same things at the same time

Strategy

values control above all else, eliminate employee voices, prizes managers over stockholders, money is the bottom line, fear of public conflict

strategy

values control above all else, eliminates employee voices, prizes managers over stockholders, money is the bottom line, fear of public conflict

Kaiser foundation study

video game use by adolescence 1. 9/10 young people have video games/consoles 2. "presence" of video games in high profile school shootings 3. video games are interactive, players more involved video games = rehearsal of observed behavior for violence modeling behavior (correlation more than causation)

lithosphere

volcanic eruption

what was the survey question when establishing the theory?

what are you most concerned about these days?

original study: identify media agenda (humphrey and nixon 1968)

what does the media look at or what to talk about? (front page of headlines, space in newspaper) -TIME AND SPACE

Vocational Anticipatory Socialization

what our expectations and beliefs about work are

Vocational anticipatory socialization

what our expectations and beliefs about work are. Example: Bill and Ted's Excellent Adventure of them doing their chores

assumption 2 (influence on public agenda)

whatever media is concentrated on, this comprises their agenda thus influencing public agenda, influencing political agenda EX: bullying in schools has been big topic, but it was media's concentration on it that led to prompting parents (public) to pay attention thus want to change policy

consubstantiation

when appeals are made to increase overlap between people

mean world index relevant to politics

when heavy viewers and politics mix, perceptions of meanness is unequivocal

pack journalism: an expansion of theory

when other journalists agendas are influenced by other journalists

Ethnocentrism

when people can't see past their own culture

Translation Pathology

when people falsely assume digital and analogical communication are interchangeable

under what conditions is exponential growth likely to occur

when there is unlimited resources

division

when two people fail to have overlap in their substances

identification

when two people have overlap in substances

Counter-Hegemony

when, at times, people use hegemonic behaviors to challenge the domination in their lives

According to Burke, words act as terministic screens

which means people cannot see beyond what their words lead them to believe

Van Zoonen

women's movement media in opinion formation

Symbolic Behavior

words, things, and actions are symbols that have meaning

critique: heurism

yes, applied to prime time dramas and diversity topics

Persuasion

you actively seek info about the innovation

Types of Rhetoric

• Forensic Oratory: courtroom speech ( deals with psyche, beliefs and attitudes) • Epideictic Oratory: Cerimonial, used to praise, honor, blame or shame • Deliberative Oratory: associated with political/societal decision making (political rhetoric)

type 1 (k-select)

• Long-lived • Late maturing • Small # of offspring • High parental care • Population near carrying capacity • Usually in stable environments

type 3 r-select

• Short-lived • Fast maturing • Large # of offspring • Low parental care • Often in disturbed habitats


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