Com 305 FINAL Ch 18 - 28
Semiotics
The study of verbal and nonverbal signs that can stand for something else, and how their interpretation impacts society
Purpose
The goal the agent had for the act
Cybernetics
The study of information processing, feedback and control in communication systems
Social Penetration
The process of developing deeper intimacy with another person through mutual self-disclosure and other forms of vulnerability
Taking the role of the other
The process of mentally imagining that you are someone else who is viewing you
Victimization
The process of naming an external enemy as the source of all personal or public ills; scapegoating.
Latitude of Acceptance
The rang of ideas that a person sees as reasonable or worthy of consideration
Breadth of penetration
The range of areas in an individual's life over which disclosure takes place
Latitude of noncommitment
The range of ideas that a person sees as neither acceptable nor objectionable
Latitude of rejection
The range of ideas that a person sees as unreasonable or objectionable
Communication
The relational process of creating and interpreting messages that elicit a response
Assumption 3: The media compete with other sources for need satisfaction
The relationship between media and audience is affected by the society
Epistemology
The study of knowledge What is it, how do we acquire it, how do we know what we know
Proxemics
The study of people's use of space as a special elaboration of culture
Epistemology
The study of the origin, nature, method, and limits of knowledge
Semiotics
The study of the social production of meaning from sign systems; the analysis of anything that can stand for something else
Axiology
The study of value: attempts to determine what is good (ex) action=good; object=aesthetically pleasing
What is the ratio for dramatistic pentad?
The relationship between two parts of the pentad; the emphasis/importance given to them by the speaker.
Ratio* (Additional Element o/ Dramatic Pentad)
The relative importance of any two elements of the "pentad" is determined by their relationship
Ethical echo
The reminder that we are responsible to take care of each other; I am my brother's keeper
Falsifiability
The requirement that a scientific theory be stated in such a way that it can be tested and disproved if it is indeed wrong
Boundary ownership
The rights and responsibilities that co-owners of private information have to control its spread
Responsive "I"
The self created by the way we respond to others
I
The subjective self; the spontaneous driving force that fosters all this novel, unpredictable, and unorganized in the self
Communicator reward valence
The sum of positive and negative attributes brought to the encounter plus the potential to reward of punish in the future
Style
The technique used to try and lower frustration
Mainstreaming
The tendency for heavy viewers to perceive a similar cultural dominant reality to that pictured on the media although this differs from actual reality.
Self-fulfilling prophecy
The tendency for our expectations to evoke responses that confirm what we originally anticipated.
Territoriality
The tendency to claim a physical location or object as our own.
Ice Age Analogy
a position stating that television doesn't have to have a single major impact, but influences viewers through steady limited effects
ice age analogy
a position stating that television doesn't have to have a single major impact, but influences viewers through steady limited effects
Digital age
a possible fifth era of specialized electronic tribes contentious over diverse beliefs and values
Narrative Fidelity
a principal of narrative rationality judging the credibility of a story
2. Effective public speakers utilize three proofs in their presentations
assumption of the rhetoric- - ethos - logos - pathos
theory does NOT speak to what we will do based on watching violent television
but ASSUMES that watching violent TV makes us feel afraid because it cultivates within us the image of a mean dangerous world
Isolate
belongs to a network but has no links (works for an organization but doesn't communicate with others from that organization)
Decision
benefit/cost analysis and decide if you should adopt or reject it
Selective Perception
biases or strongly held attitudes sometimes cause our intrapersonal communication to be incomplete or inaccurate
Hyper-commercialism o Advergames
brands have become the games themselves Available thru CD-Rom and the Internet Designed to provide an enjoyable experience while introducing players to product information
narrative coherence
internal consistency with characters acting in a reliable fashion; the story hangs together
Artistic proofs
internal proofs that contain logical, ethical, or emotional appeals
artistic proofs
internal proofs that contain logical, ethical, or emotional appeals
The Narrative Paradigm asserts that people believe stories insofar as the stories seem
internally consistent and truthful
IRB
international review board; institutes ethics
reasons for internet use
interpersonal utility, passing time, information seeking, entertainment, peer identity, good feelings, coolness
critique of theory: scope
scope too large, framing can be its own theory and definition too specific. research doesnt always show a relationship.
evaluation criteria
scope, logical consistency, heurism
evaluation criteria
scope, utility, heurism
Media Ecology
the study of how media and communication processes affect human perception, feeling, emotion, and value
media ecology
the study of how media and communication processes affect human perception, feeling, emotion, and value
Media Ecology
the study of media environments and how those environments may affect people and society Marshall McLuhan
Semiotics
the study of signs Roland Barthes
agent
the subject
purpose
the target
Mainstreaming
the tendency for heavy viewers to perceive a similar culturally dominant reality to that pictured on the media although this differs from actual reality
mainstreaming
the tendency for heavy viewers to perceive a similar culturally dominant reality to that pictured on the media although this differs from actual reality
mainstreaming
the tendency for heavy viewers to percieve a similar culturally dominant reality to that pictured on the media although thiss differs from actual reality
Devil-term
the term that sums up all that a speaker regards as bad, wrong, or evil
social exchange theory
the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs
Fidelity
the truthfulness or reliability of a story - the logic of good reasons - provide the internal reasons necessary for a person to judge the narrative as true and worth believing
Golden mean
the virtue of moderation; the virtuous person develops habits that avoid extremes
Correlation
the way that media direct our attention to certain issues through communicating them to the public and to policy makers
Correlation
the way that media direct our attention to certain issues through communicating them to the public and to policy makers.
correlation
the way that media direct our attention to certain issues through communicating them to the public and to policymakers
correlation
the way that media direct out attention to certain issues through communication them to the public and to policymakers
victimage
the way we attempt to purge the guilt we feel as part of being human
nonsummativity
the whole is greater than the sum of its parts (synergy) Example: animals working together to save themselves from predator
God-term
the word a speaker uses to which all other positive words are subservient
Interpretivism
theory building; go out into the world and experience; inductive research Goal: understand source of research
elaboration likelihood model
theory identifying two ways to persuade: a central route and a peripheral route
elaboration likelihood model
theory identifying two ways to persuade: a central route and a peripheral route Petty and Cacioppo
Positivism
theory testing; do so systematically with deductive research Goal: understand the relationship between variables; prediction control generalizes statements
Expectancy violation theory
theory that you interpret the messages of others based on how you expect others to behave Judee Burgoon
equifinality
there are many ways to achieve one goal, within a group you won't see the same idea
Equifinality
there are many ways to achieve one goal.
Relational Dialetcics
A dynamic knot of contradictions in personal relationships; an
Act
One prong of the pentad, that which is done by a person.
External dialectics
Ongoing tensions between a couple and their community
Internal Dialectics
Ongoing tensions played out within a relationship
Consonance
belief that all media are similar in attitudes, beliefs, and values
Consonance
belief that all media are similar in attitudes, beliefs, and values.
Which country is famous for the slogan "for every village a different culture"
Papua New Guinea
The deliberative rhetoric is also known as
political rhetoric
Reproduction
we can fairly accurately demonstrate new behavior/info (mimicking)
agenda
Plan of action; purpose
Boundary permeability
The extent to which a boundary permits private information to flow to third parties
Privacy
The feeling that one has the right to own private information
dependency overaccommodation
a behavior that occurs when speakers place listeners in a lower-status role
Transmissional Perspective
a position depicting the media as senders of messages across space
transmissional perspective
a position depicting the media as senders of messages across space
Narrative paradigm
a theoretical frramework that views narrative as the basis of all human communication
Relational Dialectics
A dynamic knot of contradictions in personal relationships; an unceasing interplay between contrary or opposing tendencies
Metaphor
A figure of speech that helps to make the unclear more understandable
Aesthetic Moment
A fleeting sense of unity through a profound respect for disparate voices in dialogue
Tribal Age
an acoustic era; a time of community because the ear is the dominant sense organ
Tribal age
an acoustic era; a time of community because the ear is the dominant sense organ
Predicted outcome value
A forecast of future benefits and costs of interaction based on limited experience with the other
Linked to Culture
beliefs, values, and customs all affect, communication, and communication affects them
Arousal, relational
A heightened state of awareness, orienting response, or mental alertness that stimulates a review of the relationship.
Mortification
confession of guilt and request for forgiveness
Face of the "Other"
A human signpost that points to our ethical obligation to care for the other before we care for self
approbation facework
focusing less on the negative aspects and more on the positive aspects of another
study design
- identify media agenda (headlines & columns, cover story; first 3 stories & stories with more than 45 sec coverage time; time and space) - identify public agenda (survey then compare the two)
Five cannons of rhetoric
- invention - arragngement - style - delivery - memory
in-groups
groups in which a person feels he or she belongs
out-groups
groups in which a person feels he or she does not belong
biosphere
growth by coral reef
Burke stated, Redemption
has the inherent notion of a redeemer
Narrow Ridge
A metaphor of I-Thou living in the dialogic tension between ethical relativism and rigid absolutism
Civic Spaces
A metaphor suggesting that speakers have "locations" where the opportunity to persuade others exists
Privacy Boundaries
A metaphor to show how people think of the borders between private and public information
First Order Effects
A method for cultivation to occur; refers to learning facts from the media
Second Order Effects
A method for cultivation to occur; refers to learning values and assumptions from the media
Burke calls the type of victimage that we turn in on ourselves
Mortification
Body
Part of an organizational strategy in a speech that included arguments, examples, and important details to make a point
Transmission Model
Picturing communication as a transfer of meaning by a source sending a message through a channel to a receiver
Participant Observation
A method of adopting the stance of an ignorant yet interested visitor who carefully notes what people say and do in order to discover how they interpret their world.
assumption 1 (reality)
media establishes an agenda -this shapes and filters reality for public
tetrad
organizing concept that allows people to understand the past, present, and current effects of media
Ethnography
A method of participant observation designed to help a researcher experience a culture's complex web of meaning.
mainstreaming effects
- heavy viewers assume they're middle class, believe they're political moderates but in fact, they tend to be more conservative and represented across classes - light viewers portray themselves accurately
Beat-The-Company Culture
- high stakes gambles that take years to pay off - low level and constant stress Ex. oil, manufacturers
focus of cultivation theory
- how and why TV influences us - TV is a key storyteller in our culture - TV viewing creates a belief in a mean & scary world - violence is TV's main message
victims
- underrepresented on TV and over-victimized - same marginalized people exhibit the most fear of violence as a result of TV programming ex. older people, children, hispanics, African Americans, women, blue-collar workers
mean world index
1. most people are just looking out for themselves 2. you can't be too careful in dealing with people 3. most people would take advantage of you if they got the chance
1972 o Odyssey
1972- Magnavox markets the first home videogame system, Odyssey, which sold for $100
Developments o LED
1977 - Mattel Toys brings electronic games to handheld devices Used LED (light-emitting diode) and LCD (liquid crystal display) screens
Relational Dialectics
The dynamic and unceasing struggle between discourse about unpleasing relationships Leslie Baxter and Barbara Montgomery
Pathos
The emotion drawn from the listener in the course of a speech
life history
schedule of how resources are allocated to growth, survival, an reproduction over time.
Agency (4/5 Elements o/ Dramatic Pentad)
"How". How do the agents act? By what means do they act? Stimulus.
A canon of rhetoric that includes the use of language to express ideas in a certain manner is called
style
Blending
"Reality" is blended into a cultural mainstream
Act (2/5 Elements o/ Dramatic Pentad)
"What". What happened? What's the action? Situation.
Scene (3/5 Elements o/ Dramatic Pentad)
"When" and "where". Where is the act happening? When is the act happening? Subject.
Agent (1/5 Elements o/ Dramatic Pentad)
"Who". Who is involved? Response.
Purpose (5/5 Elements o/ Dramatic Pentad)
"Why?" Why do the agents act? What do they want? Target.
step 4) comparing the social realities of light and heavy viewers
"cultivation differential" exists between light and heavy viewers
Gerbner
"mean world syndrome" -author of cultivation theory -TV acts as a high priest w/respect to culture -people grow values and beliefs by watching TV (usually younger people) -cultivation theory: media has a role model influence, little interaction as role model compared to parents as role models
Blending (TV)
"reality" is blended into a cultural mainstream
blending
"reality" is blended into a cultural mainstream ex. we agree on what's real
Blending
"reality" is blended into a cultural mainstream EX: we agree on what's real
integration-separation
- "Me - We tug of war" - No relationship can exist unless the parties sacrifice some individual autonomy
Lyengar lab study
- 4 days in a row watching the news - edited the news - pollution, national defense, economic inflation - asked: what is the most important issue → each group said the topic they watched for the 4 days
Describe Face-Negotiation Theory in general
- A face describes identity - Face = metaphor for public image - Face is created in interaction - Face-threatening - Face-saving - Face-restoring
Pattern - handling conflicts (5 stk)
- Avoiding - Obliging (try to satisfy others need) - Compromising - Dominating - Integrating
Assumptions of Cultural Studies
- Culture pervades and invades all facets of human behavior - People are part of a hierarchical structure of power, resulting in alienation of the majority of lower classes.
Assumption 1: The audience is active and its media use is goal oriented
- Diversion: escaping from routines and problems (fx when you go to the movies after a long day og work, then you would rather see a funny movie, than a historical educating movie) - Personal relationships: substituting media for companionship (drivers prefer to talk in the cellphone during longer trips, because it passes time and keeps them in contact with friends and family) - Personal identity: a way to reinforce individual values (truck drivers may listen to radio-talk during a night of work, rather than driving in silence) - surveillance: collecting needed information (some people like to watch home improvement shows, so they'll learn how to do it themselves around the house)
Aristotle
- Generally thought to be THE person who drew significant attention to public speaking
Narrative paradigm vs rational
- Humans are storytellers - Decision making and communication are based on 'good reasons' - Good reasons are determined by matters of history, biography, culture, and character - Rationality is based on the internal consistency and truthfulness of stories - The world is experienced by ppl as a set of stories from which to choose from - Little kids think abt the world and communicate this way
Rhetoric says
- Important aspect of this book was the definition of "rhetoric" as "the available means of persuasion" - When persuading others, speakers should consider all aspects of speech making, including the audience
Critique
- Logical consistency - suffers from lack of theoretical coherence. Relies too much on the functional use of media and is not up-to-date as media has changed and everyone can in some way give their inputs as journalists - Utility - Does not notice the unconscious decisions made by individuals. Some of the key concepts are shaky. - Heurism - highly heuristic. A lot of studies have been made after this about home computer use, the remote control, youtube and the internet.
Approbation
- Minimizing blame - When an individual focuses less on the negative aspect and more on the positive aspects of another person
• Aristotle and Sophists
- Sophists: public speaking teachers - They helped ppl gain an understanding of the principles of persuasion - As a result they created the first public speaking handbooks - So citizens could become more effective public speakers - Aristotle criticized the sophists handbook bc: - He argued that there was too much focus on the judicial system, it didn't consider all the other contexts
Stability - Change
- Takes on Certainty - Uncertainty - With Others - Conventionality - Uniqueness
Key terms
- The active audience (audience engaging in media on voluntary basis, because of goals and needs) - Utility (using media to accomplish specific tasks) - Intentionality (a cognitive behavior that occurs when people's prior motives determine use of media) - Selectivity (audience members' use of media reflects their existing interests) - Imperviousness to influence (audience members constructing their own meaning from media content) - Activity (what the media consumer does e.g. she chose to go online instead of reading the news paper) - Activeness (how much freedom the audience really has in the face of mass media)
Rational vs Narrative
- The scientific revolution further separated logic from emotional - Humans are rational beings - Decision making is based on arguments - Arguments adhere to specific criterias for soundness and logic - Rationality is based in the quality of knowledge and formal reasoning - The world can be reduced to a series of logical relationships that are uncovered through reasoning
Plato and Aristotle
- They had conflicting views on society and the world - Plato: - Interested in absolute truths rather than the practical value of truth - Felt that as long as people could agree on important matters, society would be fine - Aristotle: - More interested ina logical, realistic and rational view of society ( the here and now) - Bc of his personal views on society, he taught diverse groups of people and became well known for his commitment to helping ordinary people
Why a paradigm?
- Understanding that we are storytellers and that we experience life in a narrative form effects our understanding of all human communication - Approaching all human communication from this perspective causes a paradigm shift in the way we think abt the world and its meanings
Assumptions of NP
- humans are naturally storytellers - narrative is universal - decision making and communication are based on good reasons - rationality is based on the internal consistency and truthfulness of stories - not all stories are equally effective
Dual Control Model
sub-discipline - communication and conflict
Avoiding Style
- Worst Style - Lowest on the chart
summary
- accommodate those we identify with/admire/respect or have power over us - accommodation → mainly positive responses - nonaccommodate those we dis-identify with, or when language is a core dimension of our social identity in an intergroup setting - nonaccommodation → mainly negative responses
Process Culture
- can't measure work but look at how it is done - stable and consistent Ex. banking, insurance
research example
- does TV cultivate unrealistic expectations about marriage - surveyed unmarried students - viewing romantic genre programming was positively associated with idealistic expectations about marriage - shows that type of programming, not just overall TV viewing matters
focus of the theory
- election campaigns (throughout the 1970s) - original hypothesis: cause-effect relationships between media content and voter perception - media tells us what information is important
critiques
- fails to acknowledge ego involvement, avoids the issue of selectivity, failure to test fear of isolation assumption, may be too reliant on West Germany media (logical consistency) - has attracted scholars, employed in studies on many topics (heurism)
Work hard, play hard
- fun and action - lots of activity and high levels of certainty - stress comes from how much you work, not the work itself Ex. sales
critiques
- heavy on description and light on prediction - one criticism is that the theory is a descriptive typology of media - uses & gratifications theory is not overly complex, but relies on the ability of people to accurately report reasons for their media use and assumes users are active participants in the media choices they make
Reducing Cognitive Dissonance
- lowering the importance - changing from dissonate to Consonate (Most effective) -Adding consonate elements - changing mental state (last resort)
agenda-melding function
- media affects our group affiliations - people who join groups adopt their agendas - how is the agenda agenda affected by fake news (false headlines, stories without facts, etc.)
straight-line effects of media
- media content alone predicts behavior - little consideration of the differences in people who consume that content
Key Concepts
- narration: an account that listeners assign meaning to that can be verbal and nonverbal
results of violence index
- portrayals of violence vary little from year to year - over 50% of prime time shows contain violence or threat of violence - about 2/3 of major characters are caught up in violence; heroes just as violent as villains
Tough-guy macho culture
- quickly takes gambles - high rewards or huge losses - constant feedback - temperamental in their demands - superstars not team players Ex. advertising and entertainment
critiques
- research on agenda setting doesn't always show a relationship (utility) - definition of framing is too specific (scope)
critiques
- research shows only a small relationship between heavy viewing and the belief in a mean, cruel, and scary world - correlation between heavy viewing and giving the "television answer" is only 0.091 - and yet, given the importance of the issue, maybe that's enough
Puffery
- small lies or exaggerations that make the ad more entertaining
assumptions
- society threatens deviant individuals with isolation; fear of isolation is pervasive - this fear of isolation causes individuals to try to assess the climate of opinion at all times - public behavior is affected by public opinion assessment
assumptions
- speech and behavioral similarities and dissimilarities exist in all conversations - the manner in which we perceive the speech and behaviors of another will determine how we evaluate a conversation - language and behaviors impart information about social status and group belonging - accommodation varies in its degree of appropriateness, and norms guide the accommodation process
study example
- studied 1035 Caring Bridge authors who set up personal webpages while facing serious illnesses - four primary benefits were found to be important to all authors of site: 1. providing information, 2. receiving encouragement from messages, 3. convenience, 4. psychological support - online care pages add to the theory; it's not just about having fun, these pages provide new media gratifications for authors of the pages
findings of train test
- supporters of a dominant opinion are more willing to speak out - people refrain from speaking their opinion when they perceive it will attract laughter or mockery - various ways of speaking out exist - men from large cities aged 45-59 are more willing to speak out - people will voice an opinion if it agrees with societal views - people share their opinions with those who agree with them - people draw the strength of their convictions from a variety of sources - people engage in a last-minute swing (bandwagon)
assumptions
- television is essentially and fundamentally different from other forms of mass media - television shapes our society's way of thinking and relating - the influence of television is limited
research example
- tested agenda setting in the 1996 Spanish general election - compared media stories about candidates to public attitudes about candidates - high correlations found (0.72) between media coverage and public attitudes - causality is inferred because individuals were polled after the media presentations
assumptions
- the audience is active and its media use is goal oriented - the initiative in linking need gratification to a specific medium choice rests with the audience member - the media compete with other sources for need satisfaction - people have enough self-awareness of their media use, interests, and motives to be able to provide researchers with an accurate picture of that use - value judgements of media content can only be assessed by the audience
assumptions
- the media establish an agenda and in so doing are not simply reflecting reality, but are shaping and filtering reality for the public - the media's concentration on the issues that comprise their agenda influence the public's agenda, and these together influence the policymakers' agenda - the public and policymakers have the possibility to influence the media's agenda as well
cognitive dissonance
sub-discipline- social influence
According to the Narrative Paradigm, what grounds humans' beliefs and behaviors?
-Aesthetic Consideration - values -emotions
Stuart Hall approach to Decoding Media Messages
-Dominant or Preferred (hegemonic) -Negotiated (dominant but with cultural exceptions). -Oppositional (counterhegemonic)
Assumptions
-Effective public speakers must consider their audience -Effective public speakers employ a number of proofs in their presentation
Mean world syndrome
-Gerbner -TV acts as a high priest with respect to culture -people grow values and beliefs by watching TV -violence related content of mass media makes viewers believe that the world is more dangerous than it actually is
cultivation theory
-Gerbner -media has a role model compared to parents as role models
Assumptions of the Narrative Paradigm
-Humans are naturally storytellers -Decisions about a story's worth are based on "good reasons" -Good reasons are based on people's judgments of a story's consistency and truthfulness -We experience the world as filled with stories, and we must choose among them
Narrative Paradigm
-Humans are storytellers and that values, emotions, and aesthetic considerations ground our beliefs and behaviors. -good story > good argument -explain and shape our world
Discuss the purpose and procedure of the Surgeon General's Committee on TV violence. What are the findings? Limitations?
-Relationship with media and aggression -1968 ----high profile assassination ----increased urban violence ----Vietnam war -congress thought TV was the cause ----increase of violent programming -committee of 11 experts to review research and come up with report to prove/disprove the link of TV and violence 3 background hypothesis' 1. catharsis 2. imitation 3. disinhibition -very little support for catharsis; did not reduce aggression -more support for stimulation (imitation and disinhibition) -criticism dismissed some studies -aggression of 19 yo was b/c TV watched in 3rd grade FINDINGS some evidence media violence creates aggressive/violent tendencies in some people -networks: reduced violent content; created family viewing hour = wholesome content, family oriented -mobilized PTA/PTO/AMA INTERPRETATION FOR CAUSAL LINKAGE 1. aggressive personalities consume more violent content 2. violent media content causes aggressive behavior 3. a 3rd, n 4th, n nth variable causes aggressive behavior (diet, IQ, living situation, etc. plays a bigger role) LATER STUDIES -violent TV and video games tend to increase aggression in children but nonviolent video use in linked to an increase aggression -when a kid isolates themselves, they don't learn social skills b/c of more time w/the screen -movies w/violent content, 1950-today has increased violent actions, more than double violent acts in films than 20 years ago GOERBNER "Mean World Syndrome" -author of cultivation theory -TV acts as a high priest w/respect to culture -people grow values and beliefs by watching TV (mainly younger people) -cultivation theory ---- media has a role model influence; little interaction as role model compared to parents as role models
Neo-Marxist
-The media are first and foremost industrial and commercial organizations that produce and distribute commodities. -An understanding of pressures towards the commodification of media and its consequences for the way in which power is distributed through the material conditions of the capitalist system.
Critique of Cultural Studies
-To what extent can audiences be active and counter-hegemonic -Useful in articulating the struggles of the underprivileged -Multi-disciplinary and widely applied
Apple II - Jobs and Wozniak
1977 - Steve Jobs and Stephen Wozniak perfected Apple II Low cost, easy to use, designed for personal instead of business use Had multimedia capabilities (sound and image applications)
Critique
-Too broad of a claim that all forms of communication are narrative storytelling based on values -Not as democratic as the theory claims when opposing a rational paradigm -Rationality and Fidelity too similar -Through time the narrative paradigm has proved useful because of its storytelling approach to human communication
three types of survivorship curves with examples
-Type 1 (k-select) -Type 2 -Type 3 (r-select)
Narrative Rationality
-a standard for judging which stories to believe and which to disregard * Is a narrative coherent and consistent?
literary era
-a visual era -a time of private detachment because messages can be written which allowed for more privacy -the eye is the dominant sense organ
Narration
-an account to which listeners assign meaning. *Narrative Rationality *Narrative Fidelity
tribal age
-an acoustic era -oral tradition was embraced -the hear was the dominant sense organ
3 levels of culture
-artifacts -values -assumptions
Cultivation Theory
-assumptions -TV has become central to American lives and culture -TV influences audience perceptions of social reality and shapes culture- repetitively showing American life in a particular light teaches us to see it as normal -TV's effect is limited it is not the greatest, but consistent and therefore significant -based on what's on TV, how would you see the world?
spiral of silence
-attempt to explain how public opinion is formed. -explains how people tend to remain silent when they feel that their views are in the minority. -the closer a person believes their opinion is to the public opinion the more likely they will voice it in public. if public opinion changes, their willingness to voice opinion may change. the greater the distance between person's opinion and public opinion, the less likely they will voice it out
quantitative/qualitative research
-audiences construct own view of social reality through interaction with symbolic constructs -also signals methodological shift -used to be quantitative, shifted to qualitative methods
three different patterns of population distribution
-clumped -uniform -random
coefficient of satisfaction
-coefficient of satisfaction (want:get) -media aspects led to rising expectations, you become aware of world around and want it -revolution of rising frustrations, wants are not matching gets
3 types of stories
-corporate -personal -collegial
Encoding/Decoding theory
-cultural studies -ideology -dominant -articulation -decoding -active audiences
what was the causal argument
-definition: assertion of cause and effect, including the direction of the causality TV cultivate- causes- conceptions of social reality in people's minds
Encounter
-enters workplace and learns the normal work, goes through uncertainty reduction, relies on coworkers and bosses, usually stresses over the difference between their expectations and the reality.
electronic age
-era of instant communication -dominant sense: seeing, hearing, touching -this brought people back to tribalization and the art of oral communication -allowed people across the world to be connected -explains global village
theory first crafted? study conducted by McCombs and Shaw
-examined the public's media agenda during election (1968) -focused on politics initially
tough guy macho culture
-high risk/ rapid feedback and reward. -quickly takes gambles in exchange for high rewards or huge losses. Gives constant feedback and temperamental in their demands. Wants to be the superstar, not a team player -Example (advertisement, entertainment)
hot media
-high-definition communication -demands little involvement from a viewer, listener, or reader ex: movies, books, lectures, radio
Social cognitive theory of mass communication
-how the media influences what we see as normal -that we self-reflect on our behavior in relation to the TV vision -most behavior is learned through modeling of others
print age
-invention of the print press -visual era continued -print press allowed mass production of writing for all to see -produced a fragmented population because people could remain in isolation reading their mass produced media
cool media
-low-definition communication -demands active involvement from a viewer, listener, or reader ex: seminars, facebook, cartoons, television
assumptions
-media infuse every act and action in society -media fix our perceptions and organize our experiences -media tie the world together
Briefly explain social construct theory
-negotiated media influence -media constructs meanings and offers these constructs in a systematic way to audiences where they are incorporated (or not) info personal meaning structures. this mediating process is strongly influenced by social context of the receiver -have an idea of what tokyo look like, never been SIMILARITIES to powerful effects theory -includes noelle-newman's theory and gerbner's cultivation theory 2 main thrusts 1. media construct social formations in history by framing images of reality (in fiction and news) in a predictable and patterned way 2. audiences contrust own view of social reality through interaction w/symbolic constructs -also signals methodological shift ----used to be quantitative (behavioral) ----shift to qualitative methods (cultural)
network properties
-network mode -content -density -level of analysis
network roles
-nodes- network members -isolate- belongs to a network but has no links -gatekeeper- controls the flow of information -bridge- members of more than one group -liaison- connects two or more groups -star- node that is a central to the network
Who is Marshall McLuhan? Explain his main theory
-nontraditional ideas to mass media research/theory building -technological determinism -communication probes -"understanding media" "Gutenburg Galaxy" "medium is the message" -single-causality perspective ----one factor that explains everything else; factor=communication technology new communication technologies-->new communication patterns-->new perspectives-->new beliefs *human society has been/is being/will continue to be shaped by the means of communication not necessarily the content "medium is the message" ADD MORE
artifacts
-observable evidence of a culture. -Architecture, dress, documents, patterns of behavior, rituals, acronyms, forms of address, approaches to decision making management style. -Example: Aggie ring, corp boots, academic building, Kyle Field
values
-preferences about how situation should be handled/shared beliefs about how things ought to happen. -Intangible, innovation, creativity. -Example: football, research
Lerner
-revolution of rising expectations (social/cultural theories of mass communication) -coefficient of satisfaction (want:get) -media aspects led to rising expectations, you become aware of world around and want it -revolution of rising frustrations, wants are not matching gets -chart
Types of control
-simple -technological -bureaucratic -unobtrusive -concertive
Bandura
-social learning theory (social/cultural theories of mass communication) -children's behavior modeled after observing symbolic role models (media)
communication tradition
-socio-cultural -critical
possible present 5th age: digital age
-specialized electronic tribes -contentious over diverse beliefs and values
4 approaches to decision making
-strategy -consent -involvement -participation
properties of network links
-strength (frequency, intimacy, or intensity) -direction (reciprocal) -symmetry (share the same kind of bond?) -frequency(how often) -stability (how long) -mediation (common link) -multiplexity (extent to which two network members are linked)
Family Viewing Hour
-surgeon general -findings of surgeon general: some evidence media violence creates aggressive/violent tendencies in some people ---networks reduced violent content, created family viewing hour = wholesome content, family oriented
expansions of MET
-technology affects communication through new technology -the impact of new technology affects society -the changes in society cause further changes in technology
critique
-testability (concepts are difficult to understand, so difficult to text) -very heuristic
central elements to culture
-values (organization's core -belief) -heroes (people who best represent this value) -rites and rituals (public performance that demonstrate these values) -cultural network (informal communication within the organization)
assumptions
-viewpoints organizational members hold about the world. -perceptions, thoughts, feelings, and beliefs, been subconsciously reinforced over time, nature of reality, time, space, human nature, human relationships, philosophical.
how individuals become integrated into the culture of an organization
-vocational anticipatory socialization. -Anticipatory socialization. -Encounter -Metamorphosis
4 laws to understand the role of technology in our culture posed as questions
-what do media enhance? -what do media make obsolete? -what do media retrieve? -what do media reverse??
4 organizational cultures
-work hard play hard -tough guy macho culture -process culture -bet-the-company culture
The objectives of a speech's introduction in the correct sequence
1 Gaining the audience's attention 2 suggesting a connection with the audience 3 Providing an overview of the speech's purpose
Overcoming Noise
1) eliminate noise source 2) compensate/Enhance Message 3) use multiple channels and multiple message forms
Mass Communication Theories
1) gatekeeping 2) agenda setting 3) framing
Assumptions of Dramatism
1) humans are animals who use symbols 2) Language and symbols form a critically important system for humans 3) humans are choice makers
Functions(Purposes) of Communication
1) people communicate for control 2) People communicate for affiliation 3)people communicate for goal achievement
Types of Schemas
1) people schemas 2) role schemas 3) event schemas
5 Types of Noise
1) physical 2) physiological 3) psychological 4)perceptual 5)semantic
6 Characteristics of Communication
1) symbolic behavior 2) shared code 3) linked to culture 4) intentionality 5) requires a medium 6) a transactional process
what is the 4 step process to theory
1)message system analysis 2)formulation of ?'s about viewers realities 3) surveying the audience 4) comparing social realities of light and heavy viewers
First Series of 5 questions that listeners ask about the narrative fidelity
1. Are the statements that claim to be factual in the narrative really factual? 2. Have any relevant facts been omitted from the narrative or distorted in its telling? 3. What are the patterns of reasoning that exist in the narrative? 4. How relevant are the arguments in the story to any decision the listener may make? 5. How well does the narrative address the important and significant issues of this case?
Three Levels of Culture
1. Artifacts 2. Values 3. Assumptions
Steps of Social Cognitive Theory of Mass Communication
1. Attention Process 2. Retentive Process 3. Reproduction 4. Motivation
The Three Bs of Television
1. Blurring - Traditional distinctions are blurred (ex. Educational people see the world similarly to those who have less education) 2. Blending - "Reality" is blended into a cultural mainstream (ex. We agree on what's real) 3. Bending - The mainstream reality benefits the elite (ex. We all want to buy more products)
3 Types of Stories
1. Corporate 2. Personal 3. Collegial
Assumptions of the Narrative Paradigm
1. Human are naturally storytellers 2. Decisions about a story's worth are based on "good reasons" 3. Good reasons are determined by history, biography, culture and character 4. Rationality is based on people's judgements of a story's consistency and truthfulness 5. We experience the world as filled with stories, and we must choose among them.
Types of Nodes
1. Isolate 2. Gatekeeper 3. Bridge 4. Liasion 5. Star
Assumptions of Dramatism
1. Life is not like a drama, life is drama ("Waiting on the World to Change") 2. Language is a strategic response to a specific situation (NWA) 3. The task of the critic is to assess the motives of the speaker and the writer 4. The dramatic pentad is a tool critics use to discern the motives of speaker/writer by labeling five key elements in the human drama 5. God-Term vs. Devil-Term 6. Language is the genisus of guilt
What are the assumptions of Agenda-Setting Theory?
1. Media establish agenda & shaping/filtering reality to the public 2. Media's concentration on issues influence policymakers agendas. 3. Public and policymakers have possibility to influence medias agendas as well.
The Mean World Index
1. Most people are just looking out for themselves. 2. You can't be too careful in dealing with people 3. Most people would take advantage of you if they got the chance.
Coordinated Management of Meaning (CMM) Theory
1. Our communication creates our social worlds 2. The stories we tell differ from the stories we live 3. We get what we make 4. Get the pattern right, create better outcomes
Types of Control in Organizations
1. Simple 2. Technological 3. Bureaucratic 4. Unobtrusive 5. Concertive
What are the 3 assumptions of SST?
1. Society threatens deviant individuals with isolation; fear of isolation is pervasive. 2. This fear of isolation causes individuals to try to assess the climate of opinion at all times. 3. Public behavior is affected by public opinion assessment.
4 Approaches to Decision Making
1. Strategy 2. Consent 3. Involvement 4. Participation
Assumptions of Cultivation Theory
1. Television is essentially and fundamentally different from other forms of mass media 2. Television shapes our society's way of thinking and relating 3. The influence of television is limited
Four central elements to a culture
1. Values 2. Heroes 3. Rites and Rituals 4. Cultural Network
Levels of Organizational Assimilation
1. Vocational anticipatory socialization 2. Anticipatory socialization 3. Encounter 4. Metamorphosis
Second set of 5 Questions that listeners ask about the narrative fidelity
1. What are the implicit and explicit values contained in the narrative? 2. Are the values appropriate to the decision that is relevant to the narrative? 3. What would be the effects of adhering to the values embedded in the narrative? 4. Are the values confirmed or validated in lived experience? 5. Are the values of the narrative the basis for ideal human conduct?
The Four Types of Organizational Cultures
1. Work hard, play hard 2. Tough-guy macho culture 3. Process culture 4. Bet-the-company culture
guilt
tension, embarrassment, shame, disgust, or other unpleasant feeling
Stages of Adoption of an Innovation
1. knowledge 2. persuasion 3. decision 4. implementation 5. confirmation 6. adoption
6 stages of adoption of an innovation
1. knowledge 2. persuasion 3. decision stage 4. implementation stage (reinvention) 5. confirmation (replacement and disenchantment) 6. adoption
two levels of agenda setting
1. making an issue salient for us 2. linking of other attributes with the original story
four-step process
1. message system analysis: consists of detailed content analyses of television programming in order to demonstrate its most recurring and consistent presentations of images, themes, values, and portrayals 2. formulation of questions about viewers' social realities: involves developing questions about people's understandings of their everyday lives 3. surveying the audience: requires that the questions from step two be posed to audience members and that researchers ask these viewers about their levels of television consumption 4. comparing the social realities of light and heavy viewers: cultivation differential
Mean World Index
1. most people are just looking out for themselves 2. you can't be too careful in dealing with people 3. most people would take advantage of you if they got the chance
Mean World Index 3 statements (heavy viewers are more suspicious of others, light viewers have lower mean index)
1. most people are just looking out for themselves 2. you cant be too careful in dealing with people 3. most people would take advantage of you if they got close
8 motivations of typology
1. passing time, 2. companionship, 3. escape, 4. enjoyment, 5. social interaction, 6. relaxation, 7. information, 8. excitement (Rubin claims typology captures most explanations that people give for media consumption)
Three premises of spiral of silence
1. people have a 6th sense that allows to know the prevailing public opinion, even without access to polls 2. people have a fear of isolation and know what behaviors will increase their likelihood of being socially isolated. 3. people are reticent to express their minority views primarily out of fear of being isolated
Properties of network links
1. strength 2. direction 3. symmetry 4. frequency 5. stability 6. mediation 7. multiplexity
Identify and discuss the main social theories with respect to media influence on society
1. technological determinism 2. cultivation theory -Gernber -media and children (did not generalize to adults) -TV had become the high priest of American culture; cultivates values and morals -"mean world syndrome" ex. 2 communities side by side. the household that watches more TV sees the world as a much more dangerous place 3. social learning theory -Bandura -children's behavior modeled after observing symbolic role models (media) 4. mirror metaphor theory -media reflects Americans values as a society -violence in media? only b/c violence in society 5. revolution of rising expectations -ADD MORE
heavy viewers perception
1/10 will be a victim of violence; 4 or more hours of tv viewing
light viewers perception
1/100 will be a victim of violence; up to 2 hours of tv viewing per day
First computer
1880s - Charles Babbage becomes "originator of the computer" Designed to conduct algebraic computations using stored memory and punch cards for input and output
Who is playing o Demographics of gamers
190 million regular American video-game players Average player is 31 years old; 45% of American gamers are over 36 Female players 50 and older increased 32% from 2012 - 2013 [42%(?) are female] 42% of gamers' parents play with their children weekly
1972 o Pong
1972 - Bushnell incorporates Atari Pong sets off the game revolution
Developments o LAN
1993 - Doom - could be played by several players at once over LANs (local area networks) First of the first-person perspective shooting games
Explain "hot" and "cool" media
2 guiding principles of technological determinism: 1. because of only a limited number of senses we are constantly striving to keep senses in balance 2. media are extensions of our senses 1. by being hot: one that extends in to a high-def realm; you do not have to fill in information 2. by being cool: low-def, have to fill in information
What is elaboration
The extend to which a person carefully thinks about issue-relavent arguments contained in persuasive communication
How many square miles of the Pacific Ocean does Oceania cover roughly?
3.3 million
How many square miles does New Guinea cover?
300,000
heavy viewer
4 or more hours ("the television type")
How many different languages are spoken in Papua New Guinea alone?
860
Syllogism
: a set of propositions that are related to one another and draw a conclusion from the major and minor premise - Major premise: combines with a minor premise to lead the listener to a logical conclusion that is explicitly explained by a speaker (deductive reasoning) one of the most wrestled concepts in ari's book
Resonance
A behavior that occurs when a viewer's lived reality coincides with the reality pictured in the media
Intergroup overaccommodation
A behavior that occurs when speakers place listeners in cultural groups without acknowledging individual uniqueness.
Dependency overaccommodation
A behavior that occurs when speakers place listeners in lower status role
Style
A canon of rhetoric that included the use of language to express ideas in a speech
Arrangement
A canon of rhetoric that pertains to a speaker's ability to organize a speech
Invention
A canon of rhetoric that pertains to the construction or development of an argument related to a particular speech
Memory
A canon of rhetoric that refers to a speaker's effort in storing information for a speech
Delivery
A canon of rhetoric that refers to the nonverbal presentation of a speaker's ideas
Plan Complexity
A characteristic of a message plan based on the level of detail it provides and the number of contingencies it covers.
Stability-Change
A class of relational dialectics that includes certainty-uncertainty, conventionality-uniqueness, predictability-surprise, and routine-novelty
Integration-separation
A class of relational dialectics that includes connection- autonomy, inclusion- seclusion, and intimacy- independence
Expression-Nonexpression
A class of relational dialectics that includes openness-closedness, revelation-concealment, candor-secrecy, and transparency-privacy
Reluctant Confidant
A co-owner of private information who did not seek it nor want it
Segmentation
A compartmentalizing tactic by which partners isolate different aspects of their relationship
Shareholder
A confidant fully committed to handling private information according to the original owner's privacy rules
Bifurcation Point
A critical point in a conversation where what one says next will affect the unfolding patter of interaction and potentially take it in a different direction
Assumption 4: People have enough self awareness of their media use, interests and motives to be able to provide researches with an accurate picture of that use.
A methodological issue with researchers ability to collect reliable and accurate information from media consumers.
Law of reciprocity
A paced and orderly process in which openness in one person leads to openness in the other; "You tell me your dream; I'll tell you mine."
Assimilation
A perceptual error whereby people judge messages that fall within their latitude of acceptance as less discrepant from their ancho than they really are.
Contrast
A perceptual error whereby people judge messages that fall within their latitude of rejection as farther from their anchor than they really are.
what is Aristotle's view on forensic rhetoric?
A person's character is critical in forensic rhetoric
Interaction position
A person's initial stance toward an interaction as determined by a blend of persona requirements, expectations, and desires (RED)
Ritual Perspective
A position depicting the media as representers of shared beliefs
Transmissional Perspective
A position depicting the media as senders of messages across space
Ice Age Analogy
A position stating that television doesn't have to have a single major impact, but influences viewers through steady limited effects
Fidelity
A principle of narrative rationality judging the credibility of a story
Coherence
A principle of narrative rationality related the internal consistency of a story
Theorem
A proposition that logically and necessarily follows from two axioms
Deliberate confidant
A recipient who sought out private information
Text
A record of a message that can be analyzed by others; for example, a book, film, photograph, or any transcript or recording of a speech or broadcast
Textual Analysis
A research method that describes and interprets the characteristics of any text
Experiment
A research method that manipulates a variable in a tightly controlled situation in order to find out if it has the predicted effect
Survey
A research method that uses questionnaires and structed interviews to collect self-reported data that reflects what respondents think, feel, or intend to do
Behavioral Scientist
A scholar who applies the scientific method to describe, predict , and explain recurring forms of human behavior
Rhetorician
A scholar who studies the ways in which symbolic forms can be used to identify with people, or to persuade them toward a certain point of view
Axiom
A self-evident truth that requires no additional proof
policy agenda
A set of issues and problems that policy makers consider important. The mass media play an important role in influencing the issues which receive public attention.
Syllogism
A set of propositions that are related to one another and draw a conclusion from the major and minor premises (Example - Major Premise - All people are mortal Minor Premise - Aristotle is a person Conclusion - Therefore, Aristotle is mortal)
Theory
A set of systematic, informed hunches about the way things work
Good Reasons
A set of values for accepting a story as true and worthy of acceptance; provides a method for assessing fidelity
Narrative Fidelity based on Good Reasons
A set of values for accepting a story as true and worthy of acceptance; provides a method for assessing fidelity.
Paradigm Shift
A significant change in the way most people see the world and its meaning
Paradigm Shift
A significant change in the way most people see the world and its meanings.
Narrative Rationality
A standard for judging which stories to believe and which to disregard
Reciprocity
A strong human tendency to respond to another's action with similar behavior
Mutual Privacy Boundary
A synchronized collective privacy boundary that co-owners share because they have negotiated common privacy rules
Rational World Paradigm
A system of logic employed by many researches and professionals
Interaction adaptation theory
A systematic analysis of how people adjust their approach when another's behavior doesn't mesh with what's needed, anticipated or preferred
Attribution Theory
A systematic explanation of how people draw inferences about the character of others based upon observed behavior
Dramatism
A technique of analysis of language and thought as basically modes of action rather than as means of conveying information
Rule-Base Theory
A theory that assumes we can best understand people's freely chosen actions if we study the system of rules they use to interpret and manage their lives
Dramatistic Pentad
A tool critics can use to discern the motives of a speaker or writer by labeling five key elements of the human drama: Act, scene, agent, agency, and purpose
dramatistic pentad
A tool to analyze how a speaker attempts to get an audience to accept his or her view of reality by using five key elements of the human drama—act, scene, agent, agency, and purpose.
Characterological Coherence
A type of coherence referring to the believability of the characters in the story
Material Coherence
A type of coherence referring to the congruence between one story and other related stories
Structural Coherence
A type of coherence referring to the flow of the story
Deliberative Rhetoric
A type of rhetoric that determines an audience's course of action
Epideictic Rhetoric
A type of rhetoric that pertains to praising or blaming
Forensic Rhetoric
A type of rhetoric that pertains to speakers promoting feelings of guilt or innocence from an audience
Guilt-Redemption Cycle
A universal motive for rhetoric. (Ex: American Idiot - Green Day) Includes mortification and victimization
Convergence
A way where people accommodate because they are attracted to others. To match the other part. In some way copying the others way of communicating, but the other could also just be similar, and therefore we feel attracted to them. Stereotyped perceptions will affect the way someone converge to others.
Violence Index
A yearly content analysis of prime-time network programming to assess the amount of violence represented
Emily is caught by her employer for stealing money. The process of being caught constitutes the
ACT in Burke's concept of the pentad
reception analysis
AKA semiotic theory how types of audiences make sense of specific forms of content Hall and Moore media content are a TEXT made up of SIGNS -in order to make sense of text, you must read/interpret signs (ex. when you read a sentence, you have to decode the words) texts = polysemic -fundamentally ambiguous; text can be interpreted different most texts are polysemic, but creator has a preferred dominate reading/theme preferred dominant sign/reading -more simple = easier reading (on the same page)
Solidarity Facework
Accepting others as a member of a group
cultural performance
Actions by which member constitute and reveal their culture to themselves and other; an ensemble of text.
Scope and Structure o Control over placement
Activities designed to sell a product, service or idea Not the same as advertising - difference in control Advertisers pay to have their ads in specific media just as they want PR has less control over how information is used by the media
Narration
An account to which listeners assign meaning
Topics
An aid to invention that refers to the arguments a speaker uses
Boundary linkage
An alliance formed by co-owners of private information as to who else should be able to know
Pragmatism
An applied approach to knowledge; the philosophy that true understanding of an idea or situation has practical implications for action
Causal Argument
An assertion of cause and effect, including the direction of the causality
Audience Analysis
An assessment and evaluation of listeners
Categorical Imperative
An ethical guideline developed by Immanuel Kant under which an action is evaluated in terms of what would happen if everybody else in the same situation, or category, acted the same way.
Train test
An experiment used to assess the extent to which people will speak out
Minding
An inner dialogue used to test alternatives, rehearse actions, and anticipate reactions before responding: self-talk
Collective privacy boundary
An intersection of personal privacy boundaries of co-owners of private information, all of whom are responsible for the information
Critical Sensibility
An obligation to critique dominant voices, especially those that suppress opposing viewpoints; a responsibility to advocate for those who are muted
Communication Perspective
An ongoing focus on how communication makes our social worlds
Active theory of media consumption (active-audience theory)
Anderson Kaiser Foundation causal risk factor between violent video games and aggressive behavior
Tim Berners-Lee - HTTP
Another way to access files on the Internet is through the Web (World Wide Web or WWW) Uses hypertext transfer protocols (HTTP) to transfer files from one place to another Designed by Tim Berners-Lee in early 1990s, gave it to the world for free to "support and improve our web-like existence in the world"
Consubstantiation
Appeals made to increase overlap between people
Symbols
Arbitrary words and non-verbal signs that bear no natural connection with the things they describe; their meaning is learned within a give culture.
Symptom Strategy
Ascribing our silence to something beyond our control that renders communication justifiably impossible—sleepiness, headache, drunkenness, etc.
Assumption 5: Value judgments of media content can only be assessed by the audience
Asserts that researchers should suspend value judgments linking the audience's needs to specific media or content
Focus of Dramatism
Assessing the motives of a writer or speaker
Spiral of Silence
Attempt to explain how public opinion is formed. Explains how people tend to remain silent when they feel that their views are in the minority
Boomerang Effect
Attitude change in the opposite direction of what the message advocates; listeners driven away from rather than drawn to an idea
Assumption 2: The initiative in linking need gratification to a specific medium choice rests with the audience member
Audience have a great deal of autonomy in the mass communication process
how can TV be so powerful force if it influences as slowly as the coming of the ice age? The Three B's of Television
Blurring, Blending, Bending
The Rhetoric
Book by Aristotle - The Rhetoric is considered to be one of the most influential pieces of writing in the Western World . A book about the speaker - Book about speech itself - Book abt the audience
Draw and explain the mass media effects charts with respect to the "power" of the media
Bullet Theory 1920-1940 (very large effect on mass communication) Limited Effects Model 1940-1970 (very small effect because of Hovland's Array Research) Moderate Effects Model 1970-1980 (medium effect because of Blumber and McQuinl) Powerful Effects Model 1980-2000 (very large effect because of Noelle Newman) Second Constructed Theory 2000 Active Audience Theory 2010 (large effect because of kaiser anderson study and tiggerman and clark)
Guilt
Burke's catchall term to cover every form of tension, anxiety, embarrassment, shame, disgust, and other noxious feelings intrinsic to the human condition
pentad
Burke's method for applying Dramatism
The Pentad
Burke's method for applying dramatism
Smartphone, tablets o Casual games
Casual gamers also use social networking sites (like Farmville on Facebook)
Positive Feedback
Change the system
Intrusiveness
Cityscapes, landscapes, even the night skies are altered by advertising Learning aids in schools are provided by candy makers People are growing tired of the intrusion and lack trust in the messages
Metaphor
Clarifies what is unknown or confusing by equating it with an image that's more familiar or vivid
Priming
Cognitive process where what the media present temporarily, at least, what influences what people think about afterwards in processing additional information
The principle of narrative rationality that refers to the internal consistency of a story is known as
Coherence
Constitutive Dialogue
Communication that creates, sustains, and alters relationships and the social world; social construction
Dialogue
Communication that is constitutive, always in flux, capable of achieving aesthetic moments
Mortification
Confession of guilt and request for forgiveness.
Dialogic Communication
Conversation in which parties remain in the tension between holding their own perspective while being profoundly open to the other.
Social constructionists
Curious participants in a pluralistic world who believe that persons-in-conversation co-construct their own social realities and are simultaneously shaped by the worlds they create
Communication Pathologies
Damaging pattern of communication that develops over time in the family system.
Empirical Evidence
Data collected through direct observation
Salience
Degree to which agenda issue is perceived as important relative to other issues on agenda
Dual climates of opinion
Difference between the population's perception of a public issue and the way the media report on the issue
Boundary turbulence
Disruption of privacy management and relational trust that occurs when collective privacy boundaries aren't synchronized
Cognitive Equation
Dissonate elements / Total elements
Relational Uncertainty
Doubts about our own thoughts, the thoughts of the other person , or the future of the relationship
Concepts of Dramatism
Dramatism Dramatistic Pentad God-Term vs. Devil-Term Guilt-Redemption Cycle Identification
Categorical Imperative
Duty without exception; an act only on that maxim which you can will to become a universal law
what is the cause? media agenda--> to public agenda
EX: monica lewisky. public did not care at first, but media kept covering it. then polls started to show difference, media stopped and polls still showed difference
History o 4 stages
Early public relations propaganda/publicity stage Early two-way communication Advanced two-way communication
Relational turbulence
Negative emotions arising from perceived problems in a close relationship
Who was the theorist who conceptualized SST?
Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann
Pathos
Emotional proof, emotions drawn from audience members (Emotional Appeal)
Pathos
Emotional proof, which comes from the feelings the speech draws out of those who hear it.
Culture Industries
Entertainment businesses that reproduce the dominant ideology of a culture and distract people from realizing unjust distribution of power within society; e.g. film, TV, music and advertising
Scope and Structure o PR departments
Executives - set policies and serve as spokesperson for the operation Account executives - advise the client, assess needs, gather resources in support of the client Creative specialists - meet communication needs of client (writers, graphic designers, photographers) Media specialists - find the right media for the client's message
Mental Balance
Existing attitudes and beliefs about things
Tact Facework
Extent to which a person respects another's autonomy
extrapolation
Extrapolation is an estimation of a value based on extending a known sequence of values or facts beyond the area that is certainly known. In a general sense, to extrapolate is to infer something that is not explicitly stated from existing information.
Who is the theorist?
Howard Giles
Hard-line determinists
Humans act because of forces outside their control (ex) alcoholism is a choice; you are your own person
Transcendence
Finding the similarities
Give an example of how people will adjust their communication into what they think the other expect from the conversation
For example if I talk to Peter, I would adjust my communication to become more academic, to meet his expectations of me being a good student (that's what I think), then Peter has accommodated me.
Types of rhetoric corresponding to the time periods
Forensic rhetoric---the past Epideictic rhetoric---the present Deliberative rhetoric--the future
Fisher's main point?
Humans are storytellers - Values, emotions and aesthetic considerations ground our beliefs and behaviors and impact storytelling - we are more persuaded by a good story than a good argument
Which country has jurisdiction over a smaller island in Oceania?
France England New Zealand
Cultural Approach to Organizations
Geertz and Pacanowsky - An organization does not have culture, an organization is culture.
Substance
General nature of something
Rule of Parsimony (Occam's Razor)
Given two plausible explanations for the same event, we should accept the simpler version
False Consciousness
Gramsci's belief that people are unaware of the domination in their lives.
Explain the "coefficient of satisfaction"
Lerner per capita income vs. media satisfaction chart want:get media aspects led to rising expectations -you become aware of world around and want it revolution of rising frustrations -wants are not matching gets
Ethical imperative
Grant others that occur in your construction the same autonomy you practice constructing them
Social categories model
Group memberships (republicans spend more time with other republicans)
Frankfurt School of Theorists
Group of scholars who believed that the media were more concerned with making money than with presenting relevant news.
Hard core
Groups at the end of the spiral willing to speak out at any cost
Reference Groups
Groups that members use to define their identity
What happens when an order or a hierarchy is reestablished?
Guilt returns to plague the human condition
Bias of Communication
Harold Innis's contention that technology has the power to shape society
bias of communication
Harold Innis's contention that technology has the power to shape society
Plato's philosophy
He engaged in the search of absolute truths about the world
Author of Mind, Self and society
Herbert Blumer
Conceptualization
How individuals define conflict
Residual frustration
How much frustration is left
Explain accommodation
Modifying, adjusting, regulating
Disconfirmation Message
I don't see you at all
Rejection Message
I don't see you how you want
Confirmation Message
I see you how you want
Ideology
Ideas, values, beliefs, perceptions, and understandings that are known to members of a society and that guide their behaviors.
What is the key persuasion according to Dramatism?
Identification; the more the listener can relate to the speaker, the higher rate of retention and persuasion
Accommodation is central to...?
Identity construction
Active Strategy
Impression formation by asking a third party about a person
Passive Strategy
Impression formation by observing a person interaction with others
Extractive Strategy
Impression formation by searching the internet for information about a person
Interactive Strategy
Impression formation through face-to-face discussion with a person
Guilt
In terms of Burke, every form of tension, anxiety, embarrassment, shame, disgust, and other noxious feelings intrinsic to the human condition.
Self-referential Imperative
Include yourself as a constituent of your own construction
Uncertainty Reduction
Increased knowledge of what kind of person another is, which provides an improved forecast of how a future interactions will turn out.
Industrialization and the Civil War
Industrialization brought social and cultural change Telegraph, railroads, immigrants providing labor in cities meant manufacturers wanted access to larger markets, more than the local paper could provide 1841 - Advertising copywriter Volmey Palmer agreed to broker space between merchants and larger newspapers in Philadelphia First ad agency 1845 - opened in Boston 1849 - expanded to New York Civil War sped industrialization Factories needed to produce war materials, machines needed on the farms as workers moved into the city, more factories needed Early 1880s saw telephone and electric lights, innovations in manufacturing, explosion in products Manufacturers forced to differentiate their products Brands were born!
Phenomenology
Intentional analysis of everyday experience from the standpoint of the person who is living it; explores the possibility of understanding the experience of self and others
Narrative coherence
Internal consistency with characters acting in a reliable fashion; the story hangs together
Approach of Dramatism
Interpretive
Narrative Paradigm Theory
Interpretive
Approach to knowledge
Interpretive/hermeneutics, Critical
Global village
Is technology creating a "global village" (Marshall McLuhan - optimistic about what electronic media could do) or interchangeable consumers (William Gibson - pessimistic because he saw what electronic media were doing)? Technology alone is not good or bad - power resides in us and what we choose to do with it The same communication technology that can create the global village can dehumanize and standardize the people who live in it
Gatekeeping
Journalists are gatekeepers, deciding what issues are most important for readers Research focuses on what motivates gatekeepers to choose certain stories and angles
Framing
Journalists choose the angles of their news stories based on values they think are important Public relations professionals seek to affect framing through media relations
Agenda Setting
Journalists' decisions about what to cover directly affects public opinion
Consequentialist Ethics
Judging actions solely on the basis of their beneficial or harmful outcomes
Last minute swing
Jumping on the bandwagon of the popular opinion after opinions have been expressed
What are the research findings with respect to Uses and Gratifications studies?
Katz 1959/1960 too much focus on what media does to people; looked at people using media/what they do 1. entertainment/time punctuation: watching for fun; how we divide time with social media usage and time of day 2. information: newspapers to TV to internet 3. escapism/nostalgia: the way to get away; something that brings you back to a "better" time, cheaper to produce 4. companionship: individual forms relationship w/media personality 5. problem solving: how to get places, weather, etc. 6. personal enrichment: to gain knowledge; develop intelligent structure 7. catharsis: to purge feelings, rid emotions, to identify/relate with
Who is the theorists?
Katz, Blumler and Gurewitch
Narrative Rationality
Key concept of NP - a means for judging a narrative that is different from traditional methods found in the rational world paradigm consists of two different prinicples 1. coherence 2. fidelity
What does Burke's Dramatism Theory propose?
Language and symbols form a critically important system for humans
Emancipation
Liberation from any form of political, economic, racial, religious, or sexual oppression; empowerment
LUUUUTT Model
Lived Stories: What we actually did/are doing Unknown Stories: Information that is missing Untold Stories: What we choose not to say Unheard Stories: What we say that isn't heard of acknowledged Untellable Stories: Stories that are forbidden or too painful for us to tell Story Telling: The manne rin which we communicate Stories Told: What we say we are doing
Logos
Logical proof, the use of arguments and evidence in a speech (Logical Appeal)
Radio programming o Hard sell
Making claims about why a consumer needed the product
Brands
Manufacturers forced to differentiate their products Brands were born
Which communication context is Agenda-Setting Theory?
Mass/Media
Which context?
Mass/media
McLuhans media history
McLuhan traced major ecological shifts in media throughout human history in 4 ages: -tribal age -literary age -print age -electronic age
Axiom 1
One cannot not communicate -all behavior has message value - all behavior = communication
CPM
Media department - makes decisions about where and when to place ads and buys appropriate time or space Effectiveness measured by cost per thousand (CPM) - cost of reaching 1000 audience members
Assumption
Media fix our perceptions and organize our experiences
Assumption
Media infuse nearly every act and action in society
Agenda setting theory
Media presents the public with an agenda of what they should consider important -assume news media have an agenda (they tell us what to think about) -people need help in trying to evaluate politics
Cultural Studies
Media represent ideologies of the dominant class in a society. Culture must be interpreted based on power exerted by the media and its owners.
What does SST assume about the relationship between media and users of media?
Media shapes who we are today
Assumption
Media tie the world together
What is the name of the largest island, being New Guinea, located East of Australia?
Melanesia
Which 3 islands in Oceania have US military bases on it?
Melanesia, Polynesia, & Micronesia
Which group in Oceania was the only culture to use bow and arrows to hunt?
Melanesian people
Harold Innis
Mentor to McLuhan, and who McLuhan based his work off of. Harold Innis believed that: -major empires in history were built by those in control of the written word -elites used a number of communication technologies to build economic empires -bias of communication
Contrast a cosmopolitan leader with a local opinion leader
Merton - followed two step flow COSMOPOLITAN (effective with like people) 1. monomorphic - experts in one narrow range 2. mobile - moved around more often 3. restrictive associations 4. more interested in national/international events LOCAL (effective with local people) 1. polymorphic - sphere of influence = many areas 2. local by birth or lived there for a long time 3. large associations - knew lots of people 4. more interested in local news/events
Research
Methodical gathering of data as well as the careful reporting of the results of the analysis
What are the three sections Oceania is divided into?
Micronesia, Melanesia, and Polynesia
Which group in Oceania is remembered for their storytelling to retell history?
Micronesian people
What do people often do when they have a conversation?
Mimic each other's speech and behaviour
What does SST suggest about people who hold minority viewpoints on public issues? What about those holding the majority viewpoint?
Minority: Less assertive in communicating their opinions Majority: More encouraged to speak up
Freedom of the press - Liebling
New Yorker columnist A.J. Liebling argued that freedom of the press is guaranteed only to those who own the presses The Net makes every user a potential mass communicator, makes all publishers equal
Agenda-Setting Theory
News media does not tell people what to think, it tells people what to think about.
Divergence
No intend to make the conversation go smooth. No one wants to accommodate and people feel often a difference between them. Does not have to be negative or rude. It is for the person to maintain social identity. For example when french people refuse to speak english to you, when you visit France.
Assumption 3: Accommodation varies in its degree of appropriateness and norms guide the accommodation process
Norms is the expectations of behavior in a conversation
Evaluation
Not logically consistent Heuristic
Partner Interference
Occurs when a relational partner hinders goals, plans and activities
free association
Oceania islands negotiated independence with foreign powers
Personality Structure
Onion-like layers of beliefs and feelings about self, others, and the world; deeper layers are more vulnerable protected, and central to self-image
Expression and Nonexpression dialectical
Openness vs. Closedness (internal) Revelation vs. Concealment (external)
Explain how accommodation is often done unconsciously
Out of our internal scripts that we use in certain situations - For example when we talk to an 85-year old, we would speak slower and more appropriate
Glosses
Outdated words in a speech
History o P.T. Barnum
P.T. Barnum used PR to lure people to his shows "There's a sucker born every minute."
Introduction
Part of an organizational strategy in a speech that includes gaining the audience's attention, connecting with the audience, and providing an overview of the speaker's purpose
Family
Part of the system
According to the assumptions of Dramatism Theory, human actions are guided
Partly by their animal nature and partly by symbols
Conclusion
Parts of an organizational strategy in a speech that is aimed at summarizing a speaker's main points and arousing emotions in an audience
Assumption 1: Speech and behavioral similarities and dissimilarities exist in all conversations
Past experiences - people bring their various fields of experiences into conversations. The more similar our attitudes and beliefs are to those of others, the more we will be attracted to and accommodate those others.
Coordination
People collaborating in an attempt to bring into being their vision of what is necessary, noble, and good, and to preclude the enactment of what they fear, hate, or despise.
Minimax principle of human behavior
People seek to maximize their benefits and minimize their costs
Ethos
Perceived credibility, which comes from the speaker's intelligence, character, and goodwill toward the audience, as these personal characteristics are revealed through the message
Assumption 2: The manner in which we perceive the speech and behaviors of another will determine how we evaluate a conversation
Perception (a process of attending to and interpreting a message) Evaluation (process of judging a conversation) Before we know how to act in a conversation, we will perceive or get a sense of a message and then in the long run we will evaluate the speakers communication and react according to it.
Social Judgement Involvement
Perception and evaluation of an idea by comparing it with current attitudes
Alienation
Perception that one has little control over his or her future.
Agent
Person performing the act
Coordinate Management of Meaning
Person-in-conversation co-construct their own realities and are shaped by the world they create Pearce and Cronen
Give some examples of a Low island.
Polynesia
What is located in the central Pacific Ocean and includes the Cook Islands, Hawaiian Islands, and French Polynesia?
Polynesia
What approach to knowing is Agenda Setting Theory?
Positivistic/Empirical
when is it better to be direct?
Pros: less likely to lead to misunderstanding (those in power are more likely to be direct- politeness theory) Cons: different cultures use different levels of directness (different generations use different levels)
How does your text define "public opinion" and what are its characteristics?
Public opinion: Attitudes and behaviors expressed in public in order to avoid isolation Often determined by the media and the media often make the subject controversial
Communiation context
Public/Rhetoric
Mortification
Purging guilt by blaming one's self
Scapegoating
Purging guilt by way of blaming others
Order or Hierarchy
Ranking that exists in society primarily due to language
Researchers live in what paradigm
Rational
Redemption
Rejection of the unclean and a return to the new order after purging of guilt
Ratio
Relation of merger to division
Social Exchange
Relationship behavior and status regulated by both parties' evaluations of perceived rewards and costs of interaction with each other.
Shannon-Weaver Communication Model
Repetition is important
Communication Tradition
Rhetoric
Tradition
Rhetorical
Traditions of Dramatism
Rhetorical (Public Address/Speeches)
Ruth is a well-known educationist in U.S. Her work in promoting literacy among the backward classes of society is widely appreciated. Ruth's brief jail term influenced her to word toward educating the socially backward communities of the american Society. According to Burke's pentad, Ruth's jail term is the
SCENE pertaining to her act
Critical Theorists
Scholars who use theory to reveal unjust communication practices that create or perpetuate an imbalance of power
fraction of selection
Schramm's idea of how media choices are made: the expectation of reward divided by the effort required
Individual differences perspective
Smart and more secure people are less affected by unwanted media impact (intelligence and self-esteem)
Assumption
Society threatens deviant individuals with isolation; fear of isolation is pervasive
Which tradition?
Socio-cultural
Which communication tradition is Agenda-Setting Theory?
Socio-psychological
The theorist of Face-Negotiation Theory?
Stella Ting-Toomey ("inspiration" from Goffman)
In the context of narrative rationality, when stories are confusing, when one part does not seem to lead to the next, or when the plot is unclear, then they lack
Structural Coherence
Humanistic scholarship
Study of what it's like to be another person in a specific time and place; assumes there are few important panhuman similarities
Interactional View
Sub discipline: interpersonal
Dramatism
Sub-discipline - Rhetoric (interpretive)
Explain the catharsis hypothesis
Surgeon General relieves you of certain tendency "blow off steam" ex. plays violent video games in order to feel better
Spiraling Inversion
Switching back and forth between two contrasting voices, responding first to one pull, then the other
Cultivation Theory
TV has become central to American lives and culture and influences audiences' perceptions of social reality and shapes culture by repetitively showing American life in a particular light, teaching us to see it as normal. However, TV's effect is limited - it is not the greatest, but consistent and therefore significant.
Assumption
TV is essentially and fundamentally different from other forms of mass media
Assumption 1) uniqueness of television
TV is essentially and fundamentally different from other forms of mass media -requires no literacy, free, combined picture and sound unlike radio, no mobility -ageless, can use early and late years in life -draws together dissimilar groups and bring together (EX: watch olympics -a storyteller
Assumption
TV shapes our society's way of thinking
Sophists
Teachers of public speaking (rhetoric) in ancient Greece
Guilt
Tension,embarrassment, shame and disgust
Rhetoric
The art of using all available means of persuasion, focusing on lines of argument, organization of ideas, language use, and delivery in public speaking
Determinism
The assumption that behavior is caused by heredity and environment
Dialectical model
The assumption that people want both privacy and intimacy in their social relationships; they experience a tension between disclosure and withdrawal.
Objective Approach
The assumption that truth is singular and is accessible through unbiased sensory observation; committed to uncovering cause-and-effect relationships
Rhetoric
The available means of persuasion
What is Aristotle's Definition of Rhetoric
The available means of persuasion
Consonance
The belief that all media are similar in attitudes, beliefs, and values
Ethical Egoism
The belief that individuals should live their lives so as to maximize their own pleasure and minimize their own pain.
Ubiquity
The belief that media are everywhere
Cumulativeness
The belief that media repeat themselves
Comparison Level of alternatives (CL ALT)
The best outcome available in other relationships; a standard for relational stability
Utterance Chains
The central building blocks of meaning-making, where utterances are linked to competing discourses already heard as well as those yet to be spoken
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis of linguistic relativity
The claim that the structure of a language shapes what people think and do; the social construction of reality.
Identification
The common ground between speaker and audience; overlap of physical characteristics, talents, occupation, friends, experiences, personality, beliefs, and attitudes; consubstantiation. (Ex: "My fellow victims..."
Generalized other
The composite mental image a person has of his or her self based on societal expectations and responses
Private Information
The content of potential disclosures; information that can be owned
Scene
The context surrounding the Act
Depth of penetration
The degree of disclosure in a specific area of an individual's life.
Threat threshold
The hypothetical outer boundary of intimate space; a breach by an uninvited other occasions fight or flight
General idea about the theory?
The idea that average people are the victims of the powerful forces of mass media
Ego-involvement
The importance of centrality of an issue to a person's life, often demonstrated by membership in a group with a known stand.
Assumption
The influence of TV is limited
Apply the interactional model
The interactional model pertains of two interpreters who both encode and decode the message sent, to get a mutual understanding. Stereotypes is a generalized belief about a particular group or class of people. social categorization --> social identification --> social comparison
Personal space
The invisible, variable volume of space surrounding an individual's preferred distance from others
"Frustation"
The level of Frustration each individual feels to start
Interpretive Theory
The linguistic work of assigning meaning or value to communicative texts; assumes that multiple meanings or truths are possible.
Logos
The logical proof that speakers employ in their arguments, rationalizations and discourse
Bending
The mainstream reality benefits the elite
Bending (TV)
The mainstream reality benefits the elite
Bending
The mainstream reality benefits the elite - we all want to buy more produtcs
Agency
The means in which an act is accomplished
Social situations elicit specific values and the affirmation and reinforcement can be facilitated by the consumption of related media materials
The media offer an appropriate location of the information and knowledge that you seek.
Agenda Setting Theory
The media presents the public with an agenda of what they should consider important assumes news media has an agenda, so they tell us what to think about. People need help in trying to evaluate politics.
Looking-glass self
The mental self-image that results from taking the role of the other; the objective self; me
Pluralistic Ignorance
The mistaken idea that everyone else is doing or thinking something that they aren't
Logical Force
The moral pressure or sense of obligation a person feels to respond in a given way to what someone else has just said or done- "I had no choice"
Axiom 3
The nature of a relationship depends on how both parties punctuate the communication sequence - Punctuating the sequence = Communication sequence
Homeostasis
The nature of a system to maintain stability. Trick: homeo means like or similar. and stasis means inactivity. So together it means remaining the same, not fluctuating
Me
The objective self; the image of self seen when one takes the role of the other
Symbolic Interaction
The ongoing use of language and gestures in anticipation of how the other will eract; a conversation
Information system approach to organisation
The organization is not static entities. In order to survive, they must process their environment in order to be continuously created by communication. Karl Weick
Ethos
The perceived character, intelligence and goodwill of a speaker (Ethical Appeal)
Violation Valence
The perceived positive or negative value assigned to a breach of expectations, regardless or who the violator is
Outcome
The perceived rewards minus the costs of interpersonal interaction.
Cultivation Differential
The percentage of difference in response between light and heavy television viewers
Signifier
The physical form of the sign as we perceived it through our sense; an image.
Hierarchy hypothesis
The prediction that when people are thwarted in their attempts to achieve goals, their first tendency is to alter lower- level elements of their message
Mindfulness
The presence or awareness of what participants are making in the midst of their own conversation
Fidelity
The principle of narrative rationally judging the credibility of a story
Devil-Term
The term that sums up all that a speaker regards as bad, wrong, or evil. (Ex: Bush using the word 'terrorist' and 'terror' after the acts of 9/11)
Comparison level (CL)
The threshold above which an interpersonal outcome seems attractive; a standard for relational satisfaction
Confidentiality Dilemma
The tragic moral choice confidants face when they must breach a collective privacy boundary in order to promote the original owner's welfare
Dialectical Flux
The unpredictable, unfinalizable, indeterminate nature of personal relationships
Golden Mean
The virtue of moderation; the virtuous person develops habits that avoid extremes
Self-disclosure
The voluntary sharing of personal history, preferences, attitudes, feelings, values, secrets, etc., with another person; transparency.
Victimage
The way we attempt to purge guilt as part of being human
Nonsummativity
The whole is greater than the sum of its parts.
God-Term
The word a speaker uses to which all other positive words are subservient (subordinate/submissive). (Ex: MLK uses freedom 20 times in his "I Have a Dream Speech")
Social situations can create an awareness of problems that demand attention information about which may be sought in the media
The world we live in contains information that is in our interest and w can seek all this information through the media
Metatheory
Theory about theory; the stated or inherent assumptions made when creating a theory
Social Identity Theory
Theory that proposes a person's identity is shaped by both personal and social characteristics. - In-groups: groups in which be feel like we belong - Out-groups: groups in which we feel like we do not belong You will provide more resources to your in-group
Why do people have good reason's to accommodate (adjust)?
They either want to evoke listener's approval, achieve communication efficiency, assert a dominant position or maintain a positive social identity
Rational World Paradigm
Traditional and dominant mode of understanding human communication that suggests a system of logic employed by many researchers and professionals.
blurring
Traditional distinctions are blurred Ex: Educated people see the world similarly to those who have less education.
Principle of Veracity
Truthful statements are preferable to lies in the absence of special circumstances that overcome the negative weight
Hedging
Use of strategic ambiguity and humor to provide a way for both parties to save face when a message fails to achieve its goal
Assumptions
Viewpoints organizational members hold about the world, including perceptions, thoughts, feelings, and beliefs that have been subconsciously reinforced over time. Ex. nature of reality, time, space, human nature, human relationships, philosophical
Who do we credit?
Walter Fisher
Rhetorical situations
We tend to say the wrong thing
Culture
Webs of significance; system of shared meaning
Expectancy
What people predict will happen, rather than what they desire
ethic of significant choice
When a group has vital information the public needs in order to make important decisions, that information must be disseminated as completely and accurately as possible. Thomas Nielsen
Social situations can produce tensions and conflicts leading to a pressure for their easement through the consumption of media
When everyone used the media to reassure that their friends were safe under the storm Sandy and every single media wrote about it.
What is conflict?
When someone frustrates a significant goal or desire of another individual
intergroup overaccommodation
a behavior that occurs when speakers place listeners in cultural groups without acknowledging individual uniqueness
Division
When two people fail to have an overlap in their substances.
Identification
When two people have overlap in their substance
Social situations can impoverish real-life opportunities to satisfy certain needs and the media can serve as substitutes or supplements
When you need to know about a certain situation you need to rely on the information that the media suggests, because you might not always be exactly where things happen. For example you were not in New Jersey when the storm Sandy occurred.
Scope and Nature o Wii
Wii - designed to appeal to nontraditional gamers
Who also talks about UG, by 'fraction of selection'? (an idea of how media choices are made. The expectation of reward divided by the effort required)
Wilbur Schramm
Social situations demand familiarity with media, these demands must be met to sustain membership in specific social groups
You are a college student and the future of our country, so off course you need to have an opinion about the storm Sandy, but also about how the media tackled everything. Otherwise you would be uninformed.
How does a persuader choose the right route?
You need to determine the likelihood that the listener will give undivided attention
Overaccommodation
You try too hard to accommodate to the other people. To look too much alike, it can be annoying and disrespectful to the other.
Resonance
a behavior that occurs when a viewer's lived reality coincides with the reality pictured in the media
resonance
a behavior that occurs when a viewer's lived reality coincides with the reality pictured in the media
resonance
a behavior that occurs when a viewer's lived reality coincides with the reality pictured in the media - relive experiences when you see it on TV; makes it worse and makes you more fearful - resonance amplifies cultivation
agenda
a list of the most important issues of the day as decided by an entity, such as the media
Resonance
a behavior that occurs when a viewer's lived reality coincides with the reality pictured in the media amplifies cultivation patterns -EX: some urban dwellers might see the violent world of television resonated in their deteriorating neighborhoods -occurs when repeated violence cause viewers ti replay real life experiences with violence over and over
System
a ____ is a group of individuals who interrelate to form a whole Example: family, work group, sports team
compromising
a behavior that employs give-and-take to achieve a middle-road resolution
attraction
a broad term that encompasses a number of other characteristics, such as liking, charisma, and credibility
Style
a canon of rhetoric that includes the use of language to express ideas in a speech
style
a canon of rhetoric that includes the use of language to express ideas in a speech
Style
a canon of rhetoric that inlcudes the use of language to express ideas in a speech
Arrangement
a canon of rhetoric that pertains to a speaker's ability to organize a speech
arrangement
a canon of rhetoric that pertains to a speaker's ability to organize a speech
Arrangement
a canon of rhetoric that pertains to a speakers ability to organise speech
Invention
a canon of rhetoric that pertains to the construction or development of an argument related to a particular speech
invention
a canon of rhetoric that pertains to the construction or development of an argument related to a particular speech
Memory
a canon of rhetoric that refers to a speaker's effort in storing information for a speech
memory
a canon of rhetoric that refers to a speaker's effort in storing information for a speech
Memory
a canon of rhetoric that refers to speakers effort in storing information for a speech
Delivery
a canon of rhetoric that refers to the nonverbal presentation of a speaker's ideas
delivery
a canon of rhetoric that refers to the nonverbal presentation of a speaker's ideas
diversion
a category if gratifications coming from media use; involves escaping from routines and problems
surveillance
a category of gratifications coming from media use; involves collecting needed information
diversion
a category of gratifications coming from media use; involves escaping from routines and problems
personal relationships
a category of gratifications coming from media use; involves substituting media for companionship
personal identity
a category of gratifications coming from media use; involves ways to reinforce individual values
underaccommodation
a category of miscommunication wherein a participant perceives a speaker to INSUFFICIENTLY (or not at all) implement those communicative behaviors the participant judges necessary for appropriate talk on a particular occasion - it is generally negatively evaluated as inconsiderate, unhelpful, ego-involving (own agenda to exclusion of yours), etc.
intentionality
a cognitive behavior that occurs when people's prior motives determine use of media
Priming
a cognitive process whereby what the media present temporarily, at least, influences what people think about afterwards in processing additional information
priming
a cognitive process whereby what the media present temporarily, at least, influences what people think about afterwards in processing additional information
Priming
a cognitive whereby what the media present temporarily, at least, influences what people think about afterwards in processing additional information.
Walter fisher notes that originally LOGOS meant
a combination of concepts including story, rationale, discourse, and thought
Delivery
a conan of rhetoric that refers to the nonverbal presentation of a speakers ideas
Paradigm
a conceptual framework; a universal model that calls for people to view events through a common interpretive lens
paradigm
a conceptual framework; a universal model that calls for people to view events through a common interpretive lens
collectivism
a cultural value that places emphasis on the group over the individual
individualism
a cultural value that places emphasis on the individual over the group
faustian age
a deal with the devil; selling for temporary earthly gain
Faustian bargain
a deal with the devil; selling your soul for temporary earthly gain
Denotative sign system
a descriptive sign without ideological content
uncertainty
a factor explaining why people seek guidance from the media agenda. It refers to how much information a person believes they already possess about an issue
Relevance
a factor explaining why people seek guidance from the media agenda. It refers to how personally affected they feel by an issue
relevance
a factor explaining why people seek guidance from the media agenda. It refers to how personally affected they feel by an issue
Relevance
a factor explaining why people seek guidance from the media agenda. It refers to how personally affected they feel by an issue.
uncertainty
a factor explaining why people seek guidance from the media agenda; it refers to how much information a person believes they already possess about an issue
relevance
a factor explaining why people seek guidance from the media agenda; it refers to how personally affected they feel by an issue
Metaphor
a figure of speech that helps to make the unclear more understandable
metaphor
a figure of speech that helps to make the unclear more understandable
Internet - definition
a global network of interconnected computers that communicate freely and share and exchange information
attitude
a later addition to the pentad; the manner in which the agent positions himself or herself relative to others
Bridge
a member of more than one group
face
a metaphor for the public image people display
Civic spaces
a metaphor suggesting that soeakers have locations where the opportunity to persuade others exist
Civic Spaces
a metaphor suggesting that speakers have "locations" where the opportunity to persuade others exists
civics spaces
a metaphor suggesting that speakers have "locations" where the opportunity to persuade others exists
First Order Effects
a method for cultivation to occur; refers to learning facts from the media
first order effects
a method for cultivation to occur; refers to learning facts from the media
first order effects
a method for cultivation to occur; refers to learning facts from the media ex. learning of facts such as how many employed males are involved in law enforcement or what proportion of marriages end in divorce
first order effects (facts)
a method for cultivation to occur; refers to learning facts from the media ex: how many males employed in law enforcement, what percentage of marriages end in divorce
Second Order Effects
a method for cultivation to occur; refers to learning values and assumptions from the media
second order effects
a method for cultivation to occur; refers to learning values and assumptions from the media ex. involve hypotheses about more general issues and assumptions that people make about their environments; questions like "do you think people are basically honest?"
second order effects (values)
a method for cultivation to occur; refers to learning values and assumptions from the media -ex: questions like "do you think police should be allowed to use greater force to subdue criminals?" "Do you think people are basically honest"?
wayfinding
a method to navigate that relies on careful observation of the natural world
connotative sign system
a mythic sign that has lost its historical referent; form without substance
desirable image
a person wishes to convey to another based upon societies interpretation of what is "appropriate" and successful
Relational Dialectics Theory
a perspective that emphasizes the trade-offs that create tension in close relationships
exponential growth
a population grows by a fixed percentage in successive time intervals. the size of each increases determined by the current population size
Ritual Perspective
a position depicting the media as representers of shared beliefs
ritual perspective
a position depicting the media as representers of shared beliefs
ritual perspective
a position depicting the media as representers of shared beliefs -
order of hierarchy
a ranking that exists in society primarily because of our ability to use language
thick description
a record of the intertwined layers of common meaning that underlie what a particular people say and do
redemption
a rejection of the unclean and a return to a new order after guilt has been temporarily purged
Rational World Paradigm
a scientific or philosophical approach to knowledge that assumes people are logical, making decisions on the basis of evidence and lines of argument
Rational-world Paradigm
a scientific or philosophical approach to knowledge that assumes people are logical, making decisions on the basis of evidence and lines of argument
Syllogism
a set of propositions that are related to one another and draw a conclusion from the major and minor premises
syllogism
a set of propositions that are related to one another and draw a conclusion from the major and minor premises
Good Reasons
a set of values for accepting a story as true and worthy of acceptance; provides a method for assessing fidelity
Invention
a speaker's "hunt" for arguments that will be effective in a particular speech
Social Categories Model
a specific approach to the idea of limited effects' concentrates on the limits posed by group membership
Social Categories Model
a specific approach to the idea of limited effects; concentrates on the limits posed by group membership
Individual Differences Perspective
a specific approach to the idea of limited effects; concentrates on the limits posed by personal characteristics
medium
a specific type of media; for example a book, newspaper, radio, televisions, telephone, film, website, or e-mail
Medium
a specific type of media; for example, a book, newspaper, radio, television, telephone, film, website, or email
Dramatism
a technique of analysis of language and thought as basically modes of action rather than as means of conveying information
Dramatism
a technique of analysis of language and thought as basically modes of action rather than as means of conveying information Kenneth Burke
Dramatism
a technique of analysis of language and thought as basically modes of action rather than as means of conveying information....Kenneth Burke
Technopoly
a term coined by Postman that means we live in a society dominated by technology
technopoly
a termed coined by postman that means we live in a society dominated by technology
Narrative Paradigm
a theoretical framework that views narrative as the basis of all human communication
Social Penetration Theory
a theory that predicts that as relationships develop, communication increases in breadth and depth Irwin Altman and Dalmas Taylor
Social Identity Theory
a theory that proposes a person's identity is shaped by both personal and social characteristics
Dramatistic pentad
a tool critics can use to discern the motives of a speaker or writer by labeling five key elements of the human drama: act, scene, agent, agency, and purpose
dramatistic pentad
a tool critics can use to discern the motives of a speaker or writer by labeling five key elements of the human drama: act, scene, agent, agency, and purpose
Characterological coherence
a type of coherence referring to the believability of the characters in the story
Material coherence
a type of coherence referring to the congruence between one story and other related stories
Structural coherence
a type of coherence referring to the flow of the story
deliberative rhetoric
a type of rhetoric that determines an audience's course of action
Deliberative Rhetoric
a type of rhetoric that determines an audience's course of action; Political Speech
Epideictic rhetoric
a type of rhetoric that pertains to praising or blaming
epideictic rhetoric
a type of rhetoric that pertains to praising or blaming (ceremonial speaking)
Epideictic Rhetoric
a type of rhetoric that pertains to praising or blaming; Ceremonial Speech
Forensic rhetoric
a type of rhetoric that pertains to speakers prompting feelings of guilt or innocence from an audience
forensic rhetoric
a type of rhetoric that pertains to speakers prompting feelings of guilt or innocence from an audience (courtroom speaking)
Forensic Rhetoric
a type of rhetoric that pertains to speakers prompting feelings of guilt or innocence from an audience; Court Room Speech
Deliberative rhetoric
a type of rhetoricthta determines an audiences course of action
the active audience
a variable concept focused on an audience engaging with the media on a voluntary basis, motivated by their needs and goals
Literary age
a visual era; a time of private detachment because the eye is the dominant sense organ
literary age
a visual era; a time of private detachment because the eye is the dominant sense organ
Print age
a visual era; mass-produced books usher in the industrial revolution and nationalism, yet individuals are isolated
Narrative rationality
a way to evaluate the worth of stories based on the twin standards of narrative coherence and narrative fidelity
narrative rationality
a way to evaluate the worth of stories based on the twin standards of narrative coherence and narrative fidelity
Global village
a worldwide electronic community where everyone knows everyone's business and all are somewhat testy
global village
a worldwide electronic community where everyone knows everyone's business and all are somewhat testy
Violence Index
a yearly content analysis of prime-time network programming to assess the amount of violence represented
Violence Index
a yearly content analysis of prime-time network programming to assess the amount of violence respresented
Ideal audience
an actual community existing over time that believes in the values of truth, the good, beauty, health, wisdom, courage, temperance, justice, harmony, order, communion, friendship, and oneness with the cosmos
Cognition
ability to learn and think at higher levels of complexity
solidarity facework
accepting another as a member of an in group -difference are minimized, commonalities are highlighted through experiences and informal language (ex: able to approach a professor)
solidarity facework
accepting another as a member of an in-group
Negotiated Position
accepting dominant ideologies but allowing for cultural exceptions
Technology
according to McLuhan, human inventions that enhance communication
discipline
achieved by a sense of responsibility to the work group.
cognitive
acquiring information, knowledge, comprehension
facework
actions used to deal with face needs/wants of self and others
facework
actions used to deal with face needs/wants of self and others - how people make whatever they're doing consistent with their face
Adoption
actively use the technology
accommodation
adjusting, modifying, or regulating behavior in response to others
Hyper-commercialism o Freemium games
advertising serves as currency within the game Watching a commercial can get you virtual goods for the game or give you special in-game attributes
Electronic Era
age in which electronic media pervades our senses, allowing for people across the world to be connected; Computer/Seeing, Hearing, Touching
Print Era
age when gaining information through the printed word was customary, and seeing continued as the dominant sense; Printing Press/Seeing
Tribal Era
age when oral tradition was embraced and hearing was the paramount sense; Face-to-Face/Hearing
Literate Era
age when written communication flourished and the eye became the dominant sense organ; Phonetic Alphabet/Seeing
future research of theory?
agenda-melding function - media affects our group affiliations based on our need to belong -people who join groups also adopt agenda (ex joining NRA group) -how is the agenda affected by fake news
Axiom 4
all communication is either digital or analogical -Digital - Verbal - Content - Analogical - nonverbal - relationship
Axiom 5
all communication is either symmetrical or complementary
Advertising and TV o Parity products
all essentially the same Advertisers sometimes create the USP
According to Fisher, the NARRATIVE PARADIGM
allows people to move away from an either/or dualism toward a more unified sense that embodies science, philosophy, story, myth, and logic
ideal audience
an actual community existing over time that believes in the values of truth, the good, beauty, health, wisdom, courage, temperance, justice, harmony, order, communion, friendship, and oneness with the cosmos
Topics
an aid to invention that refers to the arguments a speaker uses
topics
an aid to invention that refers to the arguments a speaker uses
causal argument
an assertion of cause and effect
Casual Argument
an assertion of cause and effect, including the direction of the causality
causal argument
an assertion of cause and effect, including the direction of the causality
Audience Analysis
an assessment and evaluation of listeners
Audience analysis
an assessment and evaluation of listeners
audience analysis
an assessment and evaluation of listeners
Electronic age
an era of instant communication; a return to the global village with all-at-once sound and touch
uncertainty
an estimate of how much a measured or calculated value differs from a true value.
Dialog ethics
an ethical position that emphasizes living dialogically, walking the "narrow ridge" between relativism and absolutism
Train Test
an experiment used to assess the extent to which people will speak out
train test
an experiment used to assess the extent to which people will speak out
Constructivism
an extension of symbolic interaction theory which proposes that reality is what humans cognitively construct it to be Jesse Delia
Enthymeme
an incomplete version of a formal deductive syllogism that is created by leaving out a premise already accepted by the audience or by leaving an obvious conclusion unstated
terministic screens
an individuals preferred system ( the way we talk about something)
Primary source
an original study document object or eyewitness account
Peripheral Route
appearance of credibility, visual aesthetics & expectation of reward
mainstreaming means that heavy television viewers of different co-cultures
are more similar in their beliefs about the world than their varying group membership
Axioms
are the recognized truths about communication
how did theory begin
as a way to test the impact that all this TV viewing had on viewers particularly violence
Aristotle defines rhetoric
as the available means of persuasion
assumption 3 (interrelationship)
assumes policymakers and the public can affect media's agenda
Effective public speakers must consider their audience:
assumption of the rhetoric - The audience as a group of individuals with motivations and desires - Analyzing the audience is essential to understanding them
overaccommodation
attempt to overdo efforts in regulating, modifying, or responding to others - a category of miscommunication wherein participant perceives a speaker to TRANSCEND those communicative behaviors the participant judges necessary for appropriate talk on a particular occasion - it is generally negatively evaluated as patronizing, demeaning, and talking down
4 processes of an act
attention- the observer is attentive to the actions retention-learn from observed behavior reproduction- we can fairly accurately demonstrate the new behavior or information (mimic) motivation- desire to use the process direct- you will be rewarded by using it self-produced- we rely on our own standards to decide if we should precipitate vicarious- motivated by the success of others who are similar to ourselves
Public Opinion
attitudes and behaviors expressed in public in order to avoid isolation
public opinion
attitudes and behaviors expressed in public in order to avoid isolation
public opinion
attitudes and behaviors expressed in public to avoid isolation.
what does the 2 levels of agenda setting focus on?
attribute agenda setting and network agenda setting
The process of evaluating an audience and its background is known as
audience analysis
Segmentation o Psychographic
audience defined by lifestyles, values, attitudes and behaviors
Segmentation o Demographic
audience defined by varying personal and social characteristics
selectivity
audience members' use of media reflects their existing interests
Aristotle suggests that the body of a speech needs to follow an organizational structure because
audiences need to be led from one point to another
what are the ways to manage conflict across cultures (5 terms)
avoiding, obliging, compromising, dominating, integrating
Knowledge
aware of the innovation and its possible uses
how can mediated sources shape a person's sense of reality
because we get info from mediated sources vs through direct experience
Perspective by incongruity
calling attention to a truth by linking two dissonant or discrepant terms
Christian Missionaries
came to Oceania to spread their religion
delivery
cannon of rhetoric - nonverbal presentation
arrangement
cannon of rhetoric - organizational patterns
Invention
cannon of rhetoric - topic, relevance, argument
Memory
cannon of rhetoric - understanding techniques and materials of a speech - the persuasion part
style
cannon of rhetoric -use of language
original hypothesis: cause-effect relationship
cause and effect relationship between media content and voter perception -media tells us what is important
Elaboration Likelihood
central route & peripheral route
Epideictic rhetoric is also known as
ceremonial speaking
Choosing Central Route
choose this route if the listener has the motivation and ability to think about the message
Choosing the Peripheral Route
choose this route when the listener has little/no interest in the topic and doesn't have the ability to think about the message
Requires a Medium
chosen according to the needs, purpose, message, and budget of the audience/receiver
critique: utility
claims are not always useful in explaining how people see the world -ignores other issues such as perceived realism of the televised content
typology
classification scheme; large number of specific instances put into a more manageable set of categories
Interviewing
close-ended vs. open ended questions
which is most common? of the distributions
clumped distribution
what type of conditions are likely to cause each? - distributions (3)
clumped: safety/food/reproduction uniform: territoriality random: weeds.
Name four cash crops Papua New Guinea exports.
coffee, cacao, coconuts, rubber, and tea.
priming
cognitive process whereby what the media presents temporarily influences what the people think about afterwards in processing additional info EX: hearing about North Korea in the news might be primed to have more anxiety than if you hadnt heard about it ex: media reporting might be very strong leading up to event such as superbowl or the olympics, making it hard for audience to not escape event. thus gives the audience interests in the event even though prior were not interested.
Jonathan Schell's book tells a story tha meets the criteria of
coherence and fidelity
Integrating
collaborating with others to find solution -"i think we need to work this out together"
integrating
collaborating with others to find solutions
Dataveillance
collection and distillation of consumer data
Mental state
collection of mental material about a certain subject
The Negative
comes into play when people see their place in the social order and seek to reject it
Feedback
commentary of the functional family system
Axiom 2
communication = content + relationship -Content is the substance of the verbal message -Relationship defines the interpersonal dynamic between communicators.
Metacommunication
communication about communication
Phatic communication
communication aimed at maintaining relationships rather than passing along information or saying something new
phatic communication
communication aimed at maintaining relationships rather than passing along information or saying something new
Critical Tradition
communication as a reflective challenge of unjust discourse Karl Marx
The Cybernetic tradition
communication as a system of information processing Norbert Wiener
Rhetorical Tradition
communication as artful public address Aristotle
Socio-Psychological Tradition
communication as interpersonal interaction and influence
Socio cultural tradition
communication as the creation and enactment of social reality Edwar Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf
Phenomenological Tradition
communication as the experience of self and others through dialogue Carl Rogers
The Semiotic tradition
communication as the process of sharing meaning through signs I.A Richards
Affiliation
communication is a necessary part of all relationships
Intentionality
communicators must be aware of both intentional and unintentional messages
Theatre of Struggle
competition of various cultural ideologies
Hosts
computers linking personal computer users to the Internet
Experiments
concerned with causation (ex) in a lab or in the field
why a critical theory
concerned with the way that communication perpetuates the dominance of one group over another
Narratice fidelity
congruence between values embedded in a message and what listeners regard as truthful and humane; the story strikes a responsive chord
narrative fidelity
congruence between values embedded in a message and what listeners regard as truthful and humane; the story strikes a responsive chord
Liaison
connects two+ groups that would not otherwise be linked
step 1: message system analysis
consists of detailed content analyses of TV programming in order to demonstrate its more recurring and consistent presentations of images, theme, values, etc
The Pentad, created by Burke,
consists of five points for analyzing a symbolic text
Environment 1 of MSW
constant noise, common universe, basic likeness
framing
content of news provides context for discussing related topics
What is an island that once was connected to a larger continental landmass called?
continental island
Logical Consistency
contradictiona and incoherence
Gatekeeper
controls the flow of information
Mr. Biggott Study
cooper and jahoda comedy sketch -very prejudice *satire could reduce prejudice STUDY non-jewish white men -many identified w/mr biggot character instead of change of heart, solidified prior beliefs
Consent
corporations demand loyalty of employees which is secured through language, info, rituals, symbols, and stories
consent
corporations demand the loyalty of the employees or their consent, it is secured through language, information, rituals, symbols, and stories.
Greenwashing
countering PR efforts aimed at its clients by environmentalists
content analysis
counting things
approach to knowing
critical
communication context
cultural
Culture Wars
cultural struggles over meaning, identity, and influence
communication tradition
cybernetic and socio-psychological
Empirical
data obtained and tested in observable ways
face need
desire to be associated (inclusion) or disassociated (autonomy) with others.
face need
desire to be associated or disassociated with others
negative face
desire to be autonomous and free from others
negative face:
desire to be autonomous and free from others
positive faces
desire to be liked and admired by others
Motivation
desire to use the process
Dual Climates
difference between the population's perception of a public issue and the way the media report on the issue
Dual Climates of Opinion
difference between the population's perception of a public issue and the way the media report on the issue
dual climates of opinion
difference between the population's perception of a public issue and the way the media report on the issue
Simple
direct, authoritarian control- threat, conditions on employees
simple control
direct, authoritarian control. characterized by threats, conditions on employees
Scope and Structure o Lobbying
directly interacting to influence elected officials or government regulators and agents
Rhetoric
discovering all possible means of persuasion
Symmetry
do the two people share the same kind of bond?
Secondary source
document written about primary source; often summarizes the documents for more clarity
research example: Seguin and Nabi 2002
does tv cultivate unrealistic expectations about marriage -surveyed unmarried students -viewing romantic genre programming was positively associated with idealistic expectations about marriage -found heavy viewers in romantic genre had unrealistic expectations -shows that type of programming not just overall tv viewing matters
Smartphones o Personal medium
don't like the intrusion of ads Very fine line between personalization and invasion of privacy
Assumption
effective public speakers must consider their audience
Assumption
effective public speakers must employ a number of proofs in their presentations
face-saving
efforts to avoid embarrassment or vulnerability
face-saving
efforts to avoid embarrassment or vulnerability -to not humiliate others -collectivist -ex:french is primary language of other friend. he speaks fluent english, but sometimes says french phrases. because others are not prepared for this, I introduce hum as someone whos primary language is french. I am using a saving -face technique
Click stream
electronic tracking of the choices we make
Pathos
emotional proof, which comes from the feeling the speech draws outof those who hear it
Pathos
emotional proof; emotions drawn from audience members
pathos
emotional proof; emotions drawn from audience members
affective
emotional, pleasant, or aesthetic experience
History o Edward Bernays
emphasized the value of assessing the public's feelings about an organization That knowledge would be used to develop an organization's public relations efforts The beginning of two-way communication in public relations - PR professionals representing the publics to their clients, as well as representing their clients to their publics
personal integrative
enhancing credibility, confidence, and status
social integrative
enhancing social connections with family, friends, etc.
Encounter
enters workplace and learns the normal work, goes through uncertainty reduction, relies on coworkers and bosses, usually stresses over the difference between their expectations and reality
Epoch
era or historical age
tension release
escape and diversion
Aristotle's 3 Appeals
ethos logos pathos (most volatile)
Free Will purists
every human act is ultimately voluntary (ex) alcoholism is a choice, you are your own person
norms
expectations of behavior in conversations
Bloom's Taxonomy
explains how people must learn at increasing levels
what type of population growth has the human population shown so far?
exponential growth
Opinion
expression of attitude
opinion
expression of attitude
tact facework
extent to which a person respects another's autonomy
3 types of facework: tact facework
extent to which a person respects another's autonomy (ex: asking for suggestions while avoiding directions)
Multiplexity
extent to which two network members are linked together by more than one relationship
Inartistic proofs
external evidence the speaker doesn't create
inartistic proofs
external evidence the speaker doesn't create
assumption 3) certain acts threaten one's projected self-image (involves face saving and face restoration)
face threatening process/ acts
density independent limiting factor
factor that limits population growth and arises regardless of population. for example: a flood
density dependent limiting factor
factor that limits population growth and has a greater effect in denser populations, for example competition for a limited source
Astroturf
fake grassroots organization
critique: logical consistency
faults in methods employed by cultivation theory researchers do not match conceptual reach of theory - correlation between heavy viewing and giving the television answer .091, yet importance of issue maybe enough? -small relationship between heavy viewers and belief of mean scary world. -too many exceptions, no strong correlations
Name an "Independent Country"?
fiji
critique: test of time?
find fault in theories predictions - 3 B's not found in later studies
Surveys
find out how how someone thinks feels or intends to behave: interviews, questionnaires, sampling
cultivation produces effects on two levels
first order effect and second order effect
attribute agenda setting
focuses on attributes those issues are most important
approbation facework
focusing less on the negative aspects of another, more on the positive aspects of another (ex: student tries to go to professor and explain why his paper is late but she will give him an extension, rather than then trying to blame student, professor acknowldges good qualities like he is a hard worker and can get it done quickly
agenda
focusing on the list of important issues that is decided by entity, aka media
Bureaucratic
formal procedures, rewards and punishments, hierarchy
Bureaucratic control
formal procedures, rewards and punishments, hierarchy.
Strength
frequency, intimacy, or intensity of the connection
laws of media
further expansion of MET that focuses on the impact technology has on society
Laws of Media
further expansion of Media Ecology Theory with a focus on the impact of technology on society
agenda setters
gatekeepers, candidates, public relations, interest groups
who sets the agenda?
gatekeepers. big companies, candidates, interests groups like NRA
Media
generic term for all human-invented technology that extends the range, speed, or channels of communication
Compromising
give and take, trying to find a middle road to resolve impasses ex: you give up your time and ill give up mine"
you got this lianna
go bish go
Where does 60% of Papua New Guinea's export come from?
gold and copper
integration analysis
graph or diagram sentences
cohort
group of individuals born during the same interval
Systems Metaphore
group of individuals who interrelate to form a whole Family, work group, sports team
Hard Core
group(s) at the end of the spiral willing to speak out at any cost
hard core
group(s) at the end of the spiral willing to speak out at any cost
Dominating Style
have a high concern for self and low concern for others - Bad Style - Most Damaging - Mirroring Pattern * Dominating back * Dominating back * Dominating back * Conflict Escalating
polysemic
having more than one meaning
critique: test of time
held up over time because many studies and media still go by it
purpose of face negotiation theory?
helps explain cultural differences in response to conflict
What has steep slopes rising from shore? This results in diverse plant and animal life.
high lands
bet-the-company culture
high risk/ slow feedback and reward. -High stakes gambles that takes years to pay off. Low level and constant stress. -Example: oil or manufacturers.
Hot Media
high-definition communication that demands little involvement from a viewer, listener, or reader; Radio, Lectures, Twitter, Books, Movies, Films, Photographs
salience: perceived by the audience
how important an issue is relative to others -allows for agenda researchers to capture what the media is and what the media is telling the public to think about
Models of Cognition
how information is processed
Stability
how long does the relationship last?
media framing
how media depictions of events influence and constrain the way consumers can interpret the events
media training
how media depictions of events influence and constrain the way consumers can interpret the events.
uncertainty: a factor in why people seek guidance from media
how much info one may think they know about a topic EX: if they believe have know a lot of info about a candidate, then uncertainty is low, and will not need media guidance. -if high uncertainty, then need media guidance
Frequency
how often do they communicate?
Narrative term
how people live their lives based on their stories
Briefly explain semiotic theory, and give examples
how types of audiences make sense of specific forms of content Hall and Moore media content are a TEXT made up of SIGNS -in order to make sense of text, you must read/interpret signs (ex. when you read a sentence, you have to decode the words) texts = polysemic -fundamentally ambiguous; text can be interpreted different most texts are polysemic, but creator has a preferred dominate reading/theme preferred dominant sign/reading -more simple = easier reading (on the same page)
Role Schemas
how you perceive and categorize a person's place in society
People Schemas
how you perceive and categorize people
Event Schemas
how you predict what will happen in certain situations
Narrative Paradigm
humans are storytelling beings by nature
Narrative Paradigm
humans are storytelling beings by nature Walter Fisher
When there is overlap between two people in terms of their substance, they have
identification
original assumption
media does not so much tell us what to think, but what to think ABOUT
assumption 1) self identity is important
important in interpersonal interactions with indivi negotiating their identities differently across culture
indirect stereotyping
imposing outdated and rigid assumptions of a cultural group upon that group
Guilt
includes any type of tension, embarrassment, shame, disgust, or other unpleasant feeling
Perceptual Noise
incorrect perceptions of the message people just don't understand the message
what is the relation of individualism and collectivism to the theory?
individualistic cultures: tend to be more self-face oriented collectivist: more-other or mutual face oriented in conflict
clumped distribution
individuals aggregate in patones (most common)
uniform distribution
individuals are evenly spaced
low-context culture
info is rested on in the explicit code
Corporate
info which management wants to share with employees
corporate stories
information that management wants to share with the employees
What are most islands in Oceania?
inhabited
face concern
interest in maintaining one's face or the face of others
face concern
interest in maintaining one's face or the face of others (ex. "do i want attention drawn toward myself or toward another?"
Integrating Style
interested parties confront the issue and cooperatively identify the problem, generate and weigh alternatives, and select a solution - Best Style
Cannons of rhetoric
invention, arrangement, style, delivery, and memory
step 2) formulation of ?'s about viewers realities
involves developing ?'s about people's understandings of their everyday life -EX ?: in any given week what are the chances you will be involved in violence? 1/100? 1/10?
Metaphor
is a figure of speech that helps to make the unclear more understandable
Scapegoating
is a form of victimage in which the blame is placed on some sacrificial vessel
The Conclusion of a speech
is aimed at summarizing the speaker's points and arousing emotions in the audience
According to the assumptions of the Narrative Paradigm
is based on people's judgements of a story's consistency and truthfulness
Characterological coherence
is is a type of coherence referring to the believability of the characters of the characters in the story
Direction
is the link reciprocal?
In the pentad, the agent
is the person or persons performing the act
Victimage
is the way in which we attempt to purge the guilt that we feel as part of the human condition
Mediation
is there a common link?
characteristic of epideictic rhetoric
it helps speakers understand the importance of their own character
what is Aristotle's opinion on epideictic speaking?
it is greatly informed by the study of values
Critique of the NP
its highly criticized but - Heurism: people as stoytellers in general has stimulated research - Scope: too broadly defined; impacts the meaningfulness of the core concepts - Logical Consistency: Lack of consistency for some of the claims Fisher makes (overstates the domination of the public by elites or experts - Utility: Conservative slant makes it less useful - Testability: hard to test such broad concepts
Participation
joint, open decisions in the workplace- stakeholder democracy involving investors, workers, suppliers, and world communities
participation
joint, open, decisions in the workplace. Stakeholder democracy involving investors, workers, suppliers, and world communities.
Last-Minute Swing
jumping on the bandwagon of popular opinion after opinions have been expressed
last-minute swing
jumping on the bandwagon of popular opinion after opinions have been expressed
Negative Feedback
keep the system the same
Ideology
knowledge presented as common sense or natural, especially when its social construction is ignored or suppressed
Mindlessness
lack of in-depth schema analysis that causes misperceptions
Shared Code
languages, gestures, expressions, etc.
Enhancement
law that states media amplify or strengthen society
enhancement
law that states media amplify or strengthen society ex: telephone enhanced the spoken word found in face-2-face conversations
obsolescence
law that states media eventually makes something obsolete or out of date ex: tv made radio obsolete
Obsolescence
law that states media eventually render something obsolete or out of date
Retrieval
law that states media restore something that was once lost
retrieval
law that states media restore something that was once lost ex: tv restored the importance of visuals that were lost due to radio
reversal
law that states media will--when pushed to their limit-- produce or become something else ex: the internet-- as a medium pushed to its potential-- reverses society into a new and unique place
Reversal
law that states media will--when pushed to their limit--produce or become something else
Aristotle asserts that only LOGOS
lead to true knowledge because it provides a system of logic that can be proven valid
Anticipatory Socalization
learn about a job, position, or organization (usually only learn the positive)
Anticipatory socialization
learn about a job, position, or organization, usually then only learn the positive.
Retentive Process
learn from observed behavior
cultivation theory as critical theory
learning from television produces a mean world- self fulfilling prophecy
Public
legal, social, and social-psychological concerns of people
public
legal, social, and social-psychological concerns of people
public
legal, social, and social-psychological concerns of people.
high-context culture
little info is in the explicit message, must rely on context
Micronesia
located in the northwestern section of Oceania, East of the Philippines.
population distribution
location of population members relative to one another. clumped uniformity desired or randomly
evaluation criteria
logical consistency, heurism
evaluation criteria
logical consistency, utility, heurism
evaluation criteria
logical consistency, utility, heurism, test of time
critique
logical consistency: found some discrepancies because different cultures such as Japanese showed more concern in face than US heurism: highly heuristic
Logos
logical proof, which comes from the line of argument in a speech
logos
logical proof, which comes from the line of argument in a speech
Logos
logical proof; the use of arguments and evidence in a speech
logos
logical proof; the use of arguments and evidence in a speech
Aristotle's proofs used in speech preparation and speech making include ethos, pathos, and
logos
Test of Time
longest longevity in communication ever
What are smaller, flatter islands with sandy beaches called? (hint: few forests and less diverse plant and animal life)
low lands
process culture
low risk/ slow feedback and reward. Can't measure work, but look how it is done. Stable but consistent.
work-hard-play-hard
low risk/rapid feedback and reward. Fun and action, lots of activity, and high levels of certainty. Stress comes from how much you work, not the work itself.
Cool Media
low-definition communication that demands active involvement from a viewer, listener, or reader; Cartoons, Conversations, Facebook, Seminars, Telephone, YouTube, Television
Binary code
made up of 1s and 0s
assumption 2) relates to conflict
management of conflict is mediated by face and culture
According to Aristotle, the delivery of speech specifically pertains to the
manipulation of the voice
Control
many forms of communication are controlling, or at least persuasive
Ethnography
mapping out social discourse; discovering who people within a culture think they are, what they think they are doing, and to what end they think they are doing it
creator
marshall McLuhan
communication context
mass media
communication context
mass/media
Dissonate
material that doesn't go along with your prevailing mental state
carrying capacity (k)
maximum number of individuals of a species that a particular environment can sustain, can change overtime.
product of theory
mean world index
Concertive
mechanisms to reward and control behavior that influences the team, how group members pressure other group members
concertive control
mechanisms to reward and control behavior that influences the team, how group members pressure other group members.
what were their findings?
media agenda and public agenda were almost identical
Discuss Noelle-Newman's ideas and findings
media has always had high power/large effect but we lacked ability to measure it 1. ubiquity: everywhere/omnipresent 2. consonance: news didn't change, just the platform (same message) 3. cumulation: the psychological effect of news overtime as information increases and we hear it more and more (more frequent)
Gambon and Modigliani
media in opinion formation -public reaction -related to agenda setting
Cultural Studies
media is one way to disseminate cultural ideas
uniform effects model
media messages affect everyone the same way (often referred to as the "magic-bullet" or "hypodermic needle" models)
new assumption ultimately?
media not only tells us what to think but what to think ABOUT (angle ie is the immigration caravan dangerous?)
new assumption
media not only tells us what to think, but also HOW to think about it
Tiggerman and Clark
media vs. children socialization media portrayals may encourage dissatisfaction with self, especially in young girls
Advertising - definition
mediated messages paid for by and identified with a business or institution seeking to increase the likelihood that those who consume those messages will act or think as the advertiser wishes
Randolph, a professor, always makes a mental note of key facts when preparing for a lecture. In this case, the canon of rhetoric employed by Randolph is
memory
Balance theories
mental balance
Ideology
mental framework used to understand the world. - Dominant Ideology: media supports the status quo - Articulation: process where our cultural ideas are reinforced
Schemas
mental structures that "file" information and put them together to create meaning and understanding
face
metaphor for the public image people display, extensions of ones self concept
Semantic Noise
misinterpretation of words and sentences by the sender or receiver. using incorrect grammar, intellectual/specialized jargon, etc.
Pluralistic Ignorance
mistaken observation of how most people feel
pluralistic ignorance
mistaken observation of how most people feel
plurlistic ignorance
mistaken observation of how most people feel
Paradigm
model; overarching standpoint
type 2
mortality varies little with age.
Central Route
motivation & ability to understand
emigration
movement of individuals out of a population
immigration
movement of populations into a population
Metamorphosis
moving from outsider to insider within the organization
Narration
needs a storyteller and a listener
Psychological Noise
negative feelings/distractions in the mind of either the sender or receiver
Digital natives
never known a world without the Internet
Cultural Context
nixon 2 finger story
Star
node that is central to the network
Artifacts
observable evidence of a culture. Ex. architecture, dress, documents, patterns of behavior, rituals, acronyms, forms of address, approaches to decision making
Attention Process
observer is attentive to the actions
Physical Noise
occurrences in the physical surroundings or in the media that can distort a message
Mainstreaming (homogenizing effect)- heavy viewers develop common outlook on world light viewers portray themselves accurately
occurs when for especially heavy viewers, TV symbols dominate other source of info and ideas about the world -tendency for heavy viewers to perceive a similar culturally dominant reality to that pictured on the media although this differs from actual reality
central route persuasion
occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts * recipient has the motivation and ability * persuasion occurs when a person is persuaded by the content of the message. * Message elaboration * High mental effort (high cognitive complexity)
peripheral route persuasion
occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness * recipient has little interest in message * persuasion occurs when a person is persuaded by something other than the message's content. * No message elaboration * Low mental effort (low cognitive complexity) *
per capita rate of increase (r)
of a population , per capita (per individual) birth rate minus per capita death rate
What is New Guinea?
one island that is land that is divided into 2 small parts
scapegoating
one method of purging guilt, by blaming others
mortification
one method of purging guilt, by blaming ourselves
Heurism
one of the most heuristic theories found in communication / has generated research / much public speaking is based upon Aristotle
act
one prong of the pentad; that which is done by a person
scene
one prong of the pentad; the context surrounding the act
purpose
one prong of the pentad; the goal the agent had for the act
agency
one prong of the pentad; the means used to prefrom the act
agent
one prong of the pentad; the person preforming the act
Dominant Position
operating within a code that allows one person to have control over another person
What is the two-step flow theory? Include background and research
opinion leadership old concept of mass audience = socially isolated individuals (mass media---->audience) modern concept = social context in audience participation (mass media---->opinion leader--->audience) (democratic view whether with or without other democrats; you do not lose social identity even without group) listening to Coughlin radio broadcast has different effects either alone or with a group opinion leader: someone who consumes a lot of media, horizontally distributed by social status (leader at one level) majority of people do not get opinions from the media, but other people (opinion leaders) personal communication seems to be more persuasive than mass communication 1. more casual; more difficult to avoid 2. more flexibility 3. Si Senor Syndrome or reward/punishment syndrome -agree to please authorities/agree to avoid punishment -teacher asks "do you get it" students nod even if they do not 4. tend to trust people that we know personally more than the media
Semiconductor
or integrated circuit, or chip replaced the vacuum tube
Speakers look to what are called civic spaces
or the metaphorical locations where rhetoric has the opportunity to effect change
Rhetorical criticism
organizational scholars
Glosses
outdated words in a speech
glosses
outdated words in a speech
Scope and Structure o Spin
outright lying or obfuscation
sensory overaccommodation
overly adapting to others who are perceived as limited in their abilities (physical, linguistic, or other)
Sensory overaccommodation
overly adapting to others who is seen as being limited in their abilities (physical, linguistic etc)
Body
part of an organisational strategy in a speech that includes arguments, examples and important details to make a point
Introduction
part of an organisational strategy in a speech that includes gaining the audiences attention, connecting with the audience and providing an overview of the speakers purpose
Conclusion
part of an organisational strategy in a speech that is aimed at summarising a speakers main points and arousing emoitions in an audience
Body
part of an organizational strategy in a speech that includes arguments, examples, and important details to make a point
Introduction
part of an organizational strategy in a speech that includes gaining the audience's attention, connecting the audience, and providing an overview of the speaker's purpose
Conclusion
part of an organizational strategy in a speech that is aimed at summarizing a speaker's main points and arousing emotions in an audience
conclusion
part of an organizational strategy in a speech that is aimed at summarizing a speaker's main points and arousing emotions in an audience
body
part of an organizational strategy in speech that includes arguments, examples, and important details to make a point
introduction
part of an organized speech that includes gaining the audiences attention, connecting with the audience, and providing an overview of the speaker's purpose
obliging
passive accommodation that tries to satisfy the needs of others. goes along with others -whatever you want to do is fine"
culture
pattern of shared assumptions that have been invented, discovered, or developed by a given group, and are taught to new members and the correct way to perceive, think, and behave.
who is the most affected by agenda setting?
people who have a need for the info or are curious about it -EX: dunbar follows NY post, if they post about education or immigration then she is affected
who is most affected
people who have a need for the information or are curious about it (relevance and uncertainty); high uncertainty causes individuals to seek out information
Ethos
perceived credibility, which comes from the speaker's intelligence, character, and goodwill toward the audience, as these personal characteristics are revealed through the message
Social Judgement Theory
perception and evaluation of an idea by comparing it with current attitudes Muzafer Sherif
Personal
personal accounts of themselves that employees share with each other to define who they are within the organization
personal stories
personal accounts of themselves that employees share with each other to define who they are within the organization
self-identity
personal attributes of an individual
self-identity
personal attributes of an individual, -"sites of identity" locations such as physical, intellectual, and social and poltical ones where identity develops
Quasi-Statistical Sense
personal estimation of the strength of opposing sides on a public issue
Quasi-statistical sense
personal estimation of the strength of opposing sides on a public issue
quasi-statistical sense
personal estimation of the strength of opposing sides on a public issue
individuals receive information about public opinion from:
personal observations and the media
The Medium is the Message
phrase referring to the power and influence of the medium- not the content- on a society
Ratio of the Senses
phrase referring to the way people adapt to their environment
global village
phrase used by McLuhan to explain how media connects the world -it is the notion that humans can no longer live in isolation, but rather will always be connected by continuous and instantaneous electronic media
Physiological Noise
physical discomfort in the body of either the sender or receiver
Collectvism
places emphasis on the group over individual "we can do this" "we are a team" -emphasize harmony -S American countries, Central American countries
individualism culture
places emphasis on the individual over the group "i want" "i need" -freedom, self-motivation -US countries, and European
Smartphone, tablets o Sticky
players "stick" with game sites longer than other websites Use video games to reach their targets in 4 ways Product placement Freemium games Advergaming Advocacy gaming
random
position of each individual is independent of the others. (weeds)
assumption 3) tv effects are limited (ice age analogy)
position stating that television doesn't have to have a single major impact, but INFLUENCES viewers through steady limited effects -cumulative and persuasive impact on our vision of the world -impact is present and significant
collegial stories
positive or negative anecdotes about others in the organization; descriptions of how things "really work"
approach to knowing
positivistic/empirical
approach to knowing
positivistic/empirical and critical
Criteria for Evaluation Theory:
practicality, succinctness, consistency, acuity
what does theory predict and explain
predicts and explains the long term formation and shaping of perceptions, understandings, and beliefs about the world as a result of consumption of media messages
Values (level of culture)
preferences about how things should be handled, shared beliefs about how things ought to happen (intangible) Ex. innovation, creativity
The logic of good reasons
presents a listener with a set of values that appeal to her or him and form warrants for accepting or rejecting the advice advanced by any form of narrative
part 1 of three part process in agenda setting: setting the media agenda
priority of issues to be DISCUSSED in mediated source
perception
process of attending to and interpreting a message
evaluation
process of judging a conversation
surveillance: a function of mass media
process of newspeople scanning info that is in environment to decide which event to focus on/deserves attention
face management-individualistic culture
protection of one's face even it comes to bargaining
mass mediating storytelling
providing for the dominant entertainment medium
part 3 of three part process of agenda setting: policy agenda
public agenda interacts with what is considered important by policymakers
Assumption
public behavior is affected by public opinion assessment
Rites and Rituals
public performances that demonstrate the organizational values
Implementation
puts the innovation to use
Funkhouser study
questioned gallup polls validity (ex. Monica Lewinsky); what was the cause public could care less but the media kept covering it; caused the public to care about it but the media moved on and the public still cared
step 3) surveying the audience
questions from step 2 be posed to audience and researchers ask about levels of television consumption
examples of r selected species and k selected species.
r selected: crabs & dandelions k-selected: elephants and bears
pack journalism
the phenomenon of journalists having their agendas influenced by other journalists
Plato and Aristotle distinguished mythos as story and emotion and logos as
reason
Environment 3 of MSW
receiver constant. Gives feedback to determine whether the message was successful or not.
Confirmation
reconsiders his or her adoption of technology- is it worth it?
The final stage of Burke's cycle for purging guilt is
redemption
Topics
refer to the lines of argument or modes of reasoning a speaker uses in a speech
Material coherence
referring to the congruence between one story and other related stories
Structural coherence
referring to the flow of the story
Rational World Paradigm
refers to a system of logic employed by many researcher and professionals
imperviousness to influence
refers to audience members constructing their own meaning from media content
activeness
refers to how much freedom the audience really has in the face of mass media
second order effects
refers to learning values and assumptions from the media
activity
refers to what the media consumer does
the negative
rejecting one's place in the social order; exhibiting resistence
positive face
related to face politeness theory; desired to be liked and admired by others
Compromising Style
represents a moderate concern for self and other - Better Style - Not the best because their is still frustration at the end
research example
research by Asch and Noelle-Neumann provided support for social conformity; asked what line is closest to the first line → a confederate would provide a false answer and then the participant would usually conform to the same answer, even though the answer was wrong
Ethnography
researchers immerse themselves into a particular culture or context: complete participant, participant observer, complete observer
because heavy viewers see world as dangerous
researchers see this as evidence that TV content is a factor in the construction of social realities for heavy viewers
part 2 of three part process of agenda setting: public agenda
result of the media agenda interacting with what the public thinks
Hawaiin Luau
ritual ceremony celebrating important events like a victory in battle
individual effect
same media message may not affect everyone the same way
obliging
satisfying the needs of others
transmissional perspective
sees media as senders of messages- discrete bits of info- across space; -if all media does is transmit bits of info then people can choose to use or not use that info as they wish
issues are brought out through (framing):
selection, emphasis, exclusion, and elaboration
theory revision: self construal (individual culture)
self-image of idividuals withing a culture sometimes differs self construal is a better predictor of conflict styles than ethnic/ cultural background
Environment 2 of MSW
sender constant noise Sends message in order to change an action, idea, mental image, etc.
identification
sense of oneness with or belonging to an organization
Theory
set of systematic hunches about the way things operate
assumption 2) influence of television
shapes our society's way of thinking and relating -doesn't really persuade - get a stable vision of life from stories on TV and vision teaches us about our fates
Paradigm shift
shift in way of understanding (ex) sun around the earth vs. earth around the sun
Nauru
smallest inhabited island in Oceania
mirror metaphor
social/cultural theories of mass communication media reflects Americas values as a society violence in media? only b/c of violence in society
communication tradition
socio-cultural
communication tradition
socio-cultural and critical
Comm tradition, comm context, approach to knowing
socio-cultural, critical, mass media, empirical, critical
communication tradition
socio-psychological
Comm tradition, comm context, approach to knowing
socio-psychological, cultural, positivistic
convergence
strategy used to adapt to another's behavior - people converge towards others they respect and admire and/or those that have more prestige or social power over them - people like being converged to (up to an optimal level) because it tells them you resonate to them
face restoration (occurs after loss of face)
strategy used to preserve autonomy (dissociation) and avoid loss of face -attempt to restore face through excuses "i thought it was her job" and justifications "im not a morning person"
face restoration
strategy used to preserve autonomy and avoid loss of face
Greenberg
some children watch TV because it's a habit
Goal Achievement
some communication is focused on a very specific task
Consonate
someones prevailing mental state about someone
counting all individuals
sometimes we can count all individuals. sometimes that is impossible.
Identification
speaking in someone else terministic screen
(Assumption 1) Humans are animals who use symbols
speaks to Burke's realization of what we do is motivated by our nature and some of what we do is motivated by symbols example: when Karl drinks his morning coffee , he is satisfying his thirst , an animal need.
History o Pseudo-event
staged to attract public attention
Avoiding
staying away from disagreement, dodge unpleasantness -ex: "im busy "i dont want to talk about "
avoiding
staying away from disagreements
Collegial
stories (positive and negative) that employees tell about each other
collegial stories
stories (positive and negative) that employees tell about each other.
divergence
strategy used to accentuate the verbal and nonverbal differences between communicators - we diverge when our ways of communicating are fundamental aspects of our social identities - language/communication is an important aspect of our ethnic, and many other, identities - in large part, we ARE how we communicate (and are seen to do so)
Epistemology
study of knowledge
Axiology
study of value
Oppositional Position
substituting alternative messages presented by the media
Involvement
suggestion boxes, employee consultation, corporate democracy, free expression and participation in final decisions and right to effect decisions
involvement
suggestion boxes, employee consultation, corporate democracy. Free expression and participation in final decisions. Right to effect decisions.
What is an example of something you could use regarding the ancient practice of "wayfinding"?
sun stars and ocean currents
disinhibition
surgeon general more exposed to media violent content the less restraint to behave violently *stimulation
imitation
surgeon general people learn to imitate seen behavior *stimulation
Narration
symbolic actions - words and/or deeds - that have sequence and meaning for those who live, create, or interpret them
Three Core concepts
systematics, hunches, operate (process)
Corporate stories
tales that carry management ideology and reinforce company policy
personal stories
tales told by employees that put them in a favorable light
violence index- development of Gerbner's theory
task was to produce a yearly content analysis of prime-time networking programming to assess the amount of violence represented -overt expression of physical force, compelling action against one's will on pain of being hurt and or killed or threatened as part of the plot
Sophists
teachers of public speaking (rhetoric) in ancient Greece
sophists
teachers of public speaking (rhetoric) in ancient Greece
what holds a central place in our experience
television
Obliging Style
tend to show low concern for yourself and a great concern for others - Bad Style - Just moves frustration around
Ritual
texts that articulate multiple aspects of cultural life, often marking rites of passage or life transitions
System Theory Models
the "big picture" of communication
The Rhetoric
the art of using language effectively and persuasively Aristotle
Rhetoric
the available means of persuasion
rhetoric
the available means of persuasion
Consonance
the belief that all media are similar in attitudes, beliefs, and values
consonance
the belief that all media are similar in attitudes, beliefs, and values
Ubiquity
the belief that media are everywhere
ubiquity
the belief that media are everywhere
Cumulativeness
the belief that media repeat themselves
cumulativeness
the belief that media repeat themselves
what was the theories development in response to
the beliefs about the media's limited effects that were dominant at the time
characterological coherence
the believeability of the characters in the story
Identification
the common ground between speaker and audience; overlap of physical characteristics, talents, occupation, friends, experiences, personality, beliefs, and attitudes; consubstantiation
Myth
the connotative meaning that signs carry wherever they go; myth makes what is cultural seem natural
Material coherence
the degree of congruence between one story and other stores that seem related
narrative coherence
the degree to which a story makes sense in the world in which we live
Salience
the degree to which an agenda issue is perceived as important relative to the other issues on the agenda
salience
the degree to which an agenda issue is perceived as important relative to the other issues on the agenda
Salience
the degree to which an agenda issue is perceived as important relative to the other issues on the agenda.
structural coherence
the degree to which the elements of a story flow smoothly
Hegemony
the domination of one group over another, usually weaker, group ex: -Class and hegemony -Race and hegemony -Gender and hegemony
substance
the general nature of something
The less overlap between individuals,
the greater the division that exists between them
Mass Society Theory
the idea that average people are the victims of the powerful forces of mass media
Mass society theory
the idea that average people are the victims of the powerful forces of mass media
relevance: a factor in why people seek guidance from media
the influence and how personally affected they feel by an issue EX: if not involved with issue like greenhouse gases, will not look to media for guidance on issue and not affected by media agenda
Cultural Network
the informal communication process within the organization, including stories, jokes and gossip
Sign
the inseparable combination of the signifier and the signified
Coherence
the internal consistency of a narrative - exists when all the important details of a story are present. - based on three types of coherence
Digital divide
the lack of technological access among specific groups of Americans Favors those who have the money to buy hardware and software, and pay for the service Those on the wrong side of the divide will be denied basic democratic rights
bending
the mainstream reality benefits the elite ex. we all want to buy more products
Heavy viewers believe
the mainstreamed realities that the world is a more dangerous place than it really is, that all politicians are corrupt, teen crime is record high
signified
the meaning we associate with the sign
McLuhan believes
the medium is the message -the power and influence of the medium, rather than the content, on a society -we create technology and technology recreates who we are -content affects our conscious state -medium largely affects our unconscious state
homeostasis
the nature of a system to maintain stability, nature to break
Global Village
the notion that humans can no longer live in isolation, but rather will always be connected by continuous and instantaneous electronic media
Symbolic Interactionism
the ongoing use of language and gestures in anticipation of how the other will react; a conversation George Herbert Mead
Values (element to culture)
the organization's core beliefs. (Ex. how they treat clients, suppliers, employees, etc.)
Homophily
the overall similarity among members in the social system
Heroes
the people who best represent or personify these values
Ethos
the perceived character intelligence, and goodwill of a speaker
Ethos
the perceived character, intelligence and goodwill of speaker; revealed through the speech process
Ethos
the perceived character, intelligence, and goodwill of a speaker
ethos
the perceived character, intelligence, and goodwill of a speaker
cultivation differential
the percentage of difference in response between light 1/10 odds of being victimized and heavy television viewers 1/100 odds of being victimized
Cultivation Differential
the percentage of difference in response between light and heavy television viewers
cultivation differential
the percentage of difference in response between light and heavy television viewers
limited effects
the perspective replacing Mass Society Theory; holds that media effects are limited by aspects of the audience's personal and social lives
Canons of Rhetoric
the principle divisions of the art of persuasion established by ancient rhetoricians- invention, arrangement, style, delivery, and memory
media agenda
the priority placed on issues discussed in mediated sources
Consubstantiation
the process of increasing people's identification with each other
Victimisation
the process of naming an external enemy as the source of all personal or public ills; scapegoating
Victimization
the process of naming an external enemy as the source of all personal or public ills; scapegoating
surveillance
the process of news people scanning the information that is in the environment and deciding which of the many events that are occurring deserve attention in their news outlets
surveillance
the process of newspeople scaling the information that is in the environment and deciding which of the many events that are occurring deserve attention in their news outlets.
surveillance
the process of newspeople scanning the information that is in the environment and deciding which of the many events that are occurring deserve attention in their news outlet
surveillance
the process of newspeople scanning the information that is in the environment and deciding which of the many events that are occurring deserve attention in their news outlets
Deconstruction
the process of unmasking contradictions within a text; debunking
pentad or dramatist ratios
the proportions of one element of the pentad relative to another element
face management
the protection of one's face
public agenda
the public issues on which the people's attention is focused
parasocial interaction
the relationship we feel we have with people we know only through the media
Parasocial interaction
the relationship we feel with people we know only from media
Ratio
the relative importance of any two terms of the pentad as determined by their relationship
act
the response
public agenda
the result of the media agenda interacting with what the public thinks
policy agenda
the result of the public agenda interacting with what policy makers think
A Transactional Process
the sender must send a message and the receiver must act on it (feedback)
scene
the situation
Symbolic environment
the socially constructed, sensory world of meanings
what is the major requirement of deliberative speaking?
the speaker should be adept at aligning his thoughts with those of the audience
Narrative Rationality
the standards for judging which stories to believe and which to disregard
agency
the stimulus
Ontology
the study of being
Ontology
the study of being: existence of reality (ex) religion, consciousness, eternity
Media Ecology
the study of different personal and social environments created by the use of different communication technologies
Media ecology
the study of different personal and social environments created by the use of different communication technologies
Ecology
the study of environments and their influence upon people
identifying public agenda through?
they did a survey: what do you care about and compared media and public agenda
Assumption
this fear of isolation causes individuals to try to assess the climate of opinion at all times
Face and Politeness Theory
this theory influences face negotiation theory -will use politeness strategy based on the perception of face threat -believe/discovered 2 types of needs exist:positive face and negative face
how is framing accomplished
through size of headlines, photos included, and jargo. allow editiors to frame its importance and highlight aspects -through selection, emphasis, exclusion, and elaboration.
what is self identity influenced by
time and experience (ex: new teacher overwhelmed and then over time replace with confidence)
Reframing
to change the conceptional or emotional setting in relation to which a situation is experienced
Language enables us
to create categories like richer and more powerful-- the haves and the have-nots
Why would a US base on an island in Oceania, be a good thing for the natives who live there?
to protect people
what is the cultural function of theory
to stabilize social patterns to cultivate resistance to change
Blurring
traditional distinctions are blurred
Blurring (TV)
traditional distinctions are blurred
blurring
traditional distinctions are blurred ex. educated people see the world similarly to those who have less education
accommodation can either be conscious or unconscious
true
accommodation is an optional process
true
Which place is under the governing authority of another country by the United Nation?
trust territories
Systems metaphor
types: nonsummativity,homeostasis, equifinality
population density
umber of individuals per unit area
Advertising and TV o USP
unique selling proposition (USP) - highlighting that aspect of the product that sets it apart from the others of its kind
light viewer
up to 2 hours of TV viewing per day
Aristotle's worldviews differed from that of Plato in that Aristolle
was interested in attaining a logical, realistic, and rational view of society
Methods
way a researcher collects his or her
Active Audiences
we can challenge the audiences Ex. American Idol: the voters get to choose who wins
History o FDR
used the new medium of radio to win support for his New Deal policies PR professionals turning to the newly emerging polling industry, developed by George Gallup and Elmo Roper Gauging public opinion and gathering feedback on the effectiveness of their PR campaigns
mark and recapture
used to estimate populations size of quickly moving or frequency hidden animals.
textual analysis
used to uncover the content nature or structure of messages
technological control
uses technology to manage what can and cannot be done in the workplace Example: assembly line, school bells
Technological
uses technology to manage what can and cannot be done in the workplace- assembly line, school bells
Unobtrusive
using a vision or mission as the leader of a decision making process
Unobtrusive Control
using a vision or mission as the leader of the decision making process
dominating
using influence or authority to make decisions
dominating
using influence or authority to make decisions ex: "i'm the best person to talk about this"
utility
using the media to accomplish specific tasks
media framing (second level of theory)
way media depicts events that have made it onto the media agenda -influence and constrain on how consumers can interpret them
Correlation
way that media directs our attention to certain issues through communicating them to the public/policymakers -media synchronizes various groups in society to pay attention to the same things at the same time
Strategy
values control above all else, eliminate employee voices, prizes managers over stockholders, money is the bottom line, fear of public conflict
strategy
values control above all else, eliminates employee voices, prizes managers over stockholders, money is the bottom line, fear of public conflict
Kaiser foundation study
video game use by adolescence 1. 9/10 young people have video games/consoles 2. "presence" of video games in high profile school shootings 3. video games are interactive, players more involved video games = rehearsal of observed behavior for violence modeling behavior (correlation more than causation)
lithosphere
volcanic eruption
what was the survey question when establishing the theory?
what are you most concerned about these days?
original study: identify media agenda (humphrey and nixon 1968)
what does the media look at or what to talk about? (front page of headlines, space in newspaper) -TIME AND SPACE
Vocational Anticipatory Socialization
what our expectations and beliefs about work are
Vocational anticipatory socialization
what our expectations and beliefs about work are. Example: Bill and Ted's Excellent Adventure of them doing their chores
assumption 2 (influence on public agenda)
whatever media is concentrated on, this comprises their agenda thus influencing public agenda, influencing political agenda EX: bullying in schools has been big topic, but it was media's concentration on it that led to prompting parents (public) to pay attention thus want to change policy
consubstantiation
when appeals are made to increase overlap between people
mean world index relevant to politics
when heavy viewers and politics mix, perceptions of meanness is unequivocal
pack journalism: an expansion of theory
when other journalists agendas are influenced by other journalists
Ethnocentrism
when people can't see past their own culture
Translation Pathology
when people falsely assume digital and analogical communication are interchangeable
under what conditions is exponential growth likely to occur
when there is unlimited resources
division
when two people fail to have overlap in their substances
identification
when two people have overlap in substances
Counter-Hegemony
when, at times, people use hegemonic behaviors to challenge the domination in their lives
According to Burke, words act as terministic screens
which means people cannot see beyond what their words lead them to believe
Van Zoonen
women's movement media in opinion formation
Symbolic Behavior
words, things, and actions are symbols that have meaning
critique: heurism
yes, applied to prime time dramas and diversity topics
Persuasion
you actively seek info about the innovation
Types of Rhetoric
• Forensic Oratory: courtroom speech ( deals with psyche, beliefs and attitudes) • Epideictic Oratory: Cerimonial, used to praise, honor, blame or shame • Deliberative Oratory: associated with political/societal decision making (political rhetoric)
type 1 (k-select)
• Long-lived • Late maturing • Small # of offspring • High parental care • Population near carrying capacity • Usually in stable environments
type 3 r-select
• Short-lived • Fast maturing • Large # of offspring • Low parental care • Often in disturbed habitats