COM 383 Final

When was the enlightenment/modernity?

(Mean the same thing) after 1600, Francis Bacon on

Why do Contemporary Rhetorics focus on human motivation?

Science fails to solve human problems: human motives played a role in interpretng scientific data

What is Bitzer's notion of a fitting response?

The rhetorical situation dictates the response appropriate to it

Define "critical theory"

The systematic analysis of discourse which reveals its hidden assumptions and implications

What is Protagoras' famous statement of humanism?

"man is the measure of all things that are not, that they are not, of things that are, that they are."

What does the "quadrivium" of the 7 liberal arts consist of? (four roads)

-Arithmetic (number in itself) -Geometry (number in space) -Music, harmonics, or tuning theory (number in time) -Astronomy or cosmology (number in space and time)

What is backing? What is rebuttal? What is a qualifier?

-Backing: credentials that certify warrants -Rebuttal: Limits claim's applicability -Qualifier: degree of claim's certainty

Describe Toulmin's notions of data, warrant, claim, and field-dependent & invariant standards.

-Data is the facts and evidence -Warrant is the mental operation -Claims function to support, define, and recommend

Why are Cicero's texts to medieval rhetoric important? What texts does this include?

-De Oratore: discourse on rhetoric inspired by Plato's dialogues -De Inventione: credited with the first recorded use of the term "liberal arts"

Describe designative claims, definitive claims, evaluative claims, and advocative claims

-Designative claims function to support claim of FACT -Definitive claims function to define what something is (putting it in a category) -Evaluative claims function to define the value -Advocative claims function to recommend courses of action

Describe exigence, audience, and constraints in Bitzer's rhetorical situation model.

-Exigence: what we do about a crisis -Audience: only those capable of mediating change -Constraints: restriction on one's actions

What is Vico's position concerning the 4 master tropes?

-Metaphor: comparison -Metonymy: substitution of part for whole -Synechoche: whole represents part -Irony:

What are the 3 ars?

1. Ars praedicandi 2. Ars dictaminis 3. Ars poetriae

Name Bacon's 4 idols of the mind.

1. Idols of the Tribe (human nature) 2. Idols of the Cave (nurture) 3. Idols of the Marketplace (socialization) 4. Idols of the Theatre (dogma)

Name the 5 Roman Canons of Rhetoric

1. Invention 2. Arrangement 3. Style 4. Memory 5. Delivery

Name Vico's 4 Tropes.

1. Metaphor 2. Metonymy 3. Synechoche 4. Irony

Describe Burke's Dramatism (7 interlocked moments).

1. Order 2. Guilt 3. Negative 4. Victimage 5. Mortification 6. Catharsis 7. Redemption

What are the 6 distinguishing characteristics of rhetorical discourse?

1. Planned 2. Adapted to an audience 3. Shaped by human motives 4. Responsive to a situation 5. Persuasion-seeking 6. Concerned with contingent issues

What are the 3 different types of audience's that Perelman distinguishes between?

1. Self: intrapersonal comm. in your head 2. Single Person: one-on-one dialectic 3. Universal: everyone in the universe

Name the 3 types of Toulmin's warrants.

1. Substantive warrants (LOGOS) 2. Authoritative warrants (ETHOS) 3. Motivational warrants (PATHOS)

Name the 4 psychological faculties

1. Understanding 2. Imagination 3. Passions 4. Will

Name Perelman's 5 universal truths in his theory of the rational.

1. Unresponsive to education 2. Culture 3. Experience 4. Dialogue 5. Time

When was the Renaissance?

1300-1600

Define "public sphere"

A place of discussion among individuals unrestrained by dominant political systems

Define "vita activa"

Active life, share knowledge, rebirth of civics, public good

What is the social and ideological functions of discourse (hegemony)?

All communication is value-based and any discourse comes from subject position in a culture

What is the difference between the EXAMPLE and the ENTHYMEME?

An EXAMPLE is the rhetorical induction method of artistic proof and an ENTHYMEME is a rehtorical syllogism

What are the main characteristics of motivational warrants?

Argument provides a motive or justification for accepting the claim based on value, desirability, emotion, or aspiration

What are the main characteristics of authoritative warrants?

Arguments based upon opinion the affirm reliability of data and its source and the reliability of the opinions offered

Define "logos"

Artistic proof that is concerned with the reasonableness of the arguments in the speech

Who is Perelman? What is his major contribution?

Belgian philosopher and legal theorist who's rhetorical theory was largely a response to his experiences during WW2; The New Rhetoric

What is Burke's pentad and its central term?

Burke's most famous contribution (presented in A Grammar of Motives); a concept that divides rhetorical situations into 5 elements for analysis

What is Habermas' advanced theory of an "ideal speech community?"

Centralized control in large modern economies left the public with little to know role in decision making; theory has the goal of individual emancipation

What was Scholasticism's educational approach? What were it's limitations regarding the opinions of authorities?

Closed and authoritarian approach to education centered on disputation over a fixed body of premises derived largely from teachings of Aristotle

Define "techne"

Craftsmanship, craft, or art

How did Capella contribute to the medieval curriculum?

Creation of the 7 liberal arts- 400s (know rhetoric, grammar, and dialectic)

Who is St. Augustine?

Doctrine of Christianity- introduces rhetoric as "the verbal expression of thought"

What are Aristotle's forms of artistic proof? (under the canon of invention)

Ethos, Pathos, and Logos

What is Burke's notion of a terministic screen and the appeal of form?

Every set of terms or symbols becomes a kind of screen through which we perceive the world

Define "trebizond"

First full scale treatment of rhetoric in the renaissance

How did Campbell contribute to rhetorical theory?

First modern rhetorical theory (not based upon classic rhetorical texts) because it's based on FACULTY PSYCHOLOGY "Philosophy of Rhetoric"

What was the chief virtue afforded women by letter writing?

First time women get a public voice through writing (well-educated)

What does the "trivium" of the 7 liberal arts consist of? (three roads)

Grammar, Rhetoric, and Logic

Define "doxa"

Greek word meaning common belief or popular opinion

What are the 3 acts of Burke's Dramatism?

Guilt, Purification, and Redemption

Why is Bacon important? (who is he, what did he do)

He is the father of the enlightenment- he argued that we can't rely on deductions in rhetoric when functioning in a persuasive way

Discuss Vico's position concerning the relationship among language, thought, and experience. What were his concepts of rhetoric?

He makes the argument that there is an intimate relationship between language, thought and experience- language shapes experience

What is Quinrilian's major contribution to rhetoric?

He was a Latin teacher and writer of Institutio oratoria

How has Hermagoras' contributed to rhetoric?

He was a teacher of rhetoric in Rome

What is the basis of Christian scholar's hostility and suspicion?

Hostility against Pagan philosophies, and it challenges and undermines Christian ideologies

State the import of the Italian Humanists.

Invented classicism, engaged in interpretation of classical texts, spread liberal ideas of Greeks and Romans, rediscovered West's history, made rhetoric newest important discipline

What are some criticisms of Habermas' theory?

It fails to account for the real differences among people as regards access to channels of communication, ability to communicate, and social power

Why is Burke's key term for persuasion "identification?"

It is the antidote for our alienation from one another

What is Burke's view of why we seek CONSUBSTANTIALITY in others?

It means commonality of substance--we share common substances (physical embodiment, common aspirations, language)

What was rhetoric's significance to education during the Reinaissance?

It was the most important discipline

Define "vita contemplative"

Ivory tower, anti-social, hide knowledge, selfish, self-serving

Who is the author of On the Sublime? What is his contribution to literary criticism?

Longinus, contributed his opinion of "moral excellence"

Ars poetriae

Medieval teaching of grammar and style through analysis of poetry

Describe the Belletristic movement

Movement of rhetoric in the late 18th and early 19th centuries emphasizing stylistic considerations of rhetoric- also expanded rhetoric into a study of literature and literary criticism and writing

Who is Pico? What is his major contribution?

Neoplatonism- words can influence, change control, and transform people and their opinions

Habermas was intrigued with the ________ tradition in France.

Salon (free and equal speech was an accepted practice)

How does Burke distinguish between action and motion?

One must understand human motives in order to understand human acts because motives lie behind human action and make human life/interaction strategic and intentional

Who is Christine de Pisan?

One of most important early female rhetorician (working through letter writing)

How did Plato influence Augustine's rhetorical theory?

Phadreus is major influence- matches with Christian philosophy RHETORIC IS THE HANDMADE OF TRUTH (truth found in the bible)

Describe the Elocutionary movement

Placed particular emphasis upon delivery

What did Habermas argue to be the major problems to be addressed by the humanities?

Political corruption, criminality, and class warfare

Who is Petrarch? What is his major contribution?

Revived interest in vita activa

What is Augustine's position on the source of wisdom?

Rhetoric teaches biblical truth (wisdom comes from God)

What is Cicero's stasis system? What are his four issues and sources?

Stasis theory is a 4 question prewriting process. 4 issues: 1. The facts (conjecture) 2. The meaning or nature of the issues (definition) 3. The seriousness of the issue (quality) 4. The plan of action (policy)

Define "res"

Substance

Define "Scholasticism"

System of theology and philosophy based on Aristotelian logic and the writings of the early Church Fathers (strong emphasis on tradition and dogma)

Define "rhetorical theory"

Systematic presentation of the art of rhetoric, descriptions of rhetoric's various functions, and explanations of how rhetoric achieves its goals

Who is Valla? What is his major contribution?

The Pope's secretary- embraced vita activa and rejected vita contemplative, elevated importance of Rhetoric

Which classical text is said to be the first systematic treatment of rhetoric and incorporates the ideas of both Plato and the sophists?

The Second Sophistic????

Define "arete"

The aggregate of qualities, as valor and virtue, making up good character

Ars praedicandi

The art of preaching based on rhetorical ideas and introduced during the Medieval rhetorical era during an increasing intersection between rhetoric and religion

Ars dictaminis

The art of writing letters, introduced and taught during the Medieval rhetorical era

Define "onotology"

The branch of metaphysics dealing with the nature of being

Define "ingenium"

The concept that refers to the innate human capacity of a creative imagination made possible by language

What is Aristotle's definition of Rhetoric?

The faculty of discovering in the particular case what are the available means of persuasion

Define "communicative interaction"

The interaction of at least two people who establish a relationship and who try to come to a common understanding of the situation in which they are acting through interpretation

Define "epistemology"

The theory of knowledge/investigation of what distinguishes justified belief from opinion

Define "monologia"

The univocal, fixed meaning of the state or official language

Define "heteroglossia"

The vast variety of language use always evident in any culture

What kind of theory is the New Rhetoric?

Theory of argumentation

Why were the 7 liberal arts important?

They offered a canonical way of depicting the realms of higher learning

What is Aristotle's concept of topoi or "commonplaces?"

Topoi=topics

True or False: Rational communication is possible only under the conditions of communicative competence, which involves a claim, understanding/acceptance of intention, and adapting to worldview.

True

Define "dissoi logoi"

Two-fold argument that considers each side in hopes of coming to a deeper truth

Burke's definition of guilt is:

Violation of social, political, religious or economic order; whatever is wrong with us in the world

What is the main focus of Whately's rhetoric?

Whately (& Blair) write for Christian church

Define "verba"

Words

Who is Agricola? What is his major contribution?

Writes about dialectic (De inventione dialectica)