Combo with "AP United States History" and 3 others

patronage

"Denied the power to dispense patronage, the Democratic-Republicans could not build loyal political following."

SAMUEL DE CHAMPLAIN

"Father of France"; settled Quebec in 1608

SAMUEL SLATER

"Father of the Factory System" in America; memorized British plans for textile machinery.

impeachment

"Jefferson urged the impeachment of an arrogant and tart-tongued Supreme Court justice...."

COUREURS DU BOIS

"Runners of the woods;" rambunctious French fur trappers, traded with Indians, set up posts from Canada to Louisiana

Douglas Macarthur

(1880-1964), U.S. general. Commander of U.S. (later Allied) forces in the southwestern Pacific during World War II, he accepted Japan's surrender in 1945 and administered the ensuing Allied occupation. He was in charge of UN forces in Korea 1950-51, before being forced to relinquish command by President Truman

GERMAN IMMIGRATION

1.5 million immigrants in the 1850s; political refugees; many settled in Chicago, Milwaukee, and rest of Midwest.

Quartering Act

1776 a law established by Charles Townshend that required colonists to provide room and board, "candles, firing, bedding, cooking utensils, salt & vinegar," and a ration of beer, cider, or rum to troops stationed in their midst

Battle of Fallen Timbers

1794 battle in which Kentucky riflemen defeated Indians of several tribes, helping to end Indian resistance in the Northwest

Treaty of Greenville

1795 treaty in which the United States agreed to pay northwestern Indians about $10,000 for the land that later became the state of Ohio

Eleventh Amendment

1795, response to Chisholm v. Georgia, states may not be sued in federal court by citizens of another state or country without consent of states being sued

Wade-Davis Bill

1864 plan for Reconstruction that denied the right to vote or hold office for anyone who had fought for the Confederacy. Lincoln thought it was too harsh and refused to sign it

Gilded Age

1870s - 1890s; the time period looked good on the outside, despite the corrupt politics & growing gap between the rich & poor

Munn v. Illinois

1876; The Supreme Court upheld the Granger laws. The Munn case allowed states to regulate certain businesses within their borders, including railroads, and is commonly regarded as a milestone in the growth of federal government regulation

Homestead Strike

1892 steelworker strike near Pittsburgh against the Carnegie Steel Company. Ten workers were killed in a riot when "scab" labor was brought in to force an end to the strike

Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty

1903 treaty with Panama that granted the United States sovereignty over the Canal Zone in teturn for a $10 million payment plus an annual rent

Scopes trial

1925 court case in which Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan debated the issue of teaching evolution in public schools

San Francisco Conference

1945 - This conference expanded the drafts of the Yalta and Dumbarton Oaks conferences and adopted the "United Nations" Charter

Tet offensive

1968; National Liberation Front and North Vietnamese forces launched a huge attack on the Vietnamese New Year (Tet), which was defeated after a month of fighting and many thousands of casualties; major defeat for communism, but Americans reacted sharply, with declining approval of Lyndon Johnson and more anti-war sentiment

Paris Peace Accords

1973 peace agreement between the United States, South Vietnam, North Vietnam, and the Vietcong that effectively ended the Vietnam War

Panama Canal Treaty

1978 - Passed by President Carter, this called for the gradual return of the Panama Canal to the people and government of Panama. They provided for the transfer of canal ownership to Panama in 1999 and guaranteed its neutrality

BONUS EXPEDITIONARY FORCE

20,000 people who converged on the capital in 1932 demanding the immediate payment of their entire bonus

James Garfield

20th president, Republican, assassinated by Charles Julius Guiteau after a few months in office due to lack of patronage

William McKinley

25th president responsible for Spanish-American War, Philippine-American War, and the Annexation of Hawaii, imperialism. Is assassinated by an anarchist

Woodrow Wilson

28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize

Warren Harding

29th president of the US; Republican; "Return to Normalcy" (life as it had been before WWI-peace, isolation); presidency was marred by scandal

Franklin Delano Roosevelt

32nd President of the United States. elected four times; instituted New Deal to counter the great depression and led country during World War II

Thomas Jefferson

3rd President of the United States, first Secretary of State, chief drafter of the Declaration of Independence; made the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 and sent out the Lewis and Clark Expedition to explore it

Bill Clinton

42nd President advocated economic and healthcare reform; second president to be impeached

George W. Bush

43rd president of the US who began a campaign toward energy self-sufficiency and against terrorism in 2001

Port Huron Statement

A 1962 critique of the Cold War and American materialism and complacency by Students for a Democratic Society; it called for "participatory democracy" and for universities to be centers of free speech and activism

Erie Canal

A 350-mile canal stretching from Buffalo to Albany; it revolutionized shipping in New York state

Harry Hopkins

A New York social worker who headed the Federal Emergency Relief Administration and Civil Works Administration. He helped grant over 3 billion dollars to the states wages for work projects, and granted thousands of jobs for unemployed Americans

Quebec Act

A Parliament issued plan that set up the governmental structure of Canada. Allowed the French in Canada to worship as Catholics, retain their language, and keep many of their legal practices- it also gave them land that pushed into colonial territory, displaying British authority

Fundamentalist

A Protestant who rejects religious modernism and adheres to a strict and literal interpretation of Christian doctrine and Scriptures.

Thomas Hooker

A Puritan minister who led about 100 settlers out of Massachusetts Bay to Connecticut because he believed that the governor and other officials had too much power. He founded Connecticut to establish limited government control

conquistador

A Spanish conqueror or adventurer in the Americas.

BATTLE OF LITTLE BIGHORN

A U.S. Army regiment, led by George Custer, was defeated by Sitting Bull and the Sioux Indians; led to harsh US response on western Indians

Ex Parte Milligan (1866)

A United States Supreme Court case that ruled suspension of Habeas Corpus by President Abraham Lincoln as constitutional

Robert E. Lee

A Virginian with a distinguished career in the U.S. Army who resigned to assume command of the Confederate army in Virginia when the Civil War began

KING PHILIP'S WAR

A Wampanoag chief created an alliance of tribes to attack the English; by 1676, 52 Puritan towns had been attacked; the colonist prevailed, Indians never recover.

U.N. Security Council

A body of 5 great powers (which can veto resolutions) and 10 rotating member states, which makes decisions about international peace and security including the dispatch of UN peacekeeping forces

Electoral College

A body of electors chosen by the states to elect the president and vice president; each state may select a number of electors equal to the number of its senators and representatives in Congress

Uncle Tom's Cabin

A book written by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1853 that highly influenced views on the American deep South and slavery. a novel promoting abolition. intensified sectional conflict

WHISKEY RING

A bootleg whiskey scheme the cost the government millions in tax revenue

Joint-stock company

A business financed through the sale of shares of stock to investors; the investors share in both the profits and losses from a risky venture

closed shop

A business or factory whose workers are required to be union members

civilian

A citizen not in military service.

supremacy clause

A clause in Article VI that declares the constitution, acts of congress, and treaties are the "supreme Law of the Land"

Royal colony

A colony under the direct control of a monarch

trust

A combination of corporations, usually in the same industry, in which stockholders trade their stock to a central board in exchange for trust certificates.

America First Committee

A committee organized by isolationists before WWII, who wished to spare American lives. They wanted to protect America before we went to war in another country. Charles A. Lindbergh (the aviator) was its most effective speaker

melting pot

A concept that American society is a place where immigrants set aside their distinctive cultural identities and are absorbed into a homogeneous culture

Cold War

A conflict between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted each other on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years

civil war

A conflict between the citizens of inhabitants of the same country.

U-2 incident

A conflict in which the Russians shot down a high altitude US spy plane over the Soviet Union; this incident exposed a secret US tactic for gaining information

consumer culture

A consumer is an individual who buys products for personal use; a consumer culture emphasizes the values and attitudes that derive from the participants' roles as consumers

tribunal

A court of justice of the place where it renders judgment.

circuit court

A court that hears cases in several designated locations rather than a single place.

First Bull Run (Manassas)

A creek in Virginia not far from Washington, D.C., where Confederate soldiers forced federal troops to retreat in the first major battle of the Civil War, fought in July 1861

Gaspee incident

A customs racketeering boat was beached in Providence, RI. It was burned down by local colonists. It greatly angered the British and showed how militant the colonials were becoming

duty

A customs tax on the export or import of goods.

Seneca Falls Declaration

A declaration written at the first women's rights convention that stated "all men and women are created equal"; it also listed many items that the signers believed were injustices perpetrated by "man" towards women

margin call

A demand by a broker that a customer deposit enough to bring his margin up to the minimum requirement

Saddam Hussein

A dictator in Iraq who tried to take over Iran and Kuwait violently in order to gain the land and the resources. He also refused to let the UN into Iraq in order to check if the country was secretly holding weapons of mass destruction

XYZ Affair

A diplomatic incident in which American envoys to France were told that the United States would have to loan France money and bribe government officials as a precondition for negotiation. This is what ultimately led to an undeclared war between France and the U.S.

exposé

A disclosure or revelation considered embarrassing to those involved

banana republic

A disparaging term for the small nations of Central America, with particular reference to their political instability and poor, single-crop economies.

trademark

A distinguishing symbol or word used by a manufacturer on its goods, usually registered by law to protect against imitators.

sweatshop

A factory where employees are forced to work long hours under difficult conditions for meager wages.

homestead

A family home or farm with buildings and land sufficient for survival.

peasant

A farmer of agricultural laborer, sometime legally tied to the land.

frigate

A fast, heavily armed warship, usually with two decks and high rigging.

Panic of 1819

A financial panic that began when the Second Bank of the United States tightened credit and recalled government loans

flotilla

A fleet of boats, usually smaller vessels.

levy

A forcible tax or other imposition.

dictatorship

A form of government characterized by absolute state power and the unlimited authority of the ruler.

writ

A formal legal document ordering or prohibiting some act.

indictment

A formal written accusation charging someone with a crime.

citadel

A fortress occupying a commanding height.

mediation

A friendly intervention, usually by consent, to settle differences between groups or nations.

squatter

A frontier farmer who illegally occupied land owned by others or not yet officially opened for settlement.

embargo

A government order prohibiting commerce in or out of a port.

United Negro Improvement Association

A group founded by Marcus Garvey to promote the settlement of American blacks in their own "African homeland"

SALEM WITCH TRIALS

A group of adolescent girls in Salem, Massachusetts claimed to have been bewitched by certain older women; a witch hunt ensued, leading to the legal lynching of 20 women in 1692

Ohio Gang

A group of poker-playing, men that were friends of President Warren Harding. Harding appointed them to offices and they used their power to gain money for themselves. They were involved in scandals that ruined Harding's reputation even though he wasn't involved

party

A group of politically like-minded individuals

chain gang

A group of prisoners chained together while working.

corporation

A group or institution granted legal rights to carry on certain specified activities.

Patrons of Husbandry

A group organized in 1867, the leader of which was Oliver H. Kelley. It was better known as the Grange. It was a group with colorful appeal and many passwords for secrecy. The Grange was a group of farmers that worked for improvement for the farmers

Radical Reconstruction

A group within the Republican Party during the Civil War and Reconstruction who advocated abolition of slavery, citizenship for the former slaves, and sweeping alteration of the South; tried to limit presidential power and enhance congressional authority during the Civil War

almshouse

A home for the poor, supported by charity or public funds.

yellow dog contract

A labor contract in which an employee must agree not to join a union as a condition of holding the job.

slumlord

A landlord who owns and profits from slum properties, often by charging excessive rents or neglecting maintenance and repairs.

archipelago

A large group of islands within a limited area.

plantation

A large-scale agricultural enterprise growing commercial crop and usually employing coerced or slave labor.

National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act)

A law passed by Congress in 1935 that defined unfair labor practices and protected unions against coercive measures such as blacklisting

Land Ordinance of 1785

A law that divided much of the United States into a system of townships to facilitate the sale of land to settlers and raise money. Part of the Articles of Confederation

trusts

A legal arrangement in which an individual (the trustor) gives control of property to a person or institution (the trustee); in the late nineteenth century, a legal device to get around state laws prohibiting a company charted in one state from operating in another state, and often synonymous in common use with monopoly; first used by John D. Rockefeller to consolidate Standard Oil

charter

A legal document granted by a government to some group or agency to implement a stated purpose, and spelling out the attending rights and obligations.

saga

A lengthy story or poem recounting the great deeds and adventures of a people and their heroes.

bill of rights

A list of fundamental freedoms assumed to be central to society.

bull market

A market characterized by rising prices for securities

oligopoly

A market or industry dominated by a few firms (from Greek words meaning "few sellers"); compare monopoly (from greek words meaning "one seller")

rabble

A mass of disorderly and crude common people.

province

A medium sized sub-unit of territory and governmental administration within a larger nation or empire.

Stamp Act Congress

A meeting of delegations from many of the colonies, the congress was formed to protest the newly passed Stamp Act. It adopted a declaration of rights as well as sent letters of complaints to the king and parliament, and it showed signs of colonial unity and organized resistance

Dominion of New England

A megacolony created in 1686 by James II that brought Massachusetts, Plymouth Plantations, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Jersey, and New York under the control of one royal governor; William and Mary dissolved the Dominion when they came to the throne in 1689

envoy

A messenger or agent sent by a government on official business.

literacy test

A method used to prevent African Americans from voting by requiring prospective voters to read and write at a specified level in order to vote

Shakers

A mid-eighteenth-century offshoot of the Quakers, founded in England by Mother Ann Lee; Shakers engaged in spirited worship, including dancing and rhythmic shaking, hence their name, and practiced communal living and strict celibacy

court-martial

A military court or a trial held in such a court under military law.

garrison

A military fortress, or the troops stationed at such a fortress, usually designed for defense or occupation of a territory.

siege

A military operation surrounding and attacking a fortified place, often over a sustained period.

tenement

A multi-dwelling building, often poor or overcrowded.

neutral

A nation or person not taking sides in a war.

Peggy Eaton

A woman who had an affair with and married John Eaton three months before he took office as secretary of war. She was unaccepted within the higher society and became the gossip among the Cabinet. She was defended by President Jackson and Secretary of State Van Buren

Sarah Grimke

A woman who published a pamphlet arguing for equal rights of women called "Letters on the Equality of the Sexes and the Condition of Women". She also argued for equal education opportunities

League of Nations

A world organization proposed by President Wilson and created by the Versailles peace conference; it worked to promote peace and international cooperation

William Lloyd Garrison

Abolitionist leader who founded and published The Liberator, an antislavery newspaper

John Brown

Abolitionist who fought proslavery settlers in Kansas in 1855; he was hanged for treason after seizing the U.S. arsenal at Harpers Ferry in 1859 as part of an effort to liberate southern slaves

16

Abraham Lincoln (Republican/Union)

autocratic

Absolute or dictatorial rule.

John Wilkes Booth

Actor and southern sympathizer who on April 14, 1865, five days after Lee's surrender, fatally shot President Lincoln at Ford's Theater in Washington

Fundamental Orders of CT

Adopted by the Connecticut Colony council on January 14, 1638. Describes structure and powers of the government set up by the Connecticut River towns

Thurgood Marshall

African American civil rights lawyer who argued thirty-two cases before the Supreme Court and won twenty-nine; appointed to the federal court system by President Kennedy, he became the first African American justice of the Supreme Court in 1967

W.E.B. Du Bois

African American intellectual and civil rights leader, author of important works on black history and sociology, who helped to form and lead the NAACP

WASHINGTON CARVER

African American who taught and researched at Tuskegee Institute, became an internationally famous agricultural chemist

BATTLES OF TRENTON AND PRINCETON

After Howe failed to chase Washington following the New York Campaign, Washington launched surprise night attacks in December 1776 in these two battles.

JAPANESE INTERNMENT

After Pearl Harbor, this FDR executive order placed west coast Japanese in internment camps; upheld by Korematsu v. United States.

SUNBELT

After WWII, populations began moving to the Southeast, Southwest, and California; Rustbelt and Frostbelt struggled.

"Return to Normalcy"

After World War I 1919-20s, when Harding was President, the US and Britain returned to isolatoinism. The US economy "boomed" but Europe continued to struggle. It was the calm before the bigger storm hit: World War II

posthumously

After death.

Battle of Princeton

After the Battle of Trenton, Washington went on to win this battle as well, giving Americans new hope after the losses in New York

QUARENTINE SPEECH

After the Japanese invaded China, FRD made this speech that called for embargoes on Japan; avoided violating the Neutrality Acts

Arab oil embargo

After the U.S. backed Israel in its war against Syria and Egypt, which had been trying to regain territory lost in the Six-Day War, the Arab nations imposed an oil embargo, which strictly limited oil in the U.S. and caused a crisis

BERLIN AIRLIFT

After the U.S.S.R closed access to Berlin, the U.S. dropped supplies to Allies trapped in the city

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

Agency created by the Bank Act of 1933 to insure deposits up to a fixed sum in member banks of the Federal Reserve System and state banks that choose to participate

Federal Housing Administration

Agency created by the National Housing Act (1934) to insure loans made by banks and other institutions for new home construction, repairs, and improvements

Securities and Exchange Commission

Agency created by the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 to license stock exchanges and supervise their activities, including the setting of margin rates

Freedmen's Bureau

Agency established in 1865 to aid former slaves in their transition to freedom, especially by administering relief and sponsoring education

Works Progress Administration

Agency established in 1935 and headed by Harry Hopkins that hired the unemployed for construction, conservation, and arts programs

FOOD ADMINISTRATION

Agency led by Herbert C. Hoover during WW that relied on donations rather than rationing; proclaimed "wheatless Wednesdays" and "meatless Tuesdays"

jingoist

Aggressively patriotic and warlike.

OPEN DOOR POLICY

Agreement between American and European nations that trade in China would be fair and open

PROCLAMATION OF 1763

Agreement between the British and Indians that prohibited colonial settlement in the area beyond the Appalachian Mountains

JAY TREATY

Agreement during the Early Republic where the British would evacuate U.S. soil and pay for ship damages, the U.S. would continue to pay the debts owed to British merchants

HELSINKI ACCORDS

Agreement in 1975 that recognized Soviet boundaries and helped to ease tensions between the two nations; high point for Ford

CAMP DAVID ACCORDS

Agreement mediated by President Carter, established a peace between Egypt and Israel; top foreign policy achievement

GENTLEMAN'S AGREEMENT

Agreement negotiated by TR and the Japanese government that stopped the flow of immigrants ("yellow peril") to the United States

Nine Power Pact

Agreement signed in 1922 by Britain, France, Italy, Japan, the United States, China, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Belgium to recognize China and affirm the Open Door policy

TELLER AMENDMENT

Agreement that the U.S. would withdraw from Cuba once they were liberated from Spain

IRAN CONTRA AFFAIR

Agreement where the U.S. sold weapons to Iran; Iran helped regain American hostages from Lebanon; Money went to the Contras in Nicaragua

ABM/SALT TREATIES

Agreements between the U.S. and U.S.S.R. to reduce nuclear weapons; were the results of detente

FIFTYNINERS

Aka "Pike's Peakers", those who flocked to mine gold and silver in Colorado and Nevada ("Comstock Load")

INDUSTRIAL WORKERS OF THE WORLD (IWW)

Aka "Wobblies"; sabotaged industries and the WWI effort from bitterness about their conditions

FUGITIVE SLAVE LAW OF 1850

Aka "bloodhound bill"; law that paid officers to return slaves to the south; Northern emotions hit when seeing apprehended slaves.

COUNTERCULTURE

Aka "hippies," that advocated free love and drug use in the 1960s; opposed the war in Vietnam ("doves").

QUAKERS

Aka Religious Society of Friends, a tolerant religious group; led by William Penn, created the unique colony of Pennsylvania, and later New Jersey and Delaware.

WEATHER UNDERGROUND

Aka Students for a Democratic Society, an underground terrorist group that bombed government and military sites in the 1960s

KELLOGG BRIAND PACT

Aka the "Pact of Paris," was ratified by 62 nations and called for a outlawing of war.

HOOVERTOWNS

Aka, "shantytowns," were communities of shacks built during the Depression.

TRIPOLIAN WAR

Aka, Barbary Wars, fought between the U.S. and North African pirates; U.S. paid for the release of captured Americans; U.S. Navy shown to be weak.

Capital Compromise

Alexander Hamilton proposed this plan to the Southern leaders to move the nation's capital to a district between Maryland and Virginia

LEE HARVEY OSWALD

Alleged assassin of JFK in Dallas, Nov 1963.

Triple Alliance

Alliance that linked Germany, Italy, and Austria-Hungary in the years before World War I

NEW ENGLAND CONFEDERATION

Alliance that unified the Massachusetts and Connecticut colonies to combat the Indians, French, and Dutch; Charles II disapproved and revoked the Bay colony's charter in 1684.

SOUTHEAST ASIAN TREATY ORGANIZATION (SEATO)

Alliance that was primarily created to block further communist gains in Southeast Asia; partially led to U.S. intervention in Vietnam.

ABC1 AGREEMENT

Allied decision after Pearl Harbor to defeat Germany first, then Japan.

ECOMIENDA

Allowed Europeans to hold Indians with the intent to Christianize them and force them into labor.

HOMESTEAD ACT OF 1862

Allowed a settler to acquire as much as 160 acres of land if they lived on it for five years and improved it

DIRECT PRIMARIES

Allowed voters to nominate candidates for elections; were created to undercut political machines

supply side economics

Also called Reaganomics, this is the theory that reducing taxes on the wealthy and increasing the money available for investment will stimulate the economy and eventually benefit everyone

Coercive Acts

Also called the 'Intolerable Acts' by colonists, this series of harsh British laws intended to make Massachusetts pay for its resistance during the Boston Tea Party. It closed down the Boston Harbor until the Massachusetts colonists paid for the ruined tea and forced Bostonians to shelter soilders in their own homes.

craft unions

Also called trade unions, this was a labor union that organizes skilled workers engaged in a specific craft or trade

George Herman Ruth

Also known as Babe Ruth, he became a celebrity with his record of hitting 60 home runs in one season lasted for more than 30 years

VIRGINIA PLAN

Also known as the "large state plan" at the Constitutional Convention; called for representation to be based on population in Congress.

Washington Disarmament Conference

Also known as the Washington Naval Conference, this international conference that in 1921-1922 produced a series of agreements to limit naval armaments and prevent conflict in the Far East and the Pacific

NEW JERSEY PLAN

Also known as the small state plan, called for equal representation in the congress

Wilmot Proviso

Amendment to an appropriations bill in 1846 proposing that any territory acquired from Mexico be closed to slavery; it was defeated in the Senate

23rd Amendment

Amendment to the Constituiton that gave residents of Washington DC the right to vote

24th Amendment

Amendment to the Constitution in 1964 that eliminated the poll tax as a prerequisite to vote in national elections

25th Amendment

Amendment to the Constitution that clarifies an ambiguous provision of the Constitution regarding succession to the Presidency, and establishes procedures both for filling a vacancy in the office of the Vice President as well as responding to Presidential disabilities

26th Amendment

Amendment to the Constitution that lowered the voting age to 18

27th Amendment

Amendment to the Constitution that regulates pay raises for members of Congress

ROOSEVELT COROLLARY

Amendment to the Monroe Doctrine; called for the U.S. to pay off Latin American counties' debts to Europeans to keep them out of the western hemisphere.

John Adams

America's first Vice-President and second President. Sponsor of the American Revolution in Massachusetts, and wrote the Massachusetts guarantee that freedom of press "ought not to be restrained."

DWIGHT EISENHOWER

American General in charge of Allied campaigns in Tunisia and the Normandy invasion during WWII.

CHESTER NIMITZ

American General in the Central Pacific; coordinated Battle of Midway and Island Hopping campaigns.

DOUGLAS MACARTHUR

American General in the South Pacific; lost and recovered the Philippines in WWII, led U.S. in the Korean War.

A.C. MCAULIFFE

American General who led Allies to victory in the Battle of the Bulge.

GEORGE PATTON

American General who played a major role in the liberation of France in WWII.

Eugene V. Debs

American Railway Union leader who was jailed for his role in the Pullman strike; he later became a leading socialist and ran for president

BENEDICT ARNOLD

American Revolutionary General, who, feeling disrespected after Saratoga, turned against America

Thomas Paine

American Revolutionary leader and pamphleteer who supported the American colonist's fight for independence. His pamphlet Common Sense pushed many colonists to leave their last loyalties to Britain behind and side with American independence

Louis Sullivan

American architect of teh late nineteenth century whose designs reflected his theory that the outward form of a building should express its function

Charles Lindbergh

American aviator who made the first solo transatlantic flight in 1927 and became an international hero

NO TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENATION

American belief that British imposed taxes on the colonies were illegal because no colonist sat in the Parliament.

SANFORD DOLE

American businessman who cornered the Hawaiian pineapple and sugar market; helped oust Queen Liliuokalani

Wyatt Earp

American frontier marshal and gunfighter involved in 1881 in a controversial shootout at the O.K. Corral in Tombstone, Arizona, in which several men were killed

Sam Houston

American general and politician who fought in the struggle for Texas's independence from Mexico and became president of the Republic of Texas

Nathaniel Greene

American general who took command of the Carolinas campaign in 1780

John D. Rockefeller

American industrialist who amassed great wealth through the Standard Oil Company and donated much of his fortune to promote learning and research

Eli Whitney

American inventor and manufacturer; his perfecting of the cotton gin revolutionized the cotton industry

Robert Fulton

American inventor who designed the first commercially successful steamboat and the first steam warship (1765-1815)

Thomas Edison

American inventor, especially of electrical devices, among them the microphone (1877), the phonograph (1878), and the lightbulb, (1879)

Theodore Dreiser

American naturalist who wrote The Financier and The Titan. Like Riis, he helped reveal the poor conditions people in the slums faced and influenced reforms

John Paul Jones

American naval commander in the American Revolution, basically founder of U.S. navy

Oliver Hazard Perry

American naval officer who led the fleet that defeated the British in the Battle of Put-in-Bay during the War of 1812

James Fenimore Cooper

American novelist who is best remembered for his novels of frontier life, such as The Last of the Mohicans

John Steinbeck

American novelist who wrote "The Grapes of Wrath" (1939), a story of Dustbowl victims who travel to California to look for a better life

Francis Townsend

American physician and social reformer whose plan for a government-sponsored old-age pension was a precursor of the Social Security Act of 1935

STIMSON DOCTRINE

American policy that was a response to the Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931; held United States would not recognize any territorial acquisitions achieved by force

Theodore Roosevelt

American politician and writer who advocated war against Spain in 1898; elected as McKinley's vice presidents in 1900, he became president in 1901 upon McKinley's assassination

Fort Ticonderoga

American revolutionary troops under Benedict Arnold called the Green Mountain Boys captured this New York fort from the British in May 1775

ROBIN MOOR / GREER / KEARNEY / REUBEN JAMES

American sea vessels sunk by U Boats before the U.S. entered WWII.

CAROLINE AFFAIR

American ship sunk by the British; Americans tried one for murder, charges were dropped.

USS MAINE

American ship that exploded near Cuba in 1898; used as propaganda to make the U.S. enter the Spanish American War

ISLAND HOPPING

American strategy in WWII that called for bypassing key Japanese islands and attacking supply islands instead; major bases would then wither from lack of supplies

Jonathan Edwards

American theologian whose sermons and writings stimulated a period of renewed interest in religion in America (1703-1758)

U.S.S. Maine

American warship that exploded in Havana Harbor in 1898, inspiring the motto "Remember the Maine!" which spurred the Spanish-American War

Gertrude Stein

American writer of experimental novels, poetry, essays, operas, and plays. In Paris during the 1920s she was a central member of a group of American expatriates that included Ernest Hemingway. Her works include Three Lives (1908), Tender Buttons (1914), and The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas (1933)

Washington Irving

American writer remembered for the stories "Rip Van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow," contained in The Sketch Book

Noah Webster

American writer who wrote textbooks to help the advancement of education. He also wrote a dictionary which helped standardize the American language

Herman Melville

American writer whose experiences at sea provided the factual basis of Moby-Dick (1851), considered among the greatest American novels

GULF WAR

American-led campaign in 1991 to repel Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein out of oil rich Kuwait; "Operation Desert Storm" was a major success.

medicine man

Among native Americans, a holy man or shaman who exercises spiritual powers and is considered able to cure disease.

Loyalists

An American colonist who remained loyal to the king during the Revolution

Frederick W. Taylor

An American efficiency engineer who wrote "The Principles of Scientific Management", which earned him the title "father of scientific management"

William Henry Harrison

An American military leader, politician, the ninth President of the United States, and the first President to die in office. His death created a brief constitutional crisis, but ultimately resolved many questions about presidential succession left unanswered by the Constitution until passage of the 25th Amendment. Led U.S. forces in the Battle of Tippecanoe

James C. Freemont

An American military officer, explorer, the first candidate of the Republican Party for the office of President of the United States (1856), and the first presidential candidate of a major party to run on a platform in opposition to slavery

Good Neighbor Policy

An American policy toward Latin America that stressed economic ties and nonintervention; begun under Hoover but associated with Roosevelt

affluence

An abundance of wealth.

city manager

An administrator appointed by the city council or other elected body to manage affairs, supposedly in a nonpartisan or professional way.

Pinckney's Treaty

An agreement between the United States and Spain that changed the borders of Florida to make it easier for American ships to make it to the New Orland Port

MAYFLOWER COMPACT

An agreement by the Puritans to form a crude government and to submit to the will of the majority under the regulations agreed upon

Mayflower Compact

An agreement drafted in 1620 when the Pilgrims reached America that granted political rights to all male colonists who would abide by the colony's laws

compact

An agreement or covenant between states to perform some legal act.

gentlemen's agreement

An agreement rather than a formal treaty; in this case, Japan agreed in 1907 to limit Japanese emigration to the United States

yellow dog contract

An agreement some companies forced workers to take that forbade them from joining a union. This was a method used to limit the power of unions, thus hampering their development

Three-Fifths Compromise

An agreement to cound three-fifths of a state's slave population for purposes of determining a state's representation in the House of Representatives

sharecrop

An agricultural system in which a tenant receives land, tools, and seed on credit and pledges in return a share of the crop to the creditor.

Iroquois Confederacy

An alliance of five northeastern Native peoples that made decisions on military and diplomatic issues through a council of representatives. Allied first with the Dutch and later with the English, it dominated western New England

confederacy

An alliance or league of nations or peoples looser than a federation.

Tallmadge Amendment

An amendment to a statehood bill for Missouri proposed by New York congressman James Tallmadge Jr. that would have banned slavery from the new state; it created a deadlock in Congress that necessitated the Missouri Compromise

Platt Amendment

An amendment to the Army Appropriations Act of 1901, sponsored by Senator Orville Platt, which set terms for the withdrawal of the U.S. Army from Cuba

American Protective Association

An anti-Catholic organization founded in Iowa in 1887 and active during the next decade

militia

An armed force of citizens called out only in emergencies.

proviso

An article or cause in a statute, treaty, or contract establishing a particular stipulation or condition affecting the whole document.

syndicate

An association of financiers organized to carry out projects requiring very large amounts of capital.

Sand Creek massacre

An attack on a village of sleeping Cheyenne Indians by a regiment of Colorado militiamen on 29 November 1864 that resulted in the death of more than 200 tribal members

dictum

An authoritative edict or assertion.

joint-stock companies

An economic arrangement by which a number of investors pool their capital for investment.

Panic of 1837

An economic collapse that came as the result of Andrew Jackson's fiscal policies and led to an extended national economic depression

American System

An economic plan sponsored by nationalists in Congress; it was intended to capitalize on regional differences to spur U.S. economic growth and the domestic production of goods previously bought from foreign manufacturers

capitalism

An economic system characterized by private property , generally free trade, and open and accessible markets.

free enterprise

An economic system that permits unrestricted entrepreneurial business activity; capitalism.

direct primary

An election in which voters who identify with a specific party choose that party's candidates to run later in the general election against the candidates of other parties

factory

An establishment for the manufacturing of goods, including buildings and substantial machinery.

precedent

An event or decision that may be used as an example in similar cases later on

Open Door Policy

An exchange of diplomatic letters in 1899-1900 by which Secretary of State John Hay announced American support for Chinese autonomy and opposed efforts by other powers to carve China into exclusive spheres of influence

reciprocity

An exchange of equal privileges between two governments.

caste

An exclusive or rigid social distinction based on birth, wealth, occupation, and so forth.

Lewis and Clark Expedition

An expedition sent by Thomas Jefferson to explore the northwestern territories of the United States

megalopolis

An extensive, heavily populated area, containing several dense urban centers.

Chester A. Arthur

An honorable man who firmly believed in the spoils system but eventually demolished it, took Rutherford B. Hayes' place when he was assinated

kickback

An illegal payment by a contractor to the official who awarded the contract

inflation

An increase in the supply of currency relative to the goods available, leading to a decline in the purchasing power of money.

capitalist

An individual or group who uses private property to produce goods for profit in an open market.

investment bank

An institution that acts as an agent for corporations issuing stocks and bonds

witch-hunt

An investigation carried on with much publicity, supposedly to uncover dangerous activity but actually intended to weaken the political opposition.

Merrimac

An iron-clad vessel built by the Confederate forces in the hope of breaking the blockade imposed by the North

Monitor

An iron-clad vessel built by the Union forces in the hope of attacking the Confederacy

proclamation

An official announcement or publicly declared order.

commissions

An official certification granting a commanding rank in the armed forces.

census

An official count of population, often also describing other information about the population.

census

An official count of population; in the United States, the federal census occurs every ten years.

censor

An official who examines publications, mail, literature, and so forth in order to remove or prohibit the distribution of material deemed dangerous or offensive.

cooperative

An organization for producing, marketing, or consuming goods in which the members share the benefits.

OPEC

An organization of countries formed in 1961 to agree on a common policy for the production and sale of petroleum

labor union

An organization of workers—usually wage-earning workers—to promote the interests and welfare of its members, often by collective bargaining with employers.

commonwealth

An organized civil government or social order.

boycott

An organized refusal to deal with some person, organization, or product.

strike

An organized work stoppage by employees in order to obtain better wages, working conditions, and so on.

landslide

An overwhelming majority of votes for one side in an election.

slush fund

An unaccountable sum of money available for questionable to corrupt purposes.

wildcat bank

An uncontrolled, speculative bank that issues notes without sufficient capital to back them.

Bacon's Rebellion

An uprising in the Virginia Colony in 1676, led by Nathaniel Bacon, a wealthy planter, as a protest against Native American raids on the frontier and against the Royal Governor of Virginia, William Berkeley, and his policies of favoring his own court

Second Great Awakening

An upsurge in religious fervor that began around 1800 and was characterized by revival meetings

Gospel of Wealth

Andrew Carnegie's idea that al possessors of great wealth have an obligation to spend or otherwise disburse their money to help people help themselves

7

Andrew Jackson (Democrat)

17

Andrew Johnson (Union)

ANTI MASONS

Anti Jackson party that ran a candidate in 1832.

Truman Doctrine

Anti-Communist foreign policy that Truman set forthe in 1947; it called for military and economic aid to countries whose political stability was threatened by communism

KU KLUX KLAN

Anti-black and anti-immigrant terrorist group; "Invisible Empire of the South."

NATIVISM

Anti-foreign sentiment among Americans of English decent at various points in American history

commercial paper

Any business document having monetary or exchangeable value.

legal tender

Any form of money that must be accepted in payment for goods purchased or for repayment of debt.

medium of exchange

Any item, paper or otherwise, used as money.

colossus

Anything of extraordinary size and power.

safety valve

Anything, such as the American frontier, that allegedly serves as a necessary outlet for built-up pressure, energy, and so on.

Watergate

Apartment and office complex in Washington, D.C., that housed the headquarters of the Democratic National Committee; its name became synonymous with the scandal over the Nixon administration's involvement in a break-in there and the president's part in the cover-up that followed

BAY OF PIGS INVASION

April 1961; CIA sponsored plot to overthrow Castro; was a massive failure that furthered tension with Cuba

despotism

Arbitrary or tyrannical rule.

LOUIS SULLIVAN

Architect who developed the skyscraper.

Dawes Plan

Arrangement for collecting World War I reparations from Germany; it scheduled annual payments and stabilized German currency

ACT OF TOLERATION

As Protestants flooded into Maryland, Catholics feared a loss of religious freedom; in 1649, the local representative group passed this act that granted toleration to all Christians.

Mikhail Gorbachev

As Soviet General Secretary of the Communist Party assumed power in 1985, he introduced political and economic reforms and then found himself presiding over the breakup of the Soviet Union

STONEWALL UPRISING

Attack of New York police on resisting gays in 1969 led to a gay civil rights movement.

CANNING PROPOSAL

Attempt by Britain in 1823 to share Latin American land with the U.S., the U.S. denied and moved toward the Monroe Doctrine.

OPERATION WETBACK

Attempt by Eisenhower to round up Mexican illegals exploiting the Braceros program

WILDERNESS UTOPIAS

Attempts at rural societies without government interference; included New Harmony, Brook Farm, and Oneida; all failed.

A. Mitchell Palmer

Attorney general who authorized anti-radical raids and deportations

MARCH ON WASHINGTON

August 1963; Martin Luther King led 200,000 black and white demonstrators to the Capital; made "I Have a Dream" speech

Sigmund Freud

Austrian who played a leading role in developing the field of psychoanalysis, known for his theory that the sex drive underlies much individual behavior

Francis Scott Key

Author of "The Star-Spangled Banner," which chronicles the British bombardment of Fort McHenry in 1814; Key's poem, set to music, became the official U.S. national anthem in 1931

Stephen Crane

Author who used realism in his novel, "Maggie, A Girl of the Streets", to depict urban poverty and slum life. He also wrote the book "Red Badge of Courage"

LAND ACT OF 1820

Authorized a buyer to purchase 80 virgin acres at a minimum of $1.25 an acre; passed to encourage people to move out west.

HICKORYITES / KING MOB

Average folks who supported Jackson and caused problems in Washington during his inaguration.

44

Barack Obama (Democrat)

Berlin Wall

Barrier that the Communist East German government built in 1961 to divide East and West Berlin; it was torn down in November 1989 as the Cold War was ending

REAGANOMICS

Based on "Supply side" economics, called for massive tax cuts to stimulate economy, reduced social programs, and increased military spending.

CONGRESSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION

Based on passed the Reconstruction Act of 1867; divided the south into military districts; states must ratify the 14th Amendment and protect black voting rights.

Battle of New Orleans

Battle in the War of 1812 in which American troops commanded by Andrew Jackson destroyed the British force attempting to seize New Orleans

Battle of Tippecanoe

Battle near Prophetstown in 1811, where American forces led by William Henry Harrison defeated the followers of teh Shawnee Prophet and destroyed the town

Battle of Trenton

Battle of December 26, 1776, when Washington led his troops by night across the Delaware River and captured a Hessian garrison wintering in New Jersey

BATTLE OF WOUNDED KNEE

Battle where U.S. Armies squashed Dakota Indians who refused to end their "Ghost Dance"

Richard Nixon

Became US President after Johnson decided to not to run for US president again. He promised peace with honor in Vietnam which means withdrawing American soliders from South Vietnam

Calvin Coolidge

Became president when Harding died; 30th president. Tried to clean up scandals. Business prospered and people's wealth increased

IRAN HOSTAGE CRISIS

Beginning November 4, 1979; anti American Muslims stormed the U.S. embassy in Tehran and took hostages, lasted two years

racism

Belief in the superiority of one race over another or behavior reflecting such a belief.

GOSPEL OF WEALTH

Belief of Carnegie and others that the wealthy received their money from God to do good for society

CONSERVATION

Belief of Roosevelt leading to organized lands, national parks, promotion of irrigation; and creation of the Department of Forestry, led by Gifford Pinchot.

SOCIAL DARWINISM

Belief that only the strongest businesses and people in society can survive.

Robert Hayne

Believed that states should have more rights. He was from South Carolina. He debated Daniel Webster about the doctrine of states rights

secular

Belonging to the worldly sphere rather than to the specifically sacred or churchly.

mundane

Belonging to this world, as opposed to the spiritual world.

23

Benjamin Harrison (Republican)

Margaret Sanger

Birth-control advocate who believed so strongly that information about birth control was essential to help women escape poverty that she disobeyed laws against its dissemination

Malcom X

Black activist who advocated black separatism as a member of the Nation of Islam; in 1963 he converted to orthodox Islam and two years later was assassinated

Francois L'Ouverture

Black revolutionary who leberated the island of Santo Domingo, only to see it reinvaded by the French in 1802

LITTLE ROCK NINE

Black students in Arkansas who were prevented from entering a school in 1957; Eisenhower mobilized the National Guard to admit them

War Labor Board

Board that settled disputes between business and labor without strikes so that production would not be interrupted and morale would be high

INTERSTATE COMMERCE COMMISSION

Body established by the Interstate Commerce Act, prohibited rebates and pools, attempted to control business

Haymarket Affair

Bombing in Chicago in 1886 at a labor rally. Skilled workers abandoned the K of L in favor of the A F of L ...people associated unions with violence

THE OTHER AMERICA

Book by Michael Harrington, published in 1962, that was the driving force behind LBJ's "War on Poverty."

UNCLE TOM'S CABIN

Book written by Harriet B. Stowe in 1850 that aroused an emotional opposition to slavery.

Thomas Hutchinson

Boston merchant and judge who served as lieutenant governor and later governor of Massachusetts; Stamp Act protestors destroyed his home in 1765

Proclamation of 1763

Boundary that Britain established in the Appalachian Mountains, west of which white settlement was banned; it was intened to reduce conflict between Indians and colonists

CREOLE AFFAIR

Britain gave asylum to slaves who seized this American ship in the Bahamas

Battle of Bunker Hill

British assault on American troops on Breed's Hill near Boston in June 1775; the British won the battle but suffered heavy losses

MERCANTILISM

British economic policy in the colonial era; exported more than they imported in order to get gold and silver into their treasury; relied on shipping.

John Maynard Keynes

British economist who argued that for a nation to recovery fully from a depression, the govt had to spend money to encourage investment and consumption

George Wolfe

British general and war hero, led troops up steep cliff to capture Quebec. His success marked the beginning of the end of the French and Indian War.

Charles Cornwallis

British general who was second in command to Henry Clinton; his surrender at Yorktown in 1781 brought the Revolution to a close

Sugar Act

British law of 1764 that taxed sugar and other colonial imports to pay for some of Britain's expenses in protecting the colonies

Stamp Act

British law of 1765 that directly taxed a variety of items, including newspapers, playing cards, and legal documents

American Prohibitory Act

British law of 1775 that authorized the royal navy to seize all American ships engaged in trade; it amounted to a declaration of war

ORDERS IN COUNCIL

British order to its Navy in the early 1800s to capture American ships headed for French ports.

George Grenville

British prime minister who sought to tighten controls over the colonies and to impose taxes to raise revenues

GEORGE GRENVILLE

British prime minister who strictly enforced Navigation Laws; issued Sugar, Quartering, and Stamps Acts in 1765.

Wendell Willkie

Business executive and Republican presidential candidate who lost to Roosevelt in 1940; during the campaign, Roosevelt never publicly mentioned Willkie's name

Mark Hanna

Business mogul, financial power behind McKinley's nomination and his subsequent campaign for president (campaign manager); promised a strong and prosperous industrial nation; a mass media genius

speculation

Buying land or anything else in the hope of profiting by an expected rise in price.

30

Calvin Coolidge (Republican)

PURITANS

Calvinist sect who wanted distinct separation between the Church of England and the Roman Catholic Church; separatists left England for Holland, then New England.

NEW AMSTERDAM

Capital of New Netherland colony; home base for the Dutch West India Company; largely aristocratic

PONY EXPRESS

Carried mail from Missouri to California in the 1800s.

BROWN V. BOARD OF EDUCATION

Case argued by Thurgood Marshall of the NAACP, decision overturned Plessy v. Ferguson and led to the end of segregation

Brown v. Board of Education

Case in 1954 in which the Supreme Court ruled that separate educational facilities for different races were inherently equal

Insular cases

Cases concerning Puerto Rico, in which the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in 1901 that people in new island territiories did not automatically receive the constitutional rights of U.S. citizens

UNDERGROUND RAILROAD

Chain of safe houses in the South that freed slaves to Canada; organized by Harriet Tubman

patrician

Characterized by noble or highs social standing.

pacifist

Characterized by principle opposition to all war and belief in non interventionist.

21

Chester A. Arthur (Republican)

GUSTAVUS SWIFT

Chicago meat packing tycoon, developed first refridgerator car, first to use animal by-products for glue, soap, and other products

Philippe Bunau-Varilla

Chief engineer of the French company that attempted to build a canal through the Panamanian isthmus, chief planner of the Panamanian revolt against Colombia, and later minister to the United States from the new Republic of Panama

Earl Warren

Chief justice of the Supreme Court from 1953 to 1969, under whom the Court issued decisions protecting civil rights, the rights of criminals, and First Amendment rights

political plums

Choice, desirable offices of favors.

SEVENTH DAY ADVENTISTS

Christian sect that predicted Jesus would return on October 22, 1844; despite the false prediction, the church continued.

BATTLE OF ANTIETAM

Civil War battle in Sep 1862; Union victory prevented British intervention and opened door to Emancipation; turning point in the war.

MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR

Civil rights leader, led peaceful boycotts, marches, and made major speeches; formed the SCLC; assassinated in 1968

MALCOLM X

Civil rights leader; advocated militant reform through the Nation of Islam; was shot and killed by the NOI when he got too powerful

Freedom Riders

Civil rights protesters who by riding buses throughout the South in 1961 sought to achieve the integration of bus terminals

Civil Rights Act of 1964

This act made racial, religious, and sex discrimination by employers illegal and gave the government the power to enforce all laws governing civil rights, including desegregation of schools and public places

FIRST CONTINENTAL CONGRESS

This colonial government met to redress grievances against Britain; included all 12 colonies, 55 delegates, such as John Adams, George Washington, and Patrick Henry.

Irreconcilables

This faction in the U. S. Senate would not accept the League of Nations or the notion of collective security in any form

"Rum, Romanism, and rebellion"

This statement attacked the Democratic party, rebellion referred to civil war, romanism referred to anti-catholicism, rum referred to drinking, anti immigrant party

First Hundred Days

This term refers to March 4 to June 16, 1933. During this period of dramatic legislative productivity, FDR laid out the programs that constituted the New Deal. Today, presidents are often measured by their actions in the same period of time

Judicial Reorganization Bill of 1937

This was a legislative initiative to add more justices to the Supreme Court proposed by U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt shortly after his victory in the 1936 presidential election. Although the bill aimed generally to overhaul and modernize all of the federal court system, its most important provision would have granted the President power to appoint an additional Justice to the U.S. Supreme Court for every sitting member over the age of 70½, up to a maximum of six

First Great Awakening

This was a time of religious fervor during the 1730s and 1740s. The movement arose in reaction to the rise of skepticism and the waning of religious faith brought about by the Enlightenment. Protestant ministers held revivals throughout the English colonies in America, stressing the need for individuals to repent and urging a personal understanding of truth.

3

Thomas Jefferson (Republican)

reserved powers

Those powers that the Constitution does not grant to the federal government and does not, at the same time, deny to the states. Belong to the states and people.

agitators

Those who seek to excite or persuade the public on some issue.

clientele

Those whom a lawyer or similar agent is engaged to represent and serve.

Northwest Ordinances

Three laws (1784, 1785, 1787) that dealt with the sale of public lands in the Northwest Territory and established a plan for the admission of new states to the Union

"Crime of '73"

Through the Coinage Act of 1873, the U.S. ended the minting of silver dollars and placed the country on the gold standard. This was attacked by those who supported an inflationary monetary policy and believed in the unlimited coinage of silver, such as farmers

Susan B. Anthony

Tireless campaigner for women sufferage and close associate of Elizabeth Cady Stanton

leak

To accidentally or deliberately disclose information supposed to be kept secret.

deadlock

To completely block or stop action as a consequence of the mutual pressure of equal and opposed forces.

depreciate

To decrease in value, as in the decline of the purchasing power of money.

ROOT-TAKAHIRA AGREEMENT

To ease tensions with Japan, TR sent the "Great White Fleet" on a tour; the U.S. and Japan pledged to respect each other's territorial possessions

lease

To enter into a contract by which one party gives another use of land, buildings, or other property for a fixed time and fee.

barter

To exchange goods or services without money.

default

To fail to pay a loan or interest due.

impress

To force people or property into public service without choice.

torpedo

To launch from a submarine or airplane a self-propelled underwater explosive designed to detonate on impact.

desert

To leave official or military service without permission.

Annex

To make a smaller territory or political unit part of a larger one.

elastic clause

Clause in Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution that gives Congress the right to make all laws "necessary and proper" to carry out the powers (enumerated powers) expressed in the other clauses of Article I

DETENTE

Cold War policy in the 1970s with the goal of easing tensions between the U.S., U.S.S.R, and China

Alien and Sedition Acts

Collectively, the four acts-Alien Act, Alien Enemies Act, Naturalization Act, and Sedition Act- passed by Congress in 1798 designed to prevent immigrants from participating in politics and to silence the anti-Federalist press

MASSACHUSETTS BAY COLONY

Colony led by John Winthrop, established near Boston in 1629; heavily Puritan

CAROLINA

Colony started to support Caribbean, fought with Savannah Indians, grew tobacco and rice, Charleston was its key port and aristocratic city.

Fair Employment Practices Commission

Commission established in 1941 to halt discrimination in war production and government

Warren Commission

Commission made by Lyndon B. Johnson after the killing of John F. Kennedy. (Point is to investigate if someone paid for the assasination of Kennedy.) Conclusion is that Oswald killed Kennedy on his own. Commissioner is Chief Justice Warren.

Enumerated Articles

Commodities that could be shipped only to England or other English colonies under the English Navigation Acts; originally included sugar, tobacco, cotton, and indigo

settlement house

Community center operated by resident social reformers in a slum area to help poor people in their own neighborhoods

Credit Mobilier

Company created to build the Union Pacific Railroad; in a scandalous deal uncovered in 1872-73, it sold shares cheaply to congressmen who approved federal subsidies for railroad construction

hodgepodge

Composed of a mixed mass of diverse elements or groups.

THREE FIFTHS COMPROMISE

Compromise at the Constitutional Convention; for purposes of representation and taxation, slaves were counted as three fifths.

conscription

Compulsory enrollment of men and women into the armed forces.

Indentured servant

Compulsory service for a fixed period of time, usually from four to seven years, most often agreed to in exchange for passage to the colonies; a labor contract called an indenture spelled out the terms of the agreement

demogogic (demagogue)

Concerning a leader who stirs up the common people by appeals to emotion and prejudice, often for selfish or irrational ends.

isthmian

Concerning a narrow strip of land connecting two larger bodies of land.

parochial

Concerning a parish or small district.

probationary

Concerning a period of testing or trial, after which a decision is made based on performance.

plutocratic

Concerning an extremely wealthy ruling class.

ethnic

Concerning diverse peoples or cultures, specifically those of non-Anglo-Saxon background.

proprietary

Concerning exclusive legal ownership, as of colonies granted to individuals by the monarch.

vigilante

Concerning groups that claim to punish crime and maintain order without legal authority to do so.

fiscal

Concerning public finances-expenditures and revenues.

evangelical

Concerning religious belief, commonly Protestant, that emphasizes personal salvation, individual and voluntary religious commitment, and the authority of Scripture.

seditious

Concerning resistance to or rebellion against the government.

mutinous

Concerning revolt by subordinate soldiers or seamen against their commanding officers.

cloak-and-dagger

Concerning the activities of spies or undercover agents, especially involving elaborate deceptions.

isolationist

Concerning the belief that a country should take little or no part in foreign affairs, especially through alliances or wars.

classical

Concerning the culture of ancient Greece or Rome, or any artistic or cultural values presumed to be based on those enduring principles.

feudal

Concerning the decentralized medieval social system of personal obligations between rulers and ruled.

primeval

Concerning the earliest origin of things.

demographic

Concerning the general characteristic of a given population, including such factors as numbers, age, gender, birth and death rates, and so on.

eugenic

Concerning the improvement of the human species through selective breeding or genetic control.

domestic

Concerning the internal affairs of a country.

strategic

Concerning the placement and planned movement of large-scale military forces so as to gain advantage, usually prior to actual engagement with the enemy.

ecological

Concerning the relations between the biological organisms of their environment.

rustic

Concerning unsophisticated country ways; crude and inelegant.

Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson

Confederate general nicknamed "Stonewall"; he commanded troops at both battles of Bull Run and he was mortally wounded by his own soldiers at Chancellorsville in 1863

JOHN WILKES BOOTH

Confederate sympathizer who assassinated Lincoln at Ford's Theatre on April 14, 1865.

Vicksburg

Confederate-held city on the Mississippi River that surrendered on July 4, 1863, after a lengthy siege by Grant's forces

London Naval Conference

Conference held in London to discuss disarmament and review the treaties of the Washington Conference. Representatives from Britain, U.S., France, Italy, and Japan agreed to regulate submarine warfare and to place limits on new construction of cruisers, destroyers, submarines, and other warships

HAVANA CONFERENCE

Conference where FDR vowed to allow Latin American nations to assist in upholding the Monroe Doctrine

PEQUOT WAR

Conflicts in 1636 and 1637 between New Englanders and local Indians; Pequots were slaughtered at Mystic River

HENRY CABOT LODGE

Congressional Republican who led the resistance of "irreconcilables" against the League of Nations as part of the Versailles Treaty

House Un-American Activities Committee

Congressional committee, created in 1938, that investigated suspected Communists during the McCarthy era and that Richard Nixon used to advance his career

John C. Calhoun

Congressman from South Carolina who was a leader of the War Hawks and the author of the official declaration of war in 1812

HENRY CLAY

Congressman, Secretary of State, fought for the American System (internal improvements, banks, tariffs); was the "Great Compromiser."

PONCE DE LEON

Conquistador who explored Florida in 1513 and 1521

George Wallace

Conservative Alabama governor who opposed desegregation in the 1960s and ran unsuccessfully for the presidency in 1968 and 1972

Rio Pact

Considered the first Cold War alliance, it joined Latin American nations, Canada, and the United States in an agreement to prevent Communist inroads in Latin America and to improve political, social, and economic conditions among Latin American nations; it created the Organization of American States

18TH AMENDMENT / VOLSTEAD ACT

Constitutional Amendment and law that launched the prohibition of the sale, transport, and consumption of alcohol; led to speakeasies and the mafia

15TH AMENDMENT

Constitutional Amendment that granted black men the right to vote in 1869.

22nd Amendment

Constitutional amendment passed in 1951 that limits the number of terms a president may be elected to serve

Sixteenth Amendment

Constitutional amendment ratified in 1913 that gives the federal government the authority to establish an income tax

Seventeenth Amendment

Constitutional amendment ratified in 1913 that requires the election of U.S. senators directly by the voters of each state, rather than by state legislatures

Twelfth Amendment

Constitutional amendment, ratified in 1804, that provides for separate balloting in the Electoral College for president and vice president

Thirteenth Amendment

Constitutional amendment, ratified in 1865, that abolished slavery in the United States and its territories

Fourteenth Amendment

Constitutional amendment, ratified in 1868, defining American citizenship and placing restrictions on former Confederates

Fifteenth Amendment

Constitutional amendment, ratified in 1870, that prohibited states from denying the right to vote because of a person's race or because a person had been a slave

Eighteenth Amendment

Constitutional amendment, ratified in 1919, that forbade the manufacture, sale, or transportation of alcoholic beverages

Nineteenth Amendment

Constitutional amendment, ratified in 1919, that prohibited federal or state governments from restricting the right to vote on account of sex

separation of powers

Constitutional division of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, with the legislative branch making law, the executive applying and enforcing the law, and the judiciary interpreting the law

gringo

Contemptuous Latin American term for North Americans.

Jay's Treaty

Controversial 1794 treaty negotiated between the United States and Great Britain by John Jay to ensure American neutrality in the French and English war

Election of 1824

Controversial election . Jackson won the popular vote, and more electoral votes than anyone else, but not the majority, so the House had to choose. Henry Clay persuaded the house to vote for John Adams, so John Adams won, and made Clay secretary of state. Jackson called this the "corrupt bargain"

Second Continental Congress

Convened in May 1775, the Congress opposed the drastic move toward complete independence from Britain. In an effort to reach a reconciliation, the Congress wrote the Olive Branch Petition, offering peace under the conditions that there be a cease-fire in Boston, that the Coercive Acts be repealed, and that negotiations begin immediately. King George III rejected it

CREDIT MOBILIER SCANDAL

Corruption scandal by railroad workers to make huge stock profits

DOMINION OF NEW ENGLAND

Created in 1687, cancelled the New England Confederation, and administered control from the crown via Edmund Andros; ended town meetings.

Kerner Commission

Created in July, 1967 by President Lyndon B. Johnson to investigate the causes of the 1967 race riots in the United States

COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC INFORMATION

Created to rally public support for WWI; headed by George Creel; gave "four minute" and propaganda speeches

SAVINGS AND LOAN CRISIS

Crisis where hundreds of mortgage banks failed in the 1980s; real estate values dropped and the stock market suffered

Hoovervillies

Crudely built camp set up by the homeless on the fringes of a town or city during the Depression; the largest Hooverville was outside Oklahoma City and covered 100 square miles

PLATT AMENDMENT

Cuban constitution drafted in 1902 with American influence; expired in 1934

Fidel Castro

Cuban revolutionary leader who overthrew the corrupt regime of dictator Fulgencio Batista in 1959 and established a Communist state

COMPROMISE OF 1877

Deal that allowed Rutherford B. Hayes to become president in exchange for the end of reconstruction in the south.

adulteration

Debasing a product or substance by substituting poor-quality components ingredients.

BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS

Decisive battle in the War of 1812, American troops under Jackson were victorious.

BATTLE OF SAN JUAN HILL

Decisive battle of the Spanish American War

Ostend Manifesto

Declaration by American foreign ministers in 1854 that if Spain refused to sell Cuba, the United States might be justified in taking it by force

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

Decree passed by Congress in 1964 authorizing the president to take any measures necessary to repel attacks against U.S. forces in Vietnam

First Continental Congress

Delegates from all colonies except Georgia met to discuss problems with Britain, especially the Intolerable Acts, and to promote independence

insubordination

Deliberate disobedience to proper authority.

MARTIN VAN BUREN

Democratic candidate and winner of the election of 1836; carried on Jackson's policies; "Wizard of Albany."

JAMES BUCHANAN

Democratic president on the eve of the Civil War.

WILLIAM JENNINGS BRYAN

Democratic presidential nominee in 1896, gave "Cross of Gold" speech that supported Populist and free silver platform

Harry S. Truman

Democratic senator from Missouri whom Roosevelt selected in 1944 to be his running mate for vice president; in 1945, on Roosevelt's death, Truman became president

Boston Tea Party

Demonstration by citizens of Boston who raided three British ships in Boston harbor disguised as Indians and dumped hundreds of chests of tea into the harbor in a protest against the Tea Act

BARBADOS SLAVE CODE

Denied even the most fundamental rights to slaves and allowed fierce punishment for wrongdoing.

heresy

Departure from correct or officially defined belief.

WILD WEST SHOWS

Depicted cowboys and Indians fighting, featured William "Buffalo Bill" Cody and Annie Oakley (riflewoman).

Copperheads

Derogatory term (the name of a poisonous snake) applied to northerners who supported the South during the Civil War

Carpetbaggers

Derogatory term for the northerners who came ot the South after the Civil War to take part in Reconstruction

Scalawags

Derogatory term for white southerners who aligned themselves with the Republican Party during Reconstruction

piety

Devotion to religious duty and practices.

medievalism

Devotion to the social values, customs, or beliefs thought to be characteristic of the European Middle Ages.

JOHN SLIDELL

Diplomat sent by Polk to Mexico to buy California; he was denied access, leading to Mexican War.

Citizen Genet

Diplomat sent by the French government to bring the United States into France's war with Britain and Spain

PETER STUYVESANT

Director General of New Netherland; expelled the Swedes; was defeated by the English

bellicose

Disposed to fight or go to war.

OREGON DISPUTE

Dispute settled when a line was drawn at 49 degrees - the future border between British Columbia and Washington.

Whiskey Ring

Distillers and revenue officials in St. Louis who were revealed in 1875 to have defrauded the government of millions of dollars in whiskey taxes, with the cooperation of federal officials

ZIMMERMAN NOTE

Document sent by the German foreign secretary that proposed a German- Mexican alliance in WWI; news leaked and infuriated Americans

Neutrality Proclamation of 1793

Document which proclaimed official neutrality in the war between England and France

SQUARE DEAL

Domestic policy of Roosevelt that sought to control corporations, protect consumers, and conserve of natural resources

OKLAHOMA CITY BOMBING

Domestic terrorist bombing of a federal building in 1995.

interposition

To place a barrier between two objects or forces; to Jefferson, the principle of interposition meant that states had the right to use their sovereign power as a barrier between the federal government and the states' citizens when the natural rights of those citizens were at risk

mortgage

To pledge property to a creditor as security for a loan or debt.

STRATEGIC AIR COMMAND (SAC)

To reduce military spending, Eisenhower cut army and navy funds in exchange for high tech bombers; goal was to threaten the U.S.S.R with "massive retaliation" and "mutually assured destruction"

repudiate

To refuse to accept responsibility for paying a bill or debt.

confiscate

To seize private property for public use, often as a penalty.

disestablish

To separate an official state church from its connection with the government.

disenfranchise

To take away the right to vote.

filibuster

To utilize the technique of obstructing legislation by tactics such as making long speeches and introducing irrelevant amendments.

cede

To yield or grant something, often upon request or under pressure. (Anything ceded is a cession.)

John F. Kennedy Jr.

Took oath of president in 1961, inspired Americans with "ask not what your country can do for you-ask what you can do for your country." He funded Peace Corp, Bay of Pigs, He was assassinated in 1963 in Dallas

NORTH AMERICAN FREE TRADE AGREEMENT (NAFTA)

Trade agreement that lowered all tariffs between the U.S., Mexico, and Canada

TRIANGULAR TRADE

Trade system where food/materials went to the Caribbean, Spanish and Portuguese wine and gold went to Europe, and industrial items departed from Europe

DUTCH WEST INDIA COMPANY

Trading company centered in the Caribbean; often resorted to piracy.

Regulars

Trained professional soldiers, as distinct from militia or conscripts.

ANDREW MELLON

Treasury Secretary during the 1920s; often credited with the boom, and sometimes blamed for the bust

Albert Gallatin

Treasury secretary in Jefferson's administration; he favored limited government and reduced the federal debt by cutting spending

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Treaty (1848) in which Mexico gave up Texas above the Rio Grande and ceded New Mexico and California to the United States in return for $15 million

ADAMS ONIS TREATY (1819)

Treaty allowing the U.S. to purchase Florida from Spain in 1819.

FOUR POWER TREATY

Treaty between Britain, Japan, France and the United States to preserve the status quo in the Pacific

Rush-Bagot Agreement

Treaty between the United States and Britain enacted in 1817. It provided for the demilitarization of the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain, where many British naval arrangements and forts still remained. The treaty laid the basis for a demilitarized boundary between the U.S. and British North America

Adams-Onis Treaty

Treaty between the United States and Spain in 1819 that ceded Florida to the United States, ended any Spanish claims in Oregon, and recognized Spanish rights in the American Southwest

Treaty of Paris (1898)

Treaty ending the Spanish-American War, under which Spain granted independence to Cuba, ceded Puerto Rico and Guam to the United States, and sold the Philippines to the United States for $20 million

Treaty of Ghent

Treaty ending the War of 1812, signed in Belgium in 1814; it restored peace but was silent on the issues over which the United States and Britain had gone to war

TREATY OF PARIS (1763)

Treaty in 1763 that ended the French and Indian War; gave Canada and Florida to the British, Louisiana and Cuba to Spain, fishing islets to France.

Treaty of Portsmouth

Treaty in 1905, ending the Russo-Japanese War; negotiated at a conference in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, through Theodore Roosevelt's mediation

TREATY OF GUADALUPE HIDALGO

Treaty negotiated by Nicolas Trist after the Mexican War, secured Texas and the southwest for the U.S.

Treaty of Versailles

Treaty signed in 1919 ending World War I; it imposed harsh terms on Germany, created several territorial mandates, and set up the League of Nations

Kellog-Briand Pact

Treaty signed in 1928 by fifteen nations, including Britain, France, Germany, the United States, and Japan, renouncing war as a means of solving international disputes

Warsaw Pact

Treaty signed in 1945 that formed an alliance of the Eastern European countries behind the Iron Curtain; USSR, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania

TREATY OF TORDESILLAS

Treaty that created a line of demarcation; divided the New World between Spain and Portugal

TREATY OF VERSAILLES OF 1919

Treaty that ended WWI, severely punished and embarrassed Germany, angered Italy and Japan, and paved the way for WWII

Treaty of Paris (1783)

Treaty that ended the Revolutionary War in 1783 and secured Amerian independence

John Dickinson

Drafted a declaration of colonial rights and grievances, and also wrote the series of "Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania" to protest the Townshend Acts. Although an outspoken critic of British policies towards the colonies, Dickinson opposed the Revolution, and, as a delegate to the Continental Congress, refused to sign the Declaration of Independence

COINTELPRO

During Vietnam, Johnson encouraged the FBI to turn its counterintelligence program against the peace movement.

War Production Board

During WWII, FDR established it to allocated scarce materials, limited or stopped the production of civilian goods, and distributed contracts among competing manufacturers

COMMITTEE TO DEFEND AND ASSIST THE ALLIES (CDAAA)

During WWII, this group advocated supporting the Allies, but not sending troops.

AMERICA FIRST COMMITTEE

During WWII, this group was firmly isolationist; Lindberg was their spokesman.

WAR/PEACE DEMOCRATS

During the Civil War, Democrats who were loyal to Lincoln and Union / Democrats who were opposed to the war.

UNION BLOCKADE

During the Civil War, the Union did this to block cotton exports to Europe and food imports to the South.

MIAMI CONFEDERACY

During the Early Republic, the British armed this group of eight Indian nations to terrorize Americans and protect the British Great Lakes fur trade.

SIEGE OF WASHINGTON

During the War of 1812, the British burned down the capital.

34

Dwight Eisenhower (Republican)

VIKINGS

Earliest Europeans to Americas; landed in Nova Scotia around 1000.

FIRST RED SCARE

Early 1920s, Americans were fearful of a communist take over, many bombings; also fearful of all immigrants, like Sacco and Vanzetti; KKK resurfaced, Palmer Raids sought suspects

JACOB A. RIIS

Early muckraker, wrote How the Other Half Lives, which described the dark and dirty slums of New York

WRIGHT BROTHERS/CHARLES LINDBERG

Early pioneers of airplane flight.

Willa Cather

Early-twentieth-century writer, many of whose novels chronicle the lives of immigrants and others on the American frontier

Mercantilism

Economic nationalism used to build a wealthy and powerful state by restraining imports and encouraging exports

PANIC OF 1873

Economic panic caused by overspeculation in land and hyperinflation; led to call for the coinage of silver.

PANIC OF 1857

Economic panic that broke out due to California gold inflating the currency and over speculation in land and railroads; added to tension in the antebellum years.

PANIC OF 1837

Economic recession caused by overspeculation on canals, roads, railroads, and slaves; also by Jackson's use of pet banks; Van Buren got the blame.

STAGFLATION

Economic situation in the 1970s that brought very high inflation with low economic production

Horace Mann

Educator who called for publicly funded education for all children and was head of the first public board of education in the United States

BUFFALO SOLDIERS

Effective black soldiers in the Spanish American War

TREATY OF GHENT

Treaty that ended the War of 1812, reestablished situation before the war, outlawed impressments.

Webster-Ashburton Treaty

Treaty that in 1842 established the presend border between Canada and northeastern Maine

WEBSTER ASHBURTON TREATY

Treaty that settled the Maine border between Canada and the United States; U.S. gained the iron rich Great Lakes region.

Treaty of Fort Laramie

Treaty under which government agreed to close Bozeman trail, and Sioux agreed to live on reserve along Missouri River. The Sioux were forced into this treaty. The treaty was only a temporary to warfare between Native Americans and Whites

Camp David Accords

Treaty, signed at Camp David in 1978, under which Israel returned territory captured from Egypt and Egypt recognized Israel as a nation

SOCIAL GOSPEL

Trend in Christianity in that deemphasized salvation and encouraged helping the poor (Walter Rauschenbusch and Washington Gladden)

NUREMBURG TRIALS

Trials of Nazi war criminals by the Allies; were prosecuted by American Chief Justice Robert Jackson.

SOCIETY FOR THE PROPOGATION OF THE GOSPEL AMONG INDIANS

Effort to Christianize the five "civilized tribes" (Cherokees, Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws, and Seminoles) during the Age of Jackson.

military industrial complex

Eisenhower first coined this phrase when he warned Americans against it in his last State of the Union Address. He feared that the combined lobbying efforts of the armed services and industries that contracted with the military would lead to excessive Congressional spending

EISENHOWER DOCTRINE

Eisenhower vow to come to the aid of any Middle Eastern nation threatened by communism to protect American oil; OPEC later formed

WARREN G. HARDING

Elected in 1920; first of the Republican "Old Guard" to be president after the progressive era; many scandals; died in office.

Embargo Act of 1807

Embargo (a government-ordered trade ban) announced by Jefferson in 1807 in order to pressure Britain and France to accept neutral trading rights; it went into effect in 1808 and closed down all U.S. foreign trade

Separatists

English Protestants who chose toleave the Church of England because they believed it was corrupt

William Penn

English Quaker who founded the colony of Pennsylvania in 1681

Proprietary colony

English colony in which the king gave land to proprietors in exchange for a yearly payment

George Whitefield

English evangelical preacher of the Great Awakening whose charismatic style attracted huge crowds during his preaching tours of the colonies

HUMPHREY GILBERT

English explorer who failed to establish a colony in Newfoundland in 1583.

James Ogelthorpe

English philanthropist who established the colony of Georgia in 1732 as a refuge for debtors

Herbert Spencer

English philosopher and sociologist who applied the theory of natural selection to human societies (1820-1903)

John Locke

English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property

PENTAGON PAPERS

Essays published in the NY Times in 1971; outlined the war blunders of the Kennedy and Johnson administrations

JANE ADDAMS

Established Hull House, helped immigrants get acclimated in American society (Lillian Wald and Florence Kelly Established Henry Street Settlement)

Al-Qaeda

Established by Saudi Osama bin Laden in 1989 as a terrorist network that organizes the activities of militiant Islamic groups which seek to establish a global fundamentalist Islamic order

Office of War Information

Established by the government to promote patriotism and help keep Americans united behind the war effort

NEW NETHERLAND

Established in 1623 by the Dutch West India Company in the Hudson River, NY for fur; purchased Manhattan Island from the Indians for about $30.

Standard Oil

Established in 1870, it was a integrated multinational oil corporation led by Rockefeller

COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE

Europe provided the markets, capital, and technology; Africa provided the slaves; New World provided the raw materials.

BOSTON MASSACRE

Event that took place on March 5, 1770, a crowd of 60 townspeople harassed 10 redcoats, prompting them to fire on the civilians, killing/wounding 11 of them.

CHARLES DARWIN

Evolution pioneer, conservatives rejected modernism, moderates attempted to merge science and religion, modernists ignored the Bible.

Sectionalism

Excessive concern for local or regional interests

genteel

Excessively or pretentiously refined and polite.

Monopoly

Exclusive control by an individual or company of teh production or sale of a product

intrastate

Existing wholly within a state of the United States.

ROBERT LA SALLE

Explored the Mississippi and Gulf basin, naming it "Louisiana" (this checked Spanish penetration into the Gulf region).

Roosevelt Corollary

Extension of the Monroe Doctrine announced by Theodore Roosevelt in 1904, in which he proclaimed the right of the United States to police the Carribean areas

puritanical

Extremely or excessively strict in matters of morals or religion.

COURT PACKING PLAN

FDR plan; asked Congress to expand the Supreme court to 15 justices, which he would fill them with pro New Dealers; public backlash was fierce, and FDR lost popularity.

FOUR FREEDOMS SPEECH

FDR's State of the Union address in 1941; called for freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom from want, freedom from fear; basis for modern liberalism

NEW DEAL

FDR's plan to stimulate the economy during the Depression; called for "relief, recovery, and reform"; helped banks, farmers, and put people to work

FIRESIDE CHATS

FDR's weekly radio addresses to inform the public on government actions

FEDERALISTS

Faction at the Constitutional Convention that favored the new Constitution; led by Madison, Hamilton, Franklin, and Jay

ANTI FEDERALISTS

Faction of the Constitutional Convention that disliked the new Constitution; led by Samuel Adams, Patrick Henry, and Richard Henry Lee

Stalwarts

Faction of the Republican Party led by Roscoe Conkling of New York; Stalwards claimed to be the genuine Republicans

EQUAL RIGHTS AMENDMENT (ERA)

Failed constitutional amendment during the feminist movement that would have banned discrimination based on sex

BATTLE OF YORKTOWN

Fall 1781; decisive battle of the Revolution where General Cornwallis was surrounded by Generals Washington, Rochambeau, and Admiral de Grasse

ZENGER CASE

Famous case in the colonial era that paved the way for freedom of the press and eventually the antagonisms of Revolution.

SEVENTH OF MARCH SPEECH

Famous speech by Daniel Webster in 1850; urged North and South to compromise and that a new fugitive slave law be formed.

JOHN BROWN

Fanatical abolitionist who killed five at Pottawatomie Creek, seized the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry in western Virginia, and was hanged and became a martyr.

McNary-Haugen Bill

Farm relief bill that provided for government purchase of crop surplses during years of large output; Coolidge vetoed it in 1927 and in 1928

SHAYS' REBELLION

Farmer revolt to prevent foreclosures; signaled the failure of the Articles of Confederation

NEW DEAL OPPONENTS

Father Charles Coughlin, a Catholic radio host; Senator Huey P. Long of Louisiana, publicized his "Share Our Wealth" program, was later killed; Francis E. Townsend, who fought for payments to the elderly.

HENRY FORD

Father of the gasoline engine; launched automobile industry, produced the single style Model T

War Industries Board

Federal agency headed by Bernard Baruch that coordinated American production during World War I

FORT SUMPTER

Federal fort in South Carolina, attack by Confederacy; first shots of the Civil War

FREEDMAN'S BUREAU

Federal program to assimilate liberated slaves and provide supplies for them after emancipation.

internal improvements

Federal projects, such as canals and roads, created to develop the nation's transportation system

National Labor Union

Federation of trade unions and reform societies organized at Baltimore in 1866; it lasted only six years but helped push through a law limiting government employees to an eight-hour workday

commission

Fee paid to an agent in a transaction, usually as a percentage of the sale.

Betty Friedan

Feminist who wrote The Feminine Mystique in 1963 and helped found the National Organization for Women in 1966

WOODHULL AND CLAFLIN

Feminists who published a magazine that advocated free love, was anti-Christianity, and promoted the "new morality" for women; condemned by Anthony Comstock.

nationalism

Fervent belief and loyalty given to the political unit of the nation-state.

AARON BURR

Fiery Vice President of Jefferson who hated Hamilton and killed him in a duel; part of a conspiracy to take over Louisiana.

ALEXANDER HAMILTON

First Treasury Secretary, advocated assumption, a U.S. Bank, and excise taxes; rival of Jefferson

ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION

First constitution of the United States, weak Congress, strong states, led to economic and political upheaval.

Comstock Lode

First discovered in 1858 by Henry Comstock, some of the most plentiful and valuable silver was found here, causing many Californians to migrate here and settle Nevada

PANIC OF 1819

First financial panic in U.S.; main cause was the over speculation in frontier lands.

BATTLE OF FIRST BULL RUN

First major battle of the Civil War; won by the Confederacy.

VAUDEVILLE/BARNUM AND BAILEY

First major circuses to entertain the middle class.

D.W. GRIFFITH

First major filmmaker of the 1920s; first full length film was Birth of a Nation.

American Temperance Society

First national organization to protest the abuse of alcohol. They demanded the "total" abstinence and pressured churches to expel members who condoned alcohol

National Road

First national road building project funded by Congress. It made travel and transportation of goods much easier because it was one continuous road that was in good condition

JAMESTOWN

First permanent English settlement (1607), near Chesapeake Bay, VA; led by John Smith.

Jamestown, VA

First permanent English settlement in mainland America, established in 1607 by the Virginia Company and named in honor of King James I

Samuel Gompers

First president of the American Federation of Labor; he sought to divorce labor organizing from politics and stressed practical demands involving wages and hours

TARIFF OF 1816

First protective tariff in America.

LEXINGTON AND CONCORD

First shots fired in the Revolution.

Baltimore and Ohio Railroad

First steam railroad commissioned in the United States; it resorted to using horse-drawn cars after a stagecoach horse beat its pioneer locomotive in a race

BILL OF RIGHTS

First ten amendments to the Constitution, drafted by Madison, placed limitations of government and protects natural rights.

menial

Fit for servants; humble or low.

prohibition

Forbidding by law the manufacture, sake, or consumption of liquor.

Trail of Tears

Forced march of the Cherokee people from Georgia to Indian Territory in Oklahoma during the winter of 1838; thousands of Cherokees died

MONROE DOCTRINE

Foreign policy issued in 1823 that denied the right of Europeans to colonize in the western hemisphere and the U.S. would not intervene in foreign wars.

aliens

Foreigners; also, persons resident in but not citizens of a country.

CONGRESS OF INDUSTRIAL ORGANIZATIONS (CIO)

Formed by John Lewis as a union for unskilled labor; later merged with the American Federation of Labor.

Free Soil party

Formed in 1847 - 1848, dedicated to opposing expansion of slavery in newly acquired territories such as Oregon and ceded Mexican territory

Booker T. Washington

Former slave who became an educator and founded Tuskegee Institute, a leading black educational institution; he urged southern African Americans to accept disfranchisement and segregation for the time being

Fort Sumter

Fort at the mouth of the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina; it was the scene of the opening engagement of teh Civil War in April 1861

MARY BAKER EDDY

Founded Church of Christian Science, preached that the true practice of Christianity heals sickness.

Carrie A. Nation

Founded WCTU to outlaw selling/drinking alcohol. She was married to an abusive man that she killed with an axe and she didn't get punished for it. She formed a group that walked into bars with axes

AMERICAN FEDERATION OF LABOR (AFL)

Founded in 1886 by Samuel Gompers, sought for better wages, hours, and working conditions through walkout and the boycott

International Workers of the World

Founded in Chicago in June 1905 at a convention of two hundred socialists, anarchists, and radical trade unionists from all over the United States (mainly the Western Federation of Miners) who were opposed to the policies of the American Federation of Labor. Members were also known as Wobblies

JAMES OGLETHORPE

Founder of Georgia in 1733, also led English forces in King George's War

Joseph Smith

Founder of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, also known as the Mormon Church, who transcribed the Book of Mormon and led his congregation westward from New York to Illinois, he was later murdered by an anti-Mormon mob

W.E.B. DU BOIS

Founder of the NAACP; urged blacks to aggressively seek equality

Virginia Plan

Fourteen proposals by the Virginia delegation to the Constitutional Convention for creating a more powerful central government and giving states proportional representation in a bicameral legislature

BERLIN AND MILAN DECREES

France's policy in the early 1800s that ordered its navy to capture all foreign ships (including American) headed for British ports.

32

Franklin D. Roosevelt (Democrat)

14

Franklin Pierce (Democrat)

Woodstock

Free rock concert in Woodstock, New York, in August 1969; it attracted 400,000 people and was remembered as the classic expression of the counterculture

immunity

Freedom or exemption from some imposition

ANTOINE CADILLAC

French explorer who founded Detroit in 1701 to thwart English settlers pushing into the Ohio Valley.

Jacques Cartier

French explorer who, by navigating the St. Lawrence River in 1534, gave France its primary claim to territories in the New World

Alexis de Tocqueville

French traveler and historian who toured the United States in 1831 and wrote Democracy in America, a classic study of American institutions and the American character

voyageurs

French-Canadian fur traders and adventurers.

coureurs des bois

French-Canadian fur trappers; literally, "runners of the wood."

NEW SWEDEN

From 1638-1655, the Swedish trespassed on Dutch preserves by planting this colony along the Delaware River

fecund

Fruitful in the bearing numerous children.

QUEBEC ACT

Gave French Canadian Catholics freedom of religion, expanded Canada's borders, was a bad precedent for Americans

HAY-BUNAU VARILLA TREATY

Gave the U.S. control of a 10 mile zone around the proposed Panama Canal; paid $10 million to Colombia and $40 million to New Panama Canal Company

Chiang Kai-shek

General and leader of Nationalist China after 1925. Although he succeeded Sun Yat-sen as head of the Guomindang, he became a military dictator whose major goal was to crush the communist movement led by Mao Zedong. (p. 788)

Andrew Jackson

General who defeated the Creeks at Horseshoe Bend in 1814 and the British at New Orleans in 1815; he later became the seventh president of the United States

43

George Bush (Republican)

41

George H.W. Bush (Republican)

1

George Washington (No party)

Henry Knox

George Washington's 1st Secretary of War

38

Gerald Ford (Republican)

BARON VON STEUBEN

German drill sergeant that whipped American troops into shape during the Revolution.

Karl Marx

German journalist and philosopher, founder of the Marxist branch of socialism. He is known for two books: The Communist Manifesto (1848) and Das Kapital (Vols. I-III, 1867-1894)

Hessians

German soldiers from the state of Hesse who were hired by Britain to fight in the American Revolution

HESSIANS

German soldiers hired by the British during the Revolution; they frequently deserted

Henry Kissinger

German-born American diplomat who was President Nixon's national security adviser and secretary of state; he helped negotiate the cease-fire in Vietnam

LONDON CONFERENCE

Global conference in 1933, consisted of 66 nations to address the global depression; fell apart when U.S. vacated

WASHINGTON NAVAL CONFERENCE

Global summit of major powers in 1921; had the objective of disarmament

hard money

Gold and Silver coins, as distinguished from paper money.

HOUSE OF BURGESSES

Governing body established in 1619 in Virginia; first legislative body in the colonies.

WAR LABOR BOARD

Government agency during WWII that sought to limit wage increases and strikes

OFFICE OF PRICE ADMINISTRATION

Government agency that controlled inflationary prices during WWII.

WAR PRODUCTION BOARD

Government agency that organized America's industries to only make items essential to the WWII effort

FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION (FTC)

Government body created to oversee industries engaged in interstate commerce, and to crush monopolies and unfair trade practices

despotism

Government by an absolute or tyrannical ruler.

plutocracy

Government by the wealthy.

Robert La Follette

Governor of Wisconsin who instituted reforms such as direct primaries, tax reform, and anticorruption measures in Wisconsin

William Howard Taft

Governor of the Philippines from 1901 to 1904; he was elected president of the United States in 1908 and became chief justice of the Supreme Court in 1921

MEDICARE/MEDICAID/WELFARE

Great Society programs that provide health care for the elderly, the poor, and assistance to the poor and unemployed.

AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY

Group focused on transporting blacks back to Africa; Liberia was founded in 1822 (the capital was Monrovia); 15,000 blacks went.

THE ASSOCIATION

Group in the Continental Congress that called for a complete boycott of British goods.

ANTI IMPERIALIST LEAGUE

Group of Americans, including Czar Reed and Mark Twain, that opposed American imperialism

ROUGH RIDERS

Group of volunteer soldiers in the Spanish American War, led by Teddy Roosevelt

DOMESTIC FEMINISM

Group of women in the mid-1800s who resisted suffrage by arguing that women possessed prestige in the home.

Lost Generation

Group of writers in 1920s who shared the belief that they were lost in a greedy, materialistic world that lacked moral values and often choose to flee to Europe

THE GRANGE

Group organized in 1867; objective was to enhance the lives of isolated farmers through social, educational, and fraternal activities.

BLACK PANTHERS

Group originated by Stokley Carmichael; furthered militant civil rights by openly carrying weapons in the streets of Oakland

WOMEN'S CHRISTIAN TEMPERANCE UNION

Group started by Frances Willard, campaigned against saloons and unwholesome society

COMMITTEE TO REELECT THE PRESIDENT (CREEP)

Group that broke into Democratic headquarters in 1972, began the Watergate scandal

POPULISTS

Group that called for nationalizing the railroads, telephones, and telegraph; income tax, loans for farmers, and free and unlimited coinage of silver.

CAJUNS

Group that was uprooted from Acadia (Canada) after Queen Anne's War; French speakers; scattered to the lower Mississippi?mainly New Orleans.

22

Grover Cleveland (Democrat)

24

Grover Cleveland (Second Administration Democrat)

Seventh Amendment

Guarantees a jury trial in federal civil court cases. This type of case is normally no longer heard in federal court

Sixth Amendment

Guarantees a speedy trial, an impartial jury, and that the accused can confront witnesses against them, and that the accused must be allowed to have a lawyer

Eighth Amendment

Guarantees that punishments will be fair, and not cruel, and that extraordinarily large fines will not be set

Third Amendment

Guarantees that the army cannot force homeowners to give them room and board in times of peace or war

WALTER RALEIGH

Half brother of Humphrey Gilbert; set up a failed colony at Roanoke Virginia 1585 (named for Queen Elizabeth).

Report on Manufactures

Hamilton's plan to increase the growth and development of manufacturing. accomplished through tariffs, loans, grants, excise taxes to raise revenue, and subsidies. He argued that it benefited everyone in the long run

bare-knuckle

Hard, unrestrained, brutal.

Teapot Dome scandal

Harding's Secretary of the Interior, Albert B. Fall, secretly allowed private interest to lease lands containing U.S. Navy oil reserves at Teapot Dome, Wyoming, and Elk Hills, California

33

Harry S. Truman (Democrat)

Governor William Berkeley

He was a British colonial governor of Virginia from 1642-52. Monopolized the fur trade and showed that he had favorites in his second term which led to the Bacon's rebellion in 1676 ,which he ruthlessly surpressed.

Gifford Pinchot

Head of the Forestry Service from 1898 to 1910; he promoted conservation and urged careful planning in the use of natural resources

NATIONAL WAR LABOR BOARD

Headed by Taft, mediated between owners and workers in order to avoid strikes and stoppages during WWI

REPUBLICAN MOTHERHOOD

Held the belief that children should be raised to uphold the ideals of republicanism; women were the keepers of the nation's consciousness.

31

Herbert Hoover (Republican)

TUSKEEGEE AIRMEN

Heroic all African American air squadron in WWII

BILLION DOLLAR CONGRESS

High spending Republican Congress of the 1880s; raised tariffs, gave to veterans, increased government purchases on silver

dogmatic

Holding to strong ideas or opinions without evidence or proof.

RECONSTRUCTION FINANCE CORPORATION

Hoover's plan to stimulate the economy during the Depression; attempted to "prime the pump" by assisting insurance companies, banks, farmers, and state and local governments

GOOD NEIGHBOR POLICY

Hoover's pledge for better relations with Latin America; withdrew American troops from Latin America; continued by FDR

GAG RESOLUTION

House resolution from 1836-44 that prevented abolition bills from being debated.

Joseph Pulitzer

Hungarian-born newspaper publisher whose New York World printed sensational stories about Cuba that helped precipitate the Spanish-American War

Edward Teller

Hungarian-born physicist who worked on the first atom bombs and the first hydrogen bomb with the United States

MANIFEST DESTINY

Idea during the early and mid 1800s that God wanted America to move westward to the Pacific.

Utopian Societies

Idealistic reform sentiment based on the belief that a perfect society can be created on Earth and that a particular group or leader has the knowledge to actually create such a society

Abraham Lincoln

Illinois lawyer and politician who argued against popular sovereignty in debates with Stephen Douglas in 1858; he lost the senatorial election to Douglas but was elected president in 1860

Stephen A. Douglas

Illinois senator who tried to reconcile northern and southern differences over slavery through the Compromise of 1850 and the Kansas-Nebraska Act

IRISH IMMIGRATION

Immigration group, 1.5 million in the 1840s; mostly poor Catholic; fought blacks for jobs in NY and Boston.

ARAB OIL EMBARGO

Implemented by OPEC after the U.S. supported Israel in the Six Day War; beginning of the energy crisis

HALF WAY COVENANT

In 1662, this modified the agreement between the Puritan church and its adherents, to admit to baptism on the unconverted children of existing members.

POPE'S REBELLION

In 1680, Pueblo Indians resisted conversion to Catholicism in this event

NEW YORK CITY SLAVE REVOLT

In 1712, this revolt in New York cost the lives of 12 whites and caused the execution of 21 blacks by fire.

STONO RIVER REVOLT

In 1739, South Carolinian slaves tried to march to Spanish Florida but were stopped by a local militia.

WHISKEY REBELLION

In 1794, Pennsylvania distillers opposed and fought the 1791 excise tax on whiskey; Washington aggressively sent in troops.

South Carolina Exposition and Protest

In 1828 Calhoun anonymously wrote this widely circulated book which he spelled out his argument that the tariff of 1828 was unconstitutional and that aggrieved states therefore had the right to nullify the law within their borders

BROOKS-SUMNER EPISODE

In 1856, abolitionist Senator Charles Sumner was caned and nearly killed by the pro-slave Senator Preston Brooks.

Niagara Movement

In 1905 Dubois started this movement at Niagara Falls, and four years later joined with white progressives sympathetic to their cause. They formed the NAACP, the new organization later led to the drive for equal rights

Nye Committee

In 1934 Senator Gerald P. Nye of North Dakota held hearings to investigate the country's involvement on WWI; this committee documented the huge profits that arms factories had made during the war

Dien Bien Phu

In 1954, Vietnamese rebels besieged a French garrison at Dien Bien Phu, deep in the interior of northern Vietnam. In May, after the United States refused to intervene, Dien Bien Phu fell to the communists

Iranian hostage crisis

In 1979, Iranian fundamentalists seized the American embassy in Tehran and held fifty-three American diplomats hostage for over a year. The Iranian hostage crisis weakened the Carter presidency; the hostages were finally released on January 20, 1981, the day Ronald Reagan became president

regulatory commission

In American government, any of the agencies established to control a special sphere of business or other activity; members are usually appointed by the president and confirmed by Congress.

favorite sons

In American politics, presidential candidates who are nominated by their own state, primarily out of local loyalty.

nullification

In American politics, the assertion that a state may legally invalidate a federal act deemed inconsistent with its rights or sovereignty.

denominations

In American religion, the major branches of Christianity, organized into separate national churches structures, e.g., Presbyterians, Baptists, Disciples of Christ.

Territory

In American, government an organized political entity not yet enjoying full equal terms of a state.

admiralty courts

In British law, special administrative courts designed to handle maritime cases without a jury.

visible saints

In Calvinism, those who publicly proclaimed their experience of conversion and were expect to lead godly lives.

elect

In Calvinist doctrine, those who have been chosen by God for salvation.

LEISLER'S REBELLION

In New York, animosity between lordly landholders and aspiring merchants fueled this bloody insurgence from 1689-1691.

calling

In Protestantism, the belief that saved individuals have a religious obligation to engage in worldly work.

Central Powers

In World War I, the coalition of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire

pool

In business, an agreement to divide a given market in order to avoid competition.

middlemen

In commerce, those who stand between the producer and the retailer or consumer.

depression

In economics, a severe and often prolonged period of declining economic activity, rising unemployment, and falling wages and prices.

boom

In economics, period of sudden, spectacular expansion of business activity or prices.

protection (protective)

In economics, the policy of stimulating or preserving domestic producers by placing barriers against imported goods, often through high tariffs.

productivity

In economics, the relative capacity to produce goods and services, measured in terms of the number of workers and machines needed to create goods in a certain length of time.

INDENTURED SERVITUDE

In exchange for working, these colonists received transatlantic passage and eventual "freedom dues" (food, clothes, land)

reserve

In finance, the portion of money held back from circulation by a bank or treasury, which provides backing for its notes or loans.

meridian

In geography, any of the lines of longitude running north and south on the globe.

resolution

In government, a formal statement of policy or judgment by a legislature, but requiring no statute.

franchise

In government, a special privilege or license granted to a company or group to perform a specific function.

syndicated

In journalism, material that is sold by an organization for publication in several newspapers.

precedent

In law and government, a decision or action that establishes a sanctioned rule for determining similar cases in the future.

contract

In law, an agreement in which each of two or more parties agrees to perform some act in exchange for what the other party promises to do.

negligence

In law, the failure to take a reasonable care, resulting in injury to another person.

robber barons

In medieval times, a feudal aristocrat who laid exorbitant charges on all who crossed his territory; in powerful industrial and financial figures, especially those who disregarded the public interest in their haste to make profits

dark horse

In politics, a candidate with little apparent support who unexpectedly wins a nomination or election.

minister

In politics, a person appointed by the head of the state to take charge of some department agency of government.

recall

In politics, a procedure for removing an official from office through popular election or other means.

reaction (reactionary)

In politics, extreme conservatism, looking to restore the conditions of an earlier time.

progressive

In politics, one who believes in continuing progress, improvement, or reform.

partition

In politics, the act of dividing a weaker territory or government among several more powerful states.

direct primary

In politics, the nomination of a party's candidates for office through a special election of that party's voters.

initiative

In politics, the procedure whereby voters can, through petition, present proposed legislation directly to the electorate.

self-determination

In politics, the right of a people to assert its own national identity or form of government without outside influence.

self-determination

In politics, the right of a people to shape its own national identity and form of government, without outside coercion of influence.

draft

In politics, to choose an individual to run for office without that person's prior solicitation of the nomination,

revival

In religion, a movement of renewed enthusiasm and commitment, often accompanied by special meetings or evangelical activity.

SPACE RACE

In response to Sputnik, the U.S. improved its space program with NASA; it launched satellites, and created the NDEA.

Sussex Ultimatum

In response to the German torpedoes Sussex steamer, Wilson told Germany that if they didnt stop sinking merchant ships with warning, he would break diplomatic relations

SCALAWAGS

In the Gilded Age, former southern Democrats formed alliances with freedmen and Republicans to seize control of politics in the South.

BATTLE OF BALTIMORE

In the War of 1812, Americans survived British naval onslaught at Fort McHenry; Star Spangled Banner was written.

SONS OF LIBERTY

In the colonies, this underground terrorist group compromised British efforts to keep order; initiated the Boston Tea Party.

CAROLINA CAMPAIGN

In this 1778 campaign of the Revolution, British-backed loyalists in the South were defeated by Nathaniel Greene.

GREAT STEEL STRIKE

In this event, thousands went on strike because inflation threatened to eliminate wage gains; blacks served as scabs; riots led to deaths in Chicago and East St. Louis

NEW YORK CAMPAIGN

In this summer 1776 campaign during the Revolution, the British, under Howe repeatedly defeated the Americans and forced them to flee to New Jersey.

middlemen

In trading systems, those dealers who operate between the original buyers and the retail merchants who sell to consumers.

Little Rock Nine

Incident in which nine African-American students were prevented from attending Little Rock Central High in 1957 during the Civil Rights Movement

ALIEN AND SEDITION ACTS

Increased naturalization period in order to decreased immigrant supporters for Jefferson; made it illegal to criticize the government.

ROSS PEROT

Independent candidate in 1992; divided Republican vote, paved way for election of Bill Clinton.

Tennessee Valley Authority

Independent public corporation created by Congress in 1933 and authorized to construct dams and power plants in the Tennessee River valley region

Ghost Dance

Indian religion centered on a ritual dance; it held out the promise of an Indian messiah who would banish the whites bring back the buffalo, and restore the land to the Indians

TECUMSEH

Indian who unified tribes to fight Americans; tribes were defeated at Tippecanoe by Harrison and Horseshoe bend by Jackson.

JACKSON POLLACK

Influential painter of the abstract expressionist movement in the 1940s and 1950s.

Triple Entente

Informal alliance that linked France, Great Britain, and Russia in the years before World War I

War on terror

Initiated by President George W. Bush after the attacks of September 11, 2001, the broadly defined war on terror aimed to weed out terrorist operatives and their supporters throughout the world

hinterland

Inland region back from a port, river, or the seacoast.

Half-Breeds

Insulting name that Roscoe Conkling gave to his opponents (especially James Blaine) within the Republican Party to suggest that they were not fully committed to Republican ideals

sabotage

Intentional destruction or damage of goods, machines, or productive processes.

CUMBERLAND ROAD

Internal improvement project began in 1811, completed in 1852; the "national road" went from Maryland to Illinois.

TRANSCONTINENTAL RAILROAD

Internal improvement that went from Houston to Los Angeles; the U.S. made the Gadsden Purchase from Mexico to complete it.

United Nations

International organization established in 1945 to maintain peace among nations and foster cooperation in human rights, education, health, welfare, and trade

detente

Introduced by Secretary of State Henry Kissinger and Richard Nixon, this was the relaxing of tensions between the U.S. and the Soviet Union in the early 1970s, which led to increased diplomatic, commercial, and cultural contact

THOMAS EDISON

Invented the phonograph, light bulb, and moving pictures (film)

ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL

Invented the telephone

Henry Ford

Inventor and manufacturer who founded teh Ford Motor Company in 1903 and pioneered mass production in teh auto industry

ELI WHITNEY

Inventor of the cotton gin (which regenerated slavery)

JOHN DEERE

Inventor who developed a steel plow in 1837 that could till the rocky soil of the west.

CYRUS McCORMICK

Inventor who developed the mower reaper that could harvest wheat five times faster than before.

ROBERT FULTON

Inventor who developed the steamboat; became valuable shipping link between sections.

BENJAMIN FRANKLIN

Inventor, scientist, politician; editor of the popular newspaper Poor Richard's Almanac; the "first American"

funding at par

It meant that the federal government would pay off its debts at face value with interest

Sacco and Vanzetti

Italian anarchists convicted in 1929 of the murder of a Braintree, Massachusetts, factory paymaster and theft of a $16,000 payroll; in spite of public protests on their behalf, they were electrocuted it 1927

CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS

Italian seafarer who sailed for Spain, sought western route to China, landed in Caribbean.

Al Capone

Italian-born American gangster who ruthlessly ruled the Chicago underword until he was imprisoned for tax evasion in 1931

1880s IMMIGRATION

Italians, Jews, and Eastern Europeans migrate to the U.S. in this decade (2,000 a day); slums developed.

The Big Four

Italy, France, England, and the U.S. 4 powers who met at Versallies to discuss peace

Kitchen Cabinet

Jackson's group of unofficial advisors consisting of newspaper editors and Democratic leaders that met to discuss current issues. Jackson used the Kitchen Cabinet more than his official Cabinet, who fought so much they could hardly function

Marcus Garvey

Jamaican black nationalist active in America in the 1920s

20

James A. Garfield (Republican)

15

James Buchanan (Democrat)

39

James Carter, Jr (Democrat)

11

James K. Polk (Democrat)

4

James Madison (Republican)

5

James Monroe (Democratic Republican)

Casablanca Conference

January 1943 conference between FDR and Churchill that produces Unconditional Surrender doctrine (unconditional surrender of axis powers)

TET OFFENSIVE

January 1968, the Viet Cong attacked 27 key South Vietnamese cities, including Saigon; Americans watched on TV, demanded end to the war

Hiroshima

Japanese city that was the target, on August 6, 1945, of teh first atomic bomb, called "Little Boy"

"Revolution of 1800"

Jefferson's election changed the direction of the government from Federalist to Democratic- Republican, so it was called a "revolution"

REVOLUTION OF 1800

Jefferson's name of 1800 election; signaled changed from Federalists to Jeffersonians

patronage

Jobs or favors distributed on a political basis, usually as rewards for loyalty or service

2

John Adams (Federalist)

35

John F. Kennedy (Democrat)

NEW FRONTIER

John F. Kennedy's policy slogan; aimed to boost the economy, to provide international aid, provide for national defense, and to boost the space program

6

John Quincy Adams (National Republican)

10

John Tyler (Whig)

"City on a Hill"

John Winthrop wanted Massachusetts Bay Colony to be a Puritan model society based on Christian principles, a society that others could 'look up to'

contiguous

Joined together by common borders.

Atlantic Charter

Joint statement issued by Roosevelt and Churchill in 1941 to formulate American and British postwar aims of international economic and political cooperation

VIRGINIA COMPANY OF LONDON

Joint stock company, received a charter from King James I of England for a settlement in the New World; wanted to find gold and a passage to the East Indies.

MUCKRACKERS

Journalists who exposed the ills of society, paved the way for progressivism

Suez crisis

July 26, 1956, Nasser (leader of Egypt) nationalized the Suez Canal. October 29, British, French and Israeli forces attacked Egypt. UN forced British to withdraw; made it clear Britain was no longer a world power

BATTLE OF BUNKER HILL

June 1775, first major battle of the Revolution; Americans captured hill, but retreated when gunpowder ran out.

Alf Landon

Kansas governor who ran unsuccessfully for president on the Republican ticket in 1936

John J. Crittenden

Kentucky senator who made an unsuccessful attempt to prevent the Civil War by proposing a series of constitutional amendments protecting slavery south of the Missouri Compromise line

Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO)

Labor organization established in 1938 by a group of powerful unions that left the AFL to unionize workers by industry rather than by trade

Mexican Cession

Land that Mexico gave to the United States after the Mexican War through the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo; included in what is now California, Nevada, and Utah; most of Arizona and New Mexico and parts of Colorado, Texdas, and Wyoming

gentry

Landowners of substantial property, social standing, and leisure, but not titled nobility.

Frederick Law Olmstead

Landscape architect who drew the plan for Greensward, more recently known as Central Park

JAMES K POLK

Last Jacksonian president, goals were annexation of California, to settle the Oregon dispute, and lower the tariff.

DUST BOWL

Late in 1933 a prolonged drought struck the Great Plains; caused by over cultivation; described in The Grapes of Wrath.

posterity

Later descendants or subsequent generations.

GENERAL MOTORS

Launched by William Durant in 1908, in competition with Ford, gave consumers options (Chevy, Pontiac, Olds, etc) and financing (GMAC).

ENVIRONMENTAL MOVEMENT

Launched in the 1970s to clean air and water; created the Environmental Protection Agency; later led to the green movement.

NATIONAL BANKING ACT

Launched to stimulate the sale of government bonds and establish a standard banknote currency ("greenbacks") during the Civil War.

PURE FOOD AND DRUG ACT

Law designed to prevent the adulteration and mislabeling of foods and pharmaceuticals.

Judiciary Act of 1789

Law establishing the Supreme Court and the lower federal courts; it gave the Supreme Court the right to review state laws and state court decisions to determine their constitutionality

ENROLLMENT ACT (1863)

Law implementing a Union draft; one could pay $300 for exemption; led to riots in New York.

DAWES ACT OF 1887

Law in 1887 that dissolved many tribes as legal entities, wiped out tribal ownership of land, Indians could get citizenship if they assimilated.

DECLARATORY ACT

Law issued by the British on the colonies to reaffirm its right to bind the colonies in all cases

LEND LEASE ACT

Law passed after the fall of Britain during WWII; allowed the U.S. to loan munitions to Allies in WWII; kept U.S. boys at home

Non-Intercourse Act

Law passed by Congress in 1809 reopening trade with all nations except France and Britain and authorizing the president to reopen trade with them if they lifted restrictions on American shipping

Macon's Bill No. 2

Law passed by Congress in 1810 that offered exclusive trading rights to France or Britain, whichever recognized American neutral rights first

Indian Removal Act

Law passed by Congress in 1830 providing for the removal of all Indian tribes east of the Mississippi and the purchase of western lands for their resettlement

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Law passed by Congress in 1854 that allowed residents of Kansas and Nebraska territories to decide whether to allow slavery within their borders

Pacific Railroad Act

Law passed by Congress in 1862 that gave loans and land to the Central Pacific and Union Pacific Railroad companies to subsidize construction of a rail line between Omaha and the Pacific Coast

Homestead Act

Law passed by Congress in 1862 that offered ownership of 160 acres of designated public lands to any citizen who lived on and improved the land for five years

conscription

Law passed by Congress in 1863 that established a draft but allowed wealthy people to escape it by hiring a substitute or paying the government a $300 fee

Bland-Allison Act

Law passed by Congress in 1878 providing for federal purchase of limited amounts of silver to be coined tnto silver dollars

Chinese Exclusion Act

Law passed by Congress in 1882 that prohibited Chinese laborers from entering the United States; it was extended periodically until World War II

Pendleton Civil Service Act

Law passed by Congress in 1883 that created the Civil Service Commission and instituted the merit system for federal hiring and jobs

Dawes Severalty Act

Law passed by Congress in 1887 intended to break up Indian reservations to create individual farms (holding land in severalty) rather than maintaining common ownership of the land; surplus lands were to be sold and the proceeds used to fund Indian education

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

Law passed by Congress in 1890 authorizing the federal government to prosecute any "combination" "in restrain of trade"; because of adverse court rulings, at first it was ineffective as a weapon against monopolies

Foraker Act

Law passed by Congress in 1900 that established civilian government in Puerto Rico; it provided for an elected legislature and a governor appointed by the U.S. president

Elkins Act

Law passed by Congress in 1903 that supplemented the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 by penalizing railroads that paid rebates

Pure Food and Drug Act

Law passed by Congress in 1906 forbidding the sale of impure and improperly labeled food and drugs

Meat Inspection Act

Law passed by Congress in 1906 requiring federal inspection of meatpacking

Hepburn Act

Law passed by Congress in 1906 that authorized the Interstate Commerce Commission to set maximum railroad rates and regulate other forms of transportation

Mann Act

Law passed by Congress in 1910, designed to supress prostitution; it made transporting a woman across state lines for immoral purposes illegal

Federal Reserve Act

Law passed by Congress in 1913 establishing twelve regional Federal Reserve Banks to hold the cash reserves of commercial banks and a Federal Reserve Board to regulate aspects of banking

Underwood Tariff

Law passed by Congress in 1913 that substantially reduced tariffs and made up for the lost revenue by providing for a graduated income tax

Clayton Anti-Trust Act

Law passed by Congress in 1914 banning monopolistic business practices such as price fixing and interlocking directorates; it also exempted farmers' organizations and unions from prosecution under antitrust laws

Federal Trade Commission

Law passed by Congress in 1914 that outlawed unfair methods of competition in interstate commerce and created a commission appointed by the president to investigate illegal business practices

National Origins Act

Law passed by Congress in 1924, establishing quotas for immigration to the United States; it limited immigration from southern and eastern Europe, permitted larger numbers of immigrants from northern and western Europe, and prohibited immigration from Asia

National Industrial Recovery Administration

Law passed by Congress in 1933 establishing the National Recovery Administraion to supervise industry and the Public Works Administration to create jobs

Indian Reorganization Act

Law passed by Congress in 1934 that ended Indian allotment and returned surplus land to tribal ownership; it also sought to encourage tribal selfgovernment and to improve economic conditions on reservations

Social Security Act

Law passed by Congress in 1935 to create systems of unemployment, old-age, and disablility insurance and to provide for child welfare

Fair Labor Standards Act

Law passed by Congress in 1938 that established a minimum wage and a maximum work-week and forbade labor by children under 16

Burke-Wadsworth Act

Law passed by Congress in 1940 creating the first peacetime draft in American history

Lend-Lease Act

Law passed by Congress in 1941 providing that any country whose security was vital to U.S. interests could recieve arms and equipment by sale, transfer, or lease from the United States

Smith-Connally War Labor Disputes Act

Law passed by Congress in 1943 authorizing the government to seize plants in which labor disputes threatened war production; it was later used to take over the coal mines

G.I. Bill

Law passed by Congress in 1944 to provide financial and educational benefits for American veterans after World WAr II; G.I. stands for "government issue"

Taft-Hartley Act

Law passed by Congress in 1947 banning closed chops, permitting employers to sue unions for broken contracts, and requiring unions to observe a cooling-off period before striking

McCarran Internal Security Act

Law passed by Congress in 1950 requiring Communists to register with the U.S. attorney general and making it a crime to conspire to establish a totalitarian government in the United States

WAR POWERS ACT

Law passed by Congress over Nixon's veto; requires the president to notify the Congress of military operations, which they can end, and the President cannot veto

Neutrality Act of 1939

Law passed by Congress repealing the arms embargo and authorizing cash-and-carry exports of arms and munitions even to belligerent nations

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Law passed by Congress that outlawed literacy and other voting tests and authorized federal supervision of elections in areas where black voting had been restricted

Sherman Silver Purchase Act

Law passed by Congresss in 1890 requiring the federal government to increase its purchase of silver to be coined into silver dollars

Glass-Steagall Act

Law passed by congress in 1932 that expanded credit through the Federal Resere System in order to counteract foreign withdrawals and domestic hoarding of money

JUDICIARY ACT OF 1801

Law passed by the expiring Federalist Congress; created 16 new federal judgeships, were filled by Adams' "midnight Judges."

CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1866

Law passed in 1866 that gave citizenship to all blacks; was a response to the black codes.

NEUTRALITY ACT OF 1939

Law passed when WWII began; lifted embargoes on Allies; adopted a "cash and carry" policy for munitions sales

MISSOURI COMPROMISE

Law proposed by Clay in 1820; Missouri becomes a slave state, and slavery was outlawed north of 36'30 line.

Missouri Compromise

Law proposed by Henry Clay in 1820 admitting Missouri to the Union as a slave state and Maine as a free state and banning slavery in the Louisiana Territory north of latitude 30 degrees 30'

Fugitive Slave Law

Law providing for the return of escaped slaves to their owners

MEAT INSPECTION ACT

Law requiring the preparation of meat shipped over state lines would be subject to federal inspection.

PENDLETON ACT OF 1883

Law signed by Arthur that ended the spoils system and launched a merit-based civil service

SHERMAN SILVER PURCHASE ACT OF 1890

Law signed by B. Harrison that increased the amount of silver in circulation; further depleted the gold supply

AGRICULTURAL MARKETING ACT

Law signed by Hoover to give money to farm organizations seeking to buy, sell, and store agricultural surpluses; fought "plague of plenty"

INDIAN REMOVAL ACT

Law signed by Jackson to move 100,000 Indians to Oklahoma along the "trail of tears."

EMBARGO ACT

Law signed by Jefferson that banned the exportation of any goods to any countries, destroyed American merchants in New England.

PACIFIC RAILWAY ACT

Law signed by Lincoln in 1862 that issued bonds and land grants to companies to build a transcontinental railroad to California.

NINE POWER TREATY

Law that affirmed the sovereignty and territorial integrity of China per the Open Door Policy, and made it international law

SMITH CONNALLY ANTI STRIKE ACT

Law that allowed the government to take over coal mines and railroads during WWII

INTERSTATE HIGHWAY ACT

Law that appropriated money to create jobs by building highways that linked the country; helped the shipping and auto industries, injured railroads and downtowns

CHINESE EXCLUSION ACT

Law that banned Chinese immigration into America in 1872

VOTING RIGHTS ACT OF 1965

Law that banned literacy tests for voting privileges; sent federal voter registers into several southern states

FIVE POWER NAVAL TREATY

Law that called for scaled down navies of the United States, Great Britain, Japan, France, and Italy to a 5:5:3:1:1 ratio

FEDERAL RESERVE ACT

Law that created a 12-branch regional U.S. Bank overseen by an advisory board; helped control the money supply

NATIONAL SECURITY ACT

Law that created the Department of Defense, Joint Chiefs of Staff, National Security Council, and Central Intelligence Agency

JUDICIARY ACT OF 1789

Law that created the Supreme Court, with a chief justice and five associates; district courts; created Attorney General

TYDINGS McDUFFIE ACT

Law that gave independence to the Philippines in 1946.

FORCE BILL

Law that gave the federal government the right to forcibly collect tariffs from southern states.

NORTHWEST ORDINANCE OF 1787

Law that laid out the process for adding states in the Great Lakes region.

GI BILL

Law that made generous provisions for sending the former solders to school; also gave loans to GIs for homes and small businesses

MACON'S BILL NO. 2

Law that offered France and Britain an embargo against the other if one would lift the Orders in Council or Berlin or Milan Decrees.

TAFT HARTLEY ACT

Law that outlawed the "closed" shop; made unions liable for disputes; weakened the labor movement after WWII

AMERICANS WITH DISABILITIES ACT

Law that prohibited discrimination against citizens with physical or mental disabilities.

NATURALIZATION LAW OF 1802

Law that reduced the requirement of 14 years of residence to the previous 5 years.

LAND ORDINANCE OF 1785

Law that required public acreage of the Old Northwest to be sold, and for the proceeds to be used to help pay off the national debt, gave guidelines for townships

TENURE IN OFFICE ACT

Law that required the President to get consent from the Senate before removing cabinet members; was a trick to impeach Johnson.

CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964

Law that strengthened the government's ability to desegregate, banned hiring based on race, helped women

Judiciary Act of 1801

Law that the Federalist Congress passed to increase the number of federal courts and judicial positions; President Adams rushed to fill these positions with Federalists before his term ended

blue laws

Laws designed to restrict personal behavior in accord with a strict code of morality.

JIM CROW LAWS

Laws in southern states that initiated segregation (or, "separate but equal" public works)

Black codes

Laws passed by the southern states after the Civil War to define the status of freed people as subordinate to whites

NEUTRALITY ACTS OF 1935 and 1937

Laws stating that no American could legally sail on a belligerent ship, trade with a belligerent, or make loans to a belligerent.

Navigation Acts

Laws that governed trade between England and its colonies. Colonists were required to ship certain products exclusively to England, enfuriating colonists with the slighted opportunity to make a large profit

John Fries

Leader of Fries Rebellion- tax revolt by Pennsylvanians that was suppressed by federal force. Fries condemned to death but given presidential pardon

BOSS TWEED

Leader of the Democratic political machine in New York during the Gilded Age, aka "Tammany Hall"

Terence V. Powderly

Leader of the Knights of Labor

CARRIE C. CATT

Leader of the second generation of the women's suffrage movement, led NAWSA when women were granted suffrage

BIG FOUR

Leaders in the WWI peace process: Wilson, Clemenceau (France), Lloyd George (Britain), and Orlando (Italy).

BOOKER T. WASHINGTON

Leading champion of black education, advocated "self help" and avoided the issue of equality

JOHN J. PERSHING

Led American troop intervention in the Mexican Revolution and in WWI

Pontiac's Rebellion

Led by the Ottowa chief Pontiac, the Indians of the Covenant Chain mounted their attack on British forts and colonial settlements in the spring of 1763. Resistance evaporated, forced Natives to acknowledge British control of the Ohio Valley

NATHANIEL TURNER / DENMARK VESEY

Led major slave revolts in the antebellum period.

CHIEF PONTIAC

Led several tribes and some French in a violent campaign to drive the British out of the Ohio country after the French and Indian War

BATTLE OF RICHMOND

Lee surrenders to Grant at Appomattox Courthouse on April 9, 1865 to end the Civil War.

Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)

Left-wing student organization founded in 1960 to criticize American materialism and work for social justice. It delivered the Port Huron Statement in 1962

confiscation [confiscated]

Legal government seizure of private property without compensation.

liability

Legal responsibility for loss or damage.

civil disabilities

Legally imposed restrictions of a person's civil rights or liberties.

FORAKER ACT OF 1900

Legislation that made Puerto Rico an American protectorate with limited self rule

ELKIN'S ACT/HEPBURN ACT

Legislation that strengthened the Sherman Anti Trust Act, allowed for corruption to be punished, led to "trustbusting."

CLAYTON ANTI TRUST ACT

Lengthened the Sherman Act's list of objectionable practices, such as price discrimination and interlocking directorates

WARREN COURT

Liberal Supreme Court of the 1960s and 70s that expanded civil liberties, strengthened suspect rights, limited religion in the public sector.

Election of 1864

Lincoln wins reelection vs. George B. McClellan. Looks ahead to reconcile with the South. Extends his mercy on the South

Emancipation Proclamation

Lincoln's order abolishing slavery as a January 1, 1863, in states "in rebellion" but not in border territories still loyal to the Union

"Ten-Percent Plan"

Lincoln's plan that allowed re-admission of a Southern state after ten percent of its voters swore an oath of loyalty to the United States

Election of 1860

Lincoln, the Republican candidate, won because the Democratic party was split over slavery. As a result, the South no longer felt like it has a voice in politics and a number of states seceded from the Union

fratricidal

Literally, concerning the killing of brothers; often applied to the killing of relatives or countrymen.

theocracy

Literally, rule by God, the term is often applied to a state where religious leaders exercise direct or indirect political authority.

Harlem Renaissance

Literary and artistic movement in the 1920s, centered in Harlem, in which black writers and artists described and celebrated African American life

TRANSCENDETALISM

Literary and artistic movement in the mid-1800s; Was romantic, believed truth transcended the senses, individualism; notables were Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry Davis Thoreau, Luisa May Alcott, Emily Dickenson

EXPATRIATES (writers)

Literary era in the interwar period; emphasized dissolution and youth; notables were Henry Mencken, F. Scott Fitzgerald, and Ernest Hemingway.

REALISM

Literary movement; crude human comedy and drama of the everyday world, notables were Mark Twain, Stephen Crane, Kate Chopin (first feminist writer) and Jack London

COMMITTEES OF CORRESPONDENCE

Local intercolonial communication centers to resist British; started by Samuel Adams; by 1773, all colonies had joined.

"police action"

Local military action taken without declaration of war

Promontory Point

Located in Utah, it is the point where the Union Pacific and Central Pacific railroads met to connect the Atlantic and Pacific states

Huey P. Long

Louisiana governor, then U.S. senator, who ran a powerful political machine and whose advocacy of redistribution of income was gaining him a national poitical following at the time of his assassination in 1935

36

Lyndon B. Johnson (Democrat)

Treaty of Alliance (1778)

Made during the American Revolution and created a defensive alliance between France and the U.S

CLAYTON BULWER TREATY

Made with Britain in 1850; state that neither country could gain exclusive control of a Latin American canal.

OHIO VALLEY

Main area of British and French contention 1754; Britain wanted to expand; the French wanted to link Canada and the lower Mississippi.

HARLEM RENAISSANCE

Major African American artistic and political movement; led by Langston Hughes, Duke Ellington, Marcus Garvey, and others

SECOND GREAT AWAKENING

Major Christian revival in response to deism and Unitarianism (believed God existed, but was unknowable); led by the Methodists and Baptists.

ULYSES S. GRANT

Major General of the Union army in the second half of the Civil War.

GEORGE McCLELLAN

Major Union general early in the war; led the Army of the Potomac; was fired twice.

ABOLITIONISM

Major anti-slave movement in themed-1800s; leaders were W. Lloyd Garrison, Sojourner Truth (former slave woman), and Frederick Douglas (main black abolitionist)

HOMESTEAD STRIKE

Major lockout and strike in 1892 at Carnegie's Pittsburg steel plant; Pinkertons and the state militia put it down

JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER

Major oil tycoon, first to establish trusts (monopolies) to eliminate competition

CORNELIUS VANDERBILT

Major railroad tycoon in the Gilded Age

GREAT AWAKENING

Major religious movement in the 1600s that challenged Puritanism; notable preachers were Jacobus Arminius, Jonathan Edwards; George Whitefield

ANDREW CARNEGIE

Major steel tycoon, controlled all aspects of production

FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR

Major war where Britain conquered France in 1763 to become the sole power of North America

mudslinging

Malicious, unscrupulous attacks against an opponent.

SAMUEL MORSE

Man who invented the telegraph; linked Washington and Baltimore; "What hath God wrought?"

JOHN PAUL JONES

Man who led American privateers against the British Navy in the Revolution in order to hamper trade and supply lines; "father of the American Navy"

LORD DE LA WARR

Man who rescued Jamestown in 1610 with supplies and troops after the "starving winter"

CULT OF DOMESTICITY

Mantra of women before 1840 symbolizing the veneration of housewifery.

ALBANY CONGRESS

Many colonies met to pacify the Iroquois with gifts and guns; the long term plan was to unify the colonies against France

Zimmerman telegram

March 1917. Sent from German Foreign Secretary, addressed to German minister in Mexico City. Mexico should attack the US if US goes to war with Germany (needed that advantage due to Mexico's promixity to the US). In return, Germany would give back Tex, NM, Arizona, etc. to Mexico

BANKING HOLIDAY

March 6 to 10 1932, closed banks in order to prevent withdraws ("runs on banks"), and in turn failures

Samuel Clemens

Mark Twain's real name. United States writer and humorist best known for his novels about Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn (1835-1910)

8

Martin Van Buren (Democrat)

Samuel Adams

Massachusetts revolutionary leader and propagandist who organized opposition to British policies after 1764

Daniel Webster

Massachusetts senator and lawyer who was known for his forceful speeches and considered nullification a threat to the Union

Charles Sumner

Massachusetts senator who was brutally beaten by a southern congressman in 1856 after delivering a speech attacking the South

GREAT MIGRATION (PILGRIMS)

Massive exodus of 20,000 Puritans to America and Barbados in 1629 to escape persecution by King Charles and Archbishop Laud.

BABYBOOMERS

Massive population explosion after WWII, lived in suburbs; would love Elvis, would be the hippies of the 60s and yuppies of the 80s

Peninsular campaign

McClellan's attempt in the spring and summer of 1862 to capture Richmond by advancing up the peninsula between the James and York Rivers; Confederate forces under Robert E. Lee drove his troops back

deterrence

Measures that a state takes to discourage attacks by other states, often including a military buildup

Interchangeable Parts

Mechanical parts that are identical and can be substituted for one another

SHANGHAI COMMUNIQUE

Meeting between Nixon and the Chinese government in Beijing; part of "triangulation strategy, led to the U.S.S.R coming to the peace table.

Teheran Conference

Meeting in Iran in 1943 at which Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin discussed the invasion of Western Europe and considered plans for a new international organization; Stalin also renewed his promise to enter the war against Japan

Hartford Convention

Meeting of Federalists near the end of the War of 1812 in which the party listed its complaints against the ruling Republican Party. These actions were largley viewed as traitorous to the country and lost the Federalist much influence

HARTFORD CONVENTION

Meeting of Federalists who were opposed to the War of 1812; threatened to break from the Union.

SENECA FALLS CONVENTION

Meeting of women in 1848 to demand the rewriting of the Declaration of Independence to include women; notables were Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Susan B. Anthony

Patrick Henry

Member of the Virginia House of Burgesses and American revolutionary leader noted for his oratorical skills

War Hawks

Members of Congress elected in 1810 from the West and South who campaigned for war with Britain in the hopes of stimulating the economy and annexing new territory

THE "OHIO GANG"

Members of Harding's cabinet; were often corrupt, and pro-business conservatives

Know-Nothing party

Members of anti-Catholic, anti-immigrant organizations who eventually formed themselves into a national political party

Mormons

Members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, founded in New York in 1830 by Joseph Smith Jr.

Populists

Members of the People's Party, who held their first presidential nominating convention in 1892 and called for federal action to reduce the power of big business and to assist farmers and workers

Horizontal Integration

Merging one or more companies doing the same or similar activities as a way of limiting competition or enhancing stability and planning

SECOND CONTINENTAL CONGRESS

Met in May 1775; With grievances not rectified, they raised money; selected George Washington to head the revolutionary army

DRY FARMING

Method of frequent shallow cultivation that adapted to the dry western environment; over time it depleted and dried the soil

Francisco "Pancho" Villa

Mexican bandit and revolutionary who led a raid into New Mexico in 1916, which prompted the U.S. government to send troops into Mexico in unsuccessful pursuit

Victoriano Huerta

Mexican general who overthrew President Francisco Madero in 1913 and established a military dictatorship until forced to resign in 1914

Porfirio Diaz

Mexican soldier and politician who became president after a coup in 1876 and ruled Mexico until 1911

LOUISIANA PURCHASE

Middle third of the continent, sold to the U.S. by Napoleon of France, explored by Lewis, Clark, and Pike.

IROQUOIS

Mighty Indian nation in the northeastern United States in the colonial era.

NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION (NATO)

Military alliance among the U.S., western European nations, and later Turkey; formed after WWII

FLEXIBLE RESPONSE

Military policy in the 1960s that called for an array of options that could be matched to the crisis at hand

Europe First

Military strategy adopted by the United States that required concentrating on the defeat of Germany while maintaining a holding action against Japan in the Pacific

13

Millard Fillmore (Whig)

FORTYNINERS

Miners looking to get rich in the California Gold Rush; businessmen "mined the miners."

PENNSYLVANIA DUTCH

Misnomer for Germans that arrived in America before the Revolution; not being loyal to Britain, they clung to their customs.

graft

Misuse of one's position for profit or advantage

temperance

Moderation, or sometimes total abstinence, as regards drinking liquor.

Jeanette Rankin

Montana reformer who in 1916 became the first woman elected to Congress; she worked to pass the woman sufferage amendment and to protect women in the workplace

Brigham Young

Mormon leader who took over in 1844 after Joseph Smith's death and guided the Mormons from Illinois to Utah, where they established a permanent home for the church

DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE

Motion made at the Second Continental Congress by Richard Henry Lee on July 2, 1776; Thomas Jefferson wrote the commentary on July 4th.

POP ART

Movement in the 1950s hat employed aspects of mass culture, such as advertising, comic books and mundane cultural objects; notable was Andy Warhol.

McCARTHYISM

Movement led by Sen. Joe McCarthy, who accused American politicians and military personnel as being communist; taken down by journalist Edward Murrow; inspiration for The Crucible

FREEDOM SUMMER

Movement of northern college students to enter the south and register blacks to vote; three were killed

OREGON FEVER

Movement where over 5,000 Americans migrated to the Oregon Territory while it was still partly occupied by the British.

Frank Norris

Muckraker during the Progressive Era; wrote "The Octopus" (1901) that described the power of the railroads over Western farmers

IDA TARBELL

Muckraker who published a devastating but factual depiction of the Standard Oil Company

LNCOLN STEFFENS

Muckraker who wrote articles in McClure's titled "The Shame of the Cities" that unmasked the corrupt alliance between big business and the government

Lincoln Steffens

Muckraking journalist and managing editor of McClure's Magazine, best known for investigating political corruption in city governments

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

Mutual defense alliance formed in 1949 among most of the nations of Western Europe and NOrth America in an effort to contain communism

mumbo jumbo

Mysterious and unintelligible words or behavior.

ROSA PARKS

NAACP member who launched the civil rights movement; refused to give up her bus seat to a white (required by Montgomery, AL law).

dollar diplomacy

Name applied by critics to the Taft administration's policy of supporting U.S. investments abroad

Compromise of 1876

Name applied by historians to the resolution of the disputed presidential election of 1876; it gave the presidency to the Republicans and made concessions to the Southern Democrats

Atlanta Compromise

Name applied to Booker T. Washington's 1895 speech in which he urged African Americans to temporarily accept segregation and disfranchisement and to work for economic advancement as a way to recover their civil rights

MINUTEMEN

Name for Massachusetts militiamen who agreed to fight in "a minute's notice."

FISK AND GOULD GOLD PLOT

Name for a massive scheme in 1869 when two men cornered the gold market and sold when prices dropped

FREEDOM RIDERS

Name for civil rights activists who spread out across the South to end segregation in facilities serving interstate bus passengers

FLAPPERS

Name for progressive women of the 1920s who partied, smoked, danced, and dressed sexier

KING COTTON

Name for the cotton-based southern economy; major exports to Britain, populations were planter aristocrats, the white majority, free blacks, and slaves.

BULL MOOSE PARTY

Name for the progressive party that ran TR for president in 1912

Dust Bowl

Name given by a reporter in 1935 to the region devastated by drought and dust storms that began in 1932; the worst years (1932-1938) saw over sixty major storms per year, seventy-two in 1937

REDEEMERS

Name given to Democrats who returned to power in southern states when Reconstruction ended.

BURNED OVER DISTRICT

Name given to New England during Second Great Awakening; saw many touring preachers, like Charles Grandison Finney and Peter Cartwright

BLACK TUESDAY

Name given to October 29, 1929 when millions of stocks were sold in a panic; regarded as the beginning of the Depression.

TARIFF OF ABOMINATIONS

Name given to Tariff of 1828, despised by southerners who lost exports to Britain and had to pay high prices with no industries to protect.

CORRUPT BARGAIN

Name given to a deal made during the election of 1824; Clay conspired with JQ Adams to gain the presidency and Secretary of State ?and keep Jackson out.

DE LOME LETTER

Name given to a letter, published by Hearst, that was written by a Spanish minister that degraded McKinley

YELLOW JOURNALISM

Name given to sensationalized news seeking to publish and sell more newspapers

WILDCAT / PET BANKS

Name given to small, unreliable state banks in which Jackson placed federal funds; unreliable paper money led to the Specie Circular, or metallic money requirement for buying land.

FREEPORT DOCTRINE

Name given to statement by Stephen Douglas in the Illinois senatorial debate of 1858; said that no matter how the Supreme Court ruled, slavery would stay down if the people voted it down.

NINE OLD MEN

Name given to the Supreme Court justices during FDR's presidency who repeatedly struck down New Deal programs

Iron Curtain

Name given to the military, political, and ideological barrier established between the Soviet bloc and Western Europe after World War II

FACTORY GIRLS

Name given to young, single women that worked in factories during the Market Revolution.

SEWARD'S FOLLY

Name that refers to State of Secretary Seward's purchase of Alaska for 7.2 million in 1867.

NAVEJO CODE TALKERS

Named given to Native Americans using the Navajo language to communicate over the radio during WWII

SILENT MAJORTY/NEW RIGHT/MORAL MAJORITY

Names given to conservative voters targeted by Republicans from 1968 to 1992; largely evangelical Christian and suburban.

PATRIOTS AND LOYALISTS

Names given to the two groups of American colonists who disapproved of independence (also called Tories), and those who were pro rebellion (also called Whigs)

CONVENTION OF 1800

Napoleon invited new American reps after XYZ; ended previous treaties, France agreed to pay damages to American shippers.

Berlin Decree

Napoleon's order declaring the British Isles under blockade and authorizing the confiscation of British goods from any ship found carrying them

American Federation of Labor

National organization of trade unions founded in 1886; it used strikes and boycotts to improve the lot of craft workers

Alfred Thayer Mahan

Naval officer and specialist on naval history who stressed the importance of sea power in international politics and diplomacy

William Jennings Bryan

Nebraska congressman who advocated free coinage of silver, opposed imperialism, and ran for president unsuccessfully three times on the Democratic ticket

38th Parallel

Negotiated dividing line between North and South Korea; it was the focus of much of the fighting in the Korean War

collective bargaining

Negotiation between the representatives of organized workers and their employer to determine wages, hours, and working conditions

Franklin Pierce

New Hampshire lawyer and Democratic politician nominated as a compromise candidate and elected president in 1852

Thomas Dewey

New York governor who twice ran unsuccessfully for president as the Republican candidate, the second time against Truman in 1948

Al Smith

New York governor who unsuccessfully sought the Democratic nomination for president in 1924 and was the unsuccessful Democratic candidate for president in 1928; his Catholicism and desire to repeal Prohibition were political liabilities

John Jay

New York lawyer and diplomat who negotiated with Great Britain and Spain on behalf of the Confederation; he later became the first chief justice of the Supreme Court and negotiated the Jay Treaty with England

Aaron Burr

New York lawyer and vice-presidential candidate in 1796; he became Thomas Jefferson's vice president in 1801 after teh House of Representatives broke a deadlock in the Electoral College

Martin Van Buren

New York politician known for his skillful handling of party politics; he helped found the Democratic Party and later became the eighth president of the United States

TRIANGLE SHIRTWAIST CO. FIRE

New York, 1911, 146 workers died in an 8-story building, led to fire codes, safe working conditions, and workers compensation

"old immigrants"

Newcomers from northern and western Europe who made up much of the immigration to the United States before the 1890s

"new immigrants"

Newcomers from southern and eastern Europe who began to arrive in the United States in significant numbers during the 1890s and after

Thomas Nast

Newspaper cartoonist who produced satirical cartoons, he invented "Uncle Sam" and came up with the elephant and the donkey for the political parties. He nearly brought down Boss Tweed

Chief Joseph

Nez Perce chief who led his people in an attempt to escape into Canada in 1877; after a grueling journey they were forced to surrender and were exiled to Indian Territory

Bear Flag Republic

Nickname for California after it declared independence from Mexico in 1846

Roaring Twenties

Nickname for the 1920's becasue of the booming economy and fast pace of life during that era

DOUGHBOYS

Nickname given to inexperienced American servicemen in WWI

Gerald Ford

Nixon's Vice president, he was the only person not voted into the White House. He became president after Nixon resigned, serving from 1974-1977

HENRY KISSINGER

Nixon's foreign policy advisor; planned end to Vietnam and Nixon's trip to China

VIETNAMIZATION

Nixon's plan to leave Vietnam in 1969 and force the Vietnamese assume the war; claimed "peace with honor"

SOUTHERN STRATEGY

Nixon's reelection plan in 1972 to appoint conservative justices and limit civil rights to appeal to southern states.

mutual aid societies

Nonprofit organizations designed to provide their members with financial and social benefits, often including medical aid, life insurance, funeral costs, and disaster relief.

passive resistance

Nonviolent action or opposition to authority in accord with religious or moral beliefs.

COMPROMISE OF 1850

North-South agreement that added California as a free state, NM and Utah based on popular sovereignty, new fugitive slave law.

FREE-SOILERS

Northerners who believed slavery should be banned in western lands.

FREE SOIL PARTY

Northerners who didn't want slavery to expand to western territories; supported Wilmot Proviso.

CARPETBAGGERS

Northerners who had moved to the South during reconstruction to seek political power and profit.

BILLY SUNDAY/AMIEE McPHERSON

Notable Christian evangelists of the 1920s, made church services a form of entertainment; advocated prohibition and fought evolution.

FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT

Notable architect of the 1920s and 30s.

AL CAPONE

Notable gangster in 1920s Chicago; represented organized crime that controlled illegal alcohol, prostitution, and kidnapping.

POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY

Notion that the people of a territory should determine if they want to be a slave state or a free state.

Sinclair Lewis

Novelist who satirized middle-class America in works such as Babbitt (1922) and became the first American to win the Nobel Prize for literature

hydrogen bomb

Nuclear weapon of much greater destructive power than the atomic bomb

STONEWALL JACKSON

Number two Confederate general in the Civil War.

BATTLE OF SARATOGA

Oct 1777, turning point of the American Revolution; American General Gates defeated General Burgoyne; made aid from France possible.

CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS

October 1962; standoff between U.S. and U.S.S.R when nuclear weapons were discovered in Cuba; a deal was reached

Black Tuesday

October 29, 1929; the day the stock market crashed. Lead to the Panic of 1929

blue blood

Of noble or upper-class descent.

Yom Kippur War

On October 6, 1973, Egypt and Syria suddenly invaded Israel; after initial losses, the Israeli military defeated the Arab armies; with U.S. support, negotiations finally led to a cease-fire on October 22

ALABAMA RAIDER

One of many British made vessels given to the Confederacy during the Civil War.

U.N. general assembly

One of the five principal organs of the United Nations; its powers are to oversee the budget of the United Nations, appoint the non-permanent members to the Security Council, receive reports from other parts of the United Nations and make recommendations in the form of Resolutions

John Winthrop

One of the founders of Massachusetts Bay Colony and the colony's first governor

Matthew Brady

One of the most celebrated 19th century American photographers, best known for his portraits of celebrities and the documentation of the American Civil War. He is credited with being the father of photojournalism

long haul vs. short haul

One of the most notorious abuses practiced by railroads in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The practice involved charging a higher rate for a short haul that was included within a longer haul over the same line

Ernest Hemingway

One of the most popular writers of the 1920's who wrote "A Farewell to Arms," won the nobel prize for literature

nativist

One who advocates favoring native-born citizens over aliens or immigrants.

radical

One who believes in fundamental change in the political, economic, or social system.

socialist

One who believes in the ownership and control of the major means of production by the whole community rather than by individuals or corporations.

anarchist

One who believes that formal, coercive government is wrong in principle.

agnostic

One who believes that there can be no human knowledge of any God or gods.

traitor

One who betrays a country by aiding an enemy.

booster

One who promotes a person or enterprise, especially in a highly enthusiastic way.

nonconformist

One who refuses to follow established or conventional ideas or habits.

tenant farmer

One who rents rather than owns land.

BATTLE OF MERRIMACK AND MONITOR

Only major naval battle of the War of 1812; the two ships fought four hours to a standstill.

GROVER CLEVELAND

Only president to serve two nonconsecutive terms; first Democratic president in 28 years; lowered tariffs, badly handled the Panic of 1893

Anti-Federalists

Opponents of the Constitution; they believed a strong central government was a threat to American liberties and rights

Martin Luther King Jr.

Ordained Baptist minister, brilliant orator, and civil rights leader committed to nonviolence; he led many of the important protests of the 1950s and 1960s

LOYALTY ORDER

Order by Truman to investigate the possibility of communist spies in the government; 3,000 were ousted; many had to take loyalty oaths.

Specie Circular

Order issued by President Jackson in 1836 stating that the federal government would accept only specie-gold and silver- as payment for public land; one of the causes of the Panic of 1837

Executive Order #9066

Order of President Roosevelt in 1942 authorizing the removal of "enemy aliens" from military areas; it was used to isolate Japanese Amerians in internment camps

Committee on Public Information

Organization also known as the Creel Commision which was responsible for rallying American's around the war effort through propaganda

Civilian Conservation Corps

Organization created by Congress in 1933 to hire young unemployed men for conservation work, such as planting trees, digging irrigation ditches, and maintaining national parks. The majority of those recruited were white, but African Americans, Latinos, and Native Americans also served in segregated camps, including more than 80000 Native Americans who served on reservations

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

Organization established at Hoover's request in 1932 to promote economic recovery; it provided emergency financing for banks, life insurance companies, railroads, and farm mortgage associations

American Colonization Society

Organization founded in 1817 to end slavery gradually by assisting individual slave owners to liberate their slaves and then transporting them to Africa

Knights of Labor

Organization founded in 1869; membership, open to all workers, peaked in 1886; members favored a cooperative alternative to capitalism

SOUTHERN CHRISTIAN LEADERSHIP CONFERENCE (SCLC)

Organization led by Martin Luther King; aimed to mobilize the vast power of the black churches on behalf of black rights

Committees of Correspondence

Organized by patriot leader Samuel Adams, this was a system of communication between patriot leaders in New England and throughout the colonies. They provided the organization necessary to unite the colonies in opposition to Parliament

Nathaniel Hawthorne

Originally a transcendentalist; later rejected them and became a leading anti-transcendentalist. He was a descendant of Puritan settlers. The Scarlet Letter shows the hypocrisy and insensitivity of New England puritans by showing their cruelty to a woman who has committed adultery and is forced to wear a scarlet "A".

Annapolis Convention

Originally planning to discuss the debate between Virginia and Maryland over the Potomic river, delegates from five states met at Annapolis in September 1786 and ended up suggesting a convention (Constitutional Convention) to amend the Articles of Confederation

toleration

Originally, religious freedom granted by an established church to a religious minority.

continentals

Paper bills issued by the Continental Congress to finance the revolution; supposed to be exchanged for silver but the overprinting of bills made them basically worthless

POINT FOUR

Part of Truman's foreign policy that lent U.S. money and technical aid to underdeveloped lands to help resist Communism

SOCIAL SECURITY

Part of the New Deal, give the elderly entitlement payments to live on after retirement,

writs of assistance

Part of the Townshend Acts. It said that the customs officers could inspect a colonist's property for smuggled goods without giving a specific reason. Basically like search warrants. Colonists protested that the writs violated their rights as British citizens

UNION PARTY

Party created by Republicans and War Democrats in 1864; Lincoln and Johnson win in the election of 1864.

LIBERAL REPUBLICANS

Party in response to disgust of the political corruption in Washington and of military Reconstruction.

NATIONAL WOMEN'S PARTY

Party led by Alice Paul; protested WWI, organized hunger strikes and marches, and protested "Kaiser Wilson"

DEMOCRATIC REPUBLICAN PARTY

Party led by Jefferson, Madison, Monroe; wanted more state power, strict constructionism, was anti bank and tariff, pro France

FEDERALIST PARTY

Party led by Washington, Adams, and Hamilton; wanted strong federal government, loose constructionism, pro bank and tariff, pro Britain

Dixiecrat Party

Party organized in 1948 by southern delegates who refused to accept the civil rights plank of the Democratic platform; they nominated Strom Thurmond of South Carolina for president

Morrill Land Grant Act

Passed by Congress in 1862, this law distributed millions of acres of western lands to state governments in order to fund state agricultural colleges

SHERMAN ANTI TRUST ACT

Passed by Congress in the Gilded Age to regulate and/or eliminate any trust restricting trade

hereditary

Passed down from generation to generation.

THOMAS PAINE

Patriot who published Common Sense in 1775 urging Americans to rebel because they were larger than Britain.

BIRMINGHAM MARCH

Peaceful civil rights marchers were repelled by police with attack dogs and high pressure water hoses; King imprisoned, led Kennedy to pursue civil rights laws

Thaddeus Stephens

Pennsylvania congressman who was a leader of the Radical Republicans during the Civil War and Reconstruction

James Buchanan

Pennsylvania senator who was elected president in 1856 after gaining the Democratic nomination as a compromise candidate

OKLAHOMA "SOONERS"

People who illegally entered the Indian territory of Oklahoma before it was opened to the public.

Puritans

People who left England for America to establish a purer church. Settled Plymouth Colony in 1620 and the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630

ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS

Period after the War of 1812; included one-party politics and a good economy; but problems loomed.

stagflation

Persistent inflation combined with stagnant consumer demand and relatively high unemployment

blue blood

Person descended from nobility or aristocracy.

sectionalist

Person devoted to the cause of a particular section of the country, as opposed to the nation as a whole.

OLIVE BRANCH PETITION

Petition that professed American loyalty to the king and begged to the king to stop further hostilities after Lexington and Concord.

Benedict Arnold

Pharmacist-turned-military-leader whose bravery and daring made him an American hero and a favorite of George Washington until he committed treason in 1780

Dorothea Dix

Philanthropist, reformer, and educator who was a pioneer in the movement for specialized treatment of the mentally ill

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Philosopher, writer, and poet whose essays and poems made him a central figure in the transcendentalist movement and an important figure in the development of literary expression in the United States

COLD WAR

Phrase coined by Walter Lippmann, refers to the multi decade tension between the U.S. and U.S.S.R, no shots were fired between the two

CREDIBILITY GAP

Phrase coined by William Fulbright, who staged a series of televised hearings where he convinced the public that it was being lied to by the government over Vietnam

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Pioneering woman suffrage leader, co-organizer of the first Women's Rights Convention, held in Seneca Falls, New York, in 1848

HOWE AND SINGER

Pioneers of the sewing machine and textile industry.

speakeasies

Places taht illegally sell liquor and sometimes offers entertainment

Compromise of 1850

Plan intended to reconcile North and South on the issue of slavery; it recognized the principle of popular sovereignty and included a strong fugitive slave law

DAWES PLAN OF 1924

Plan that called for German reparations to the Allies, who in turn could pay debts to American banks; stalled after the crash

CONNECTICUT (GREAT) COMPROMISE

Plan that called for a bicameral Congress; House based on population, two Senators for every state.

OPERATION ROLLING THUNDER

Plan that called for full scale bombing attacks by the U.S. against North Vietnam in a "step by step" fashion.

SUSSEX PLEDGE

Pledge by Germany during WWI to not sink vessels without provocation; if broken, the U.S. would break diplomatic ties

nonimportation agreement

Pledges to boycott, or decline to purchase, certain goods from abroad.

pillaging

Plundering, looting, destroying property by violence.

Eisenhower Doctrine

Policy formulated by Eisenhower of providing military and economic aid to Arab nations in the Middle East to help defeat Communist-nationalistic rebellions

SPOILS SYSTEM/PATRONAGE

Policy of giving political supporters and contributors government jobs as rewards; started by Jackson.

glasnost

Policy of openness initiated by Gorbachev in the 1980s that provided increased opportunities for freedom of speech, association and the press in the Soviet Union

AFFIRMATIVE ACTION

Policy of setting aside employment and education slots based on race; later limited by Bakke v. University of California

IMPRESSMENTS

Policy of the British in the early 1800s to kidnap foreign sailors and force them to serve in their navy.

NIXON DOCTRINE

Policy proclaiming that the United States would honor its existing defense commitments after Vietnam

BANK WAR

Political battle between Jackson, Clay and Nicolas Biddle over the renewal of the U.S. Bank; Jackson vetoed the recharter, put funds in pet banks.

Confederate States of America

Political entity formed by the seceding states of South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana in February 1861; Texas, Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee and North Carolina joined later

Democrat-Republicans

Political organizations formed in 1793 and 1934 to demand greater responsiveness by the state and federal governments to the needs of the citizens

AMERICAN (KNOW NOTHING) PARTY

Political party formed by Protestants who were alarmed by the increase of immigrants from Ireland and Germany.

Republican Party

Political party formed in 1854 that opposed the extension of slavery into the western territories

Socialist Party of America

Political party formed in 1901 and committed to socialism- that is, government ownership of most industries

Progressive Party

Political party formed in 1912 with Theodore Roosevelt as its candidate for president; it fell apart when Roosevelt returned to the Republicans in 1916

WHIGS

Political party opposed to Jackson; based on the American system and state's rights

Whigs

Political party that came into being in 1834 as an anti-Jackson coalition and that charged "King Andrew" with executive tyranny

REPUBLICAN PARTY

Political party that originated as a free soil party centered in the Midwest.

henchmen

Political supporters or followers.

ROGER WILLIAMS

Popular Salem minister, denounced the authority of the civil government; was banished from the Bay Colony in 1635; founder of Rhode Island and the Baptist Church.

melting pot

Popular term for an ethnically diverse population that is presumed to be "melting" towards some eventual commonality.

Jacob Coxey

Populist who led Coxey's Army in a march on Washington DC in 1894 to seek government jobs for the unemployed

UNITED NATIONS

Post-WWII assembly of nations to improve diplomacy and prevent war.

EMPLOYMENT ACT OF 1946

Post-WWII law that requires the government to intervene in a struggling economy; "to promote maximum employment, production, and purchasing power."

implied powers

Power that is not specifically granted to the government by the Constitution but can be viewed as necessary to carry out the governing duties listed in the Constitution

ROBERT LA FOLLETTE/HIRAM JOHNSON

Powerful governors that launched the the progressive cause at the state level.

enumerated powers

Powers of the federal government that are specifically addressed in the Constitution

brinkmanship

Practice of seeking to win disputes in international politics by creating the impression of being willing to push a highly dangerous situation to the limit

AZTECS/MAYANS/INCAS

Pre-Columbian Indian civilizations in the Americas; were conquered by the Spanish. in central Mexico, conquered by Cortes.

bullion

Precious metals in their raw form, before they are coined. \

Monroe Doctrine

President Monroe's 1823 statement declaring the Americas closed to further European colonization and discouraging European interference in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere

Fair Deal

President Truman said that "every segment of the population" deserved a "fair deal" from the government. He hoped the Democratic majority would provide an expansion of New Deal programs, including civil rights legislation, a fair employment practices act, a system for national health insurance, and appropriations for education

John Pershing

President Wilson sent this U.S. general with his army to Mexico to Pancho Villa (never captured Villa)

Fourteen Points

President Wilson's program for maintaining peace after World War I, which called for arms reduction, national self-determination, and a league of nations

FRANKLIN PIERCE

President elected in 1852; puppet of the Democrats; sought expansion in Nicaragua and Cuba; signed trade treaties with China (Wanghia) and Japan (Kanagawa)

Ronald Reagan

President from 1981-1989,"Great Communicator" Republican, conservative economic policies, replaced liberal Democrats in upper house with consevative Democrats or "boll weevils" , at reelection time. Jesse Jackson first black presdiential candidate, Geraldine Ferraro as VP running mate (first woman)

Lyndon Johnson

President in 1960's who pushed through the Civil Rights act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965

Nicholas Biddle

President of the Second Bank of the United States; he struggled to keep the bank functioning when President Jackson tried to destroy it

Jimmy Carter

President who stressed human rights. Because of the Soviet war in Afghanistan, he enacted an embargo on grain shipments to USSR and boycotted the 1980 Olympics in Moscow

Lord North

Prime Minister of England from 1770 to 1782. Although he repealed the Townshend Acts, he generally went along with King George III's repressive policies towards the colonies even though he personally considered them wrong. He hoped for an early peace during the Revolutionary War and resigned after Cornwallis' surrender in 1781

Winston Churchill

Prime minister who led Britain through World War II; he was known for his eloquent speeches and his refusal to give in to the Nazi threat. He would be voted out of office in July 1945

BORDER RUFFIANS

Pro slaveryites from Missouri who fraudulently voted in the Kansas popular sovereignty election.

initiative

Procedure allowing voters to petition to have a law placed on the ballot for consideration by the general electorate

impressment

Procedure permitted under British maritime law that authorized commanders of warships to force English civilian sailors into military service

AMERICANIZATION MOVEMENT

Process by which immigrants gave up all or some of their culture to adopt American culture

BESSEMER PROCESS

Process that converts iron to steel.

prolific

Producing abundant young.

raw materials

Products in their natural, unmanufactured state.

New Frontier

Program for social and educational reform put forward by President John F. Kennedy; though charismatically presented, it was largely resisted by Congress

Marshall Plan

Program launched in 1948 to foster economic recovery in Western Europe in the postwar period through massive amounts of U.S. financial aid

Medicare

Program of health insurance for the elderly and disabled established in 1965; it provides government payment for healthcare supplied by private doctors and hospitals

New Nationalism

Program of labor and social reform that Theodore Roosevelt advocated before and during his unsuccessful bid to regain the presidency in 1912

New Freedom

Program of reforms that Woodrow Wilson advocated during his 1912 presidential campaign, including reducing tariffs and prosecuting trusts

BRACEROS

Programs during WWII that allowed Mexican immigrants to work in agriculture

Ida Tarbell

Progressive Era journalist whose expose revealed the ruthlessness of the Standard Oil Company

muckrakers

Progressive Era journalists who wrote articles exposing corruption in city government, business, and industry. In John Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress, "the Man with the Muck-rake" is so preoccupied with raking through the filth at his feet that he didn't notice he was being offered a celestial crown in exchange for his rake

RECALL

Progressive measure that enables the voters to remove corrupt state and local administrators.

INITIATIVE AND REFERENDUM

Progressive measures allowing voters to propose and pass legislation; intended to lessen power of party machines

28BALLINGER PINCHOT EPISODE

Progressives turned on Taft when he fired Pinchot; Republicans were split, Roosevelt reran in 1912.

LORD BALTIMORE

Prominent English Catholic who founded Maryland as a haven for Catholics

Henry Cabot Lodge

Prominent Republican senator from Massachusetts and chair of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, who led congressional opposition to Article 10 of the League of Nations

WILMOT PROVISO

Proposal that the former Mexican territories be free; it never passed the Senate, signaled the coming Civil War.

LEAGUE OF NATIONS

Proposed alliances of nations to prevent war; doomed to fail when the U.S. never joined

JOHNSON'S PLAN

Reconstruction plan that include the 10 percent loyalty oath, plus ratification of 13th Amendment (which outlawed slavery), and disenfranchisement of confederates (they could get pardons).

transient

Referring to a person without a fixed or long-term home or job; a migrant.

filibustering

Referring to adventurers who conduct a private war against a foreign country.

utopian

Referring to any place or plan that aims at an ideal social order.

communitarian

Referring to the belief in or practice of the superiority of community life or values over individual life, but not necessarily the common ownership of material goods.

mystical

Referring to the belief in the direct apprehension of God or divine mystery, without reliance on reason or human comprehension.

communistic

Referring to the theory or practice in which the means of production are owned by the community as a whole.

Corrupt Bargain

Refers to the presidential election of 1824 in which Henry Clay, the Speaker of the House, convinced the House of Representatives to elect Adams rather than Jackson in exchange for a place in the cabinet

Progressives

Reformers who worked to stop unfair practices by businesses and improve the way government works

Mugwumps

Reformers, mostly Republicans, who opposed political corruption and campaigned for reform, especially reform of the civil service, in the 1880s and 1890s, sometimes crossing party boundaries to achieve their goals

Nullification

Refusal by a state to recognize or enforce a federal law within its boundaries

MORMONS

Religious sect led by Joseph Smith in NY; Brigham Young brought the group to Utah; church was persecuted for polygamy.

BOLL WEEVILS

Renegade congressional democrats that pushed the Reagan tax cuts into law

NON INTERCOURSE ACT

Replaced Embargo Act, opened up trade to every country except France and Britain during the Napoleonic Wars.

Immigration Act of 1965

Replaced varying quotas with the limit of 20,000 immigrants per year from anyone outside the western hemisphere and 120,000 from the Western hemisphere

ELECTION OF 2000

Republican George W. Bush and Democrat Al Gore; unsettled for weeks, rested on recounts in Florida, Supreme Court gave election to Bush.

NEWT GINGRICH

Republican Speaker of the House in the 1990s; countered Clinton's agenda with his conservative "Contract with America"

Election of 1896

Republican William McKinley defeated Democrat William Jennings Bryan in 1896. Bryan was the nominee of the Democrats, the Populist Party, and the Silver Republicans.Economic issues, including bimetallism, the gold standard, Free Silver, and the tariff, were crucial. Considered one of the most dramatic campaigns in American history

WILLIAM MCKINLEY

Republican nominee in 1896, a Senator that was pro tariff and for the gold standard.

James Monroe

Republican politician from Virginia who served in diplomatic posts under George Washington, John Adams, and Thomas Jefferson; he later became the fifth president of the United States

Joseph McCarthy

Republican senator from Wisconsin who in 1950 began a Communist witch-hunt that lasted until his censure by the Senate in 1954; McCarthyism is a term associated with attacks on liberals and others often based on unsupported assertions and carried out without regard for basic liberties

George H.W. Bush

Republican, former director of CIA, oil company founder/owner, foreign policy (Panama, Gulf War), raised taxes even though said he wouldn't, more centrist than his son, NAFTA negotiation

MUGWUMPS

Republicans (hating the nominee Blaine) who bolted to the Democratic party during the 1884 election.

Reservationists

Republicans who wanted no part with the League of Nations unless there were some changes. They were a burden to the vote on the League of Nations and had a part in its failure to pass

NAVIGATION LAWS

Required all goods flowing to and from the colonies to be transported in British vessels; also required that colonists only trade with Britain.

Teller Amendment

Resolution approved by the U.S. Senate in 1898, by which the United States promised not to annex Cuba; introduced by Senator Henry Teller of Colorado

GULF TONKIN RESOLUTION

Resolution where congress virtually gave up their war declaring powers and handed the president a blank check for Vietnam

Olive Branch Petition

Resolution, adopted by the Second Continental Congress in 1775 after the Battles of Lexington and Concord, that offered to end armed resistance if the king would withdraw his troops and repeal the Intolerable Acts

Berlin airlift

Response to the Soviet blockade of West Berlin in 1948 involving tens of thousands of continuous flights by American and British planes to deliver supplies

LONESTAR REBELLION

Revolt of American settlers in Texas against Mexico; memorable battle was at the Alamo; led to the Texas Republic.

BOXER REBELLION

Revolt of Chinese citizens against western business and Christian missionaries

BACON'S REBELLION

Revolt of indentured servants over repeated Indian attacks, and Gov. Berekley's refusal to address the matter.

Daniel Shays

Revolutionary War veteran considered the leader of the farmers' uprising in western Massachusetts called Shays's Rebellion

Charles Lee

Revolutionary general who tried to undermine Washington's authority on several occasions; he was eventually dismissed from the military

37

Richard Nixon (Republican)

Watts riots

Riots that occurred in a predominantly black neighborhood in Los Angeles. In August 1965 a race riot did $45 million in damage and took the lives of twenty-eight blacks

STALWARTS

Rivals of the Half Breeds; Republican political machine led by Roscoe Conkling; based on the spoils system

HALF BREEDS

Rivals of the Stalwarts; Republican political machine led by James Blaine; were against the spoils system

Little Bighorn

River in Montana where in 1876 Lieutenant Colonel George Custer attacked a large Indian encampment; Custer and most of his forces died in the battle

Father Coughlin

Roman Catholic priest whose influential radio addresses in teh 1930s at first emphasized social justice but eventally became anti-Semitic and profascist

40

Ronald Reagan (Republican)

NEW NATIONALISM

Roosevelt's 1912 campaign program; called for consolidation of trusts and unions, regulatory agencies, woman's suffrage, and social welfare

ATLANTIC CHARTER

Roosevelt's and Churchill's vision for the world after WWII; led to the liberation of colonies and formation of the United Nations

NORTHERN SECURITIES DECISION

Roosevelt's first trust bust (a Morgan Company), upheld by the Supreme Court; showed government now runs American, not barons

Northern Securities case

Roosevelt's legal attack on the Northern Securities Company, which was a railroad holding company owned by James Hill and J.P. Morgan. In the end, the company was "trust-busted" and paved the way for future trust-busts of bad trusts

Big Three

Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin. The three leaders of the Allied powers in WWII (United States, Great Britain, Soviet Union)

oligarchy

Rule by a small elite.

Joseph Stalin

Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition

19

Rutherford B. Hayes (Republican)

Tenth Amendment

Says that any power not granted to the federal government belongs to the states

TEAPOT DOME SCANDAL

Scandal in the 1920s involving Interior Secretary Albert Fall, who received kickbacks from oil companies in exchange for government land permits

WATERGATE SCANDAL

Scandal involving Nixon's involvement in CREEP's actions; tapes proved his guilt, he was forced to resign; later pardoned by Ford

LEWINSKY SCANDAL

Scandal where Clinton lied under oath about having an affair with intern Monica Lewinsky; he was impeached for perjury, but not convicted.

SCOTS IRISH

Scottish Presbyterians from Ireland, came to colonial Pennsylvania; lawless groups like the Paxton Boys and Regulators caused many problems

Andrew Carnegie

Scottish-born industrialist who made a fortune iin steel and believed the rich had a duty to act for the public benefit

WAR OF 1812

Second war for independence, triggered by impressments, victory solidified America and led to nationalism.

MANHATTAN PROJECT

Secret mission in New Mexico to develop an atomic bomb, led by Robert Oppenheimer; bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Seward's Folly

Secretary of State William H. Seward's purchase of Alaska was often referred to as this because many journalists believed the purchase was worthless

JOHN HAY

Secretary of State that signed treaties related to the Open Door Policy and Panama Canal

ALBERT GALLATIN

Secretary of Treasury to Jefferson who reduced the national debt and balanced the budget.

John Foster Dulles

Secretary of state under Eisenhower; he used the threat of nuclear war to deter Soviet agression through his idea of massive retaliation

FRANCES PERKINS

Secretary of the Labor under FDR; first female appointed to the cabinet

Jefferson Davis

Secretary of war under Franklin Pierce; he later became president of the Confederacy

Osceola

Seminole leader in Florida who opposed removal of his people to the West and led resistance to U.S. troops; he was captured by treachery while bearing a flag of truce

THE GREAT SOCIETY

Series of domestic programs by LBJ; included civil rights, voting rights, welfare and poverty, immigration, and education

REAGAN-GORBACHEV SUMMITS

Series of meetings in the 80s to cool tensions in the Cold War; agreed to INF Treaty, which banned nukes in Europe.

INTOLERABLE ACTS

Series of punishments for the Boston Tea Party; restricted town meetings, closed Boston Harbor, a new Quartering Act, soldiers tried in Europe.

ANGLO POWHATAN WARS

Series of wars between the English and Powhatan Indians, led to the marriage between Rolfe and Pocahontas; Indians failed to dislodge English; were barred from lands.

CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1957

Set up a permanent Civil Rights Commission to investigate violations of civil rights; was weak.

Hull House

Settlement house founded by Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr in 1889 in Chicago

Paxton Boys

Settlers in Paxton, PA, who massacred Conestoga Indians in 1763 and then marched on Philadelphia to demand that the colonial government provide better defense against the Indians

Albany Plan

Seven colonies sent representatives to Albany, New York to organize a united defense against France during the French and Indian War. Proposed by Benjamin Franklin, it was the first attempt to unify colonies. Failed

Salem Witch trials

Several accusations of witchcraft led to sensational trials in Salem, Massachusetts at which Cotton Mather presided as the chief judge. 18 people were hanged as witches. Afterwards, most of the people involved admitted that the trials and executions had been a terrible mistake

STOCK WATERING/REBATES/POOLS

Shady schemes by the railroads to maximize profits.

Tecumseh

Shawnee leader and brother of the Prophet; he established an Indian confederacy along the frontier that he hoped would be a barrier to white expansion

"The Prophet"

Shawnee religious visionary who called for a return to Indian traditions and founded the community of Prophetstown on Tippecanoe Creek in Indiana

Rosie the Riveter

She was the poster child of American women who went to work in factories during the war. Encouraged women to take factory jobs

March to the Sea

Sherman's march through Georgia from Atlanta to Savannah from November 15 to December 21, 1864, during which Union soldiers carried out orders to destroy everything in their path

DIME NOVELS

Short, sensationalized literary accounts of the old west; most notable author was Harlan F. Halsey

SCOPES (MONKEY) TRIAL

Showdown between evolution and fundamentalist Christianity; centered on teacher who taught evolution in Tennessee

TREATY OF PARIS (1783)

Signed in September 1783; U.S. recognized as a country, Spain received Florida and Louisiana, Britain kept Canada.

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

Signed into law on June 17, 1930; raised U.S. tariffs on over 20,000 imported goods to record levels

UNDERWOOD TARIFF

Significantly dropped the tariff in 1913; gave way to income taxes for revenue

Ninth Amendment

Simply a statement that other rights aside from those listed may exist, and just because they are not listed doesn't mean that they cannot be violated

Gettysburg

Site in Pennsylvania where in July 1863 Union forces under General George Meade defeated Lee's Confederate forces, turning back Lee's invasion of the North

Chancellorsville

Site in Virginia where in May 1863 Confederate troops led by Lee defeated a much larger Union force

Yalta Conference

Site in teh Crimea of the last meeting, in 1945, between Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin; they discussed teh final defeat of the Axis powers and the problems of postwar occupation

Bay of Pigs

Site of a 1961 invasion of Cuba by Cuban exiles and mercenaries sponsored by the CIA; the invasion was crushed within three days and embarrassed the United States

Antietam

Site of a battle that occurred in September 1862 when Lee's forces invaded Maryland; both sides suffered heavy losses, and Lee retreated into Virginia

Wounded Knee

Site of a conflict in 1890 between a band of Lakotas and U.S. troops, sometimes characterized as a massacre because the Lakotas were so outnumbered and overpowered; the last major encounter between Indians and the army

Three Mile Island

Site of a nuclear power plant near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania; an accident at the plant in 1979 led to a release of radioactive gases and almost caused a meltdown

Yorktown

Site of the last major battle of the Revolution, American and French troops trapped Cornwallis's army here, on a peninsula on the York River near the Chesapeake Bay, and forced him to surrender

Nat Turner

Slave in Virginia who started a slave rebellion in 1831 believing he was receiving signs from God His rebellion was the largest sign of black resistance to slavery in America and led the state legislature of Virginia to a policy that said no one could question slavery

BORDER STATES

Slave states that did not break from the Union during the Civil War (Maryland, Missouri, Kentucky, Delaware, West Virginia).

Dred Scott v. Standford (1857)

Slave sued for his liberty in the Missouri courts, arguing that four years on free soil had made him free; the Supreme Court's 1857 ruling against him negated the Missouri Compromise

LOG CABINS AND HARD CIDER

Slogan for Whig candidate William Harrison in 1840; also used "Old Tippecanoe and Tyler Too."

"Fifty-four forty or fight"

Slogan used in the 1844 presidential election by Polk as a call for us annexation of the oregon territory

victory garden

Small plot cultivated by a patriotic citizen during World War II to supply household food and allow farm production to be used for the war effort

Great Society

Social program that Johnson announced in 1965; it included the War on Poverty, protection of civil rights, and funding for education.

Upton Sinclair

Socialist writer and reformer whose novel The Jungle exposed unsanitary conditions in the meatpacking industry and advocated socialism

ward

Someone considered incompetent to manage his or her own affairs and therefore placed under the legal guardianship of another person or group.

overseer

Someone who governs or directs the work of t another.

lobbyist

Someone who promotes an interest or cause before a political body, often for pay.

mandate

Something authoritatively commanded or required.

anathema

Something or someone cursed or expelled from a group.

trammel

Something that confines, restrains, or shackles.

Francis Marion

South Carolina leader of guerrilla forces during the war; known as the "Swamp Fox," he harassed British forces during the second southern campaign

NULLIFICATION CRISIS

South Carolina threatened to nullify the Tariff of Abominations and possibly break from the Union.

George McGovern

South Dakota senator who opposed the Vietnam War and was the unsuccessful Democratic candidate for president in 1972

DIXIECRATS

Southern Democrats who bolted to the Republican party after WWII due to the Democrats' endorsements of civil rights.

BLACK CODES

Southern laws that limited rights for blacks in the South during reconstruction and trapped them in sharecropping.

FIRE EATERS

Southern, pro slaveryites in the antebellum years.

Spanish Armada

Spain's King Philip launched an armada, or a fleet of warships, to attack England. British defense ships defeated it, and the expected conquest of England was ruined. This ended Spain's monopoly over New World colonization

Encomienda

Spain's system of bonded labor in which Indians were assigned to Spanish plantation and mine owners in exchange for a tax payment and an agreement to "civilize" and convert them to Catholicism

PINCKNEY TREATY

Spain, fearing an American-British alliance, they granted the Americans free navigation of the Mississippi River through this treaty

de Lome letter

Spanish Ambassador's letter that was illegally removed from the U.S. Mail and published by American newspapers. It criticized President McKinley in insulting terms. Used by war hawks as a pretext for war in 1898

HERNAN CORTES

Spanish conquistador, explored Mexico and conquered the Aztecs.

CONQUISTADOR

Spanish explorers; conquered New World Indians.

Conquistadores

Spanish soldiers who conquered Indian civilizations in the New World

Alger Hiss

State Department official accused in 1948 of being a Communist spy; he was convicted of perjury and sent to prison

Pet Banks

State banks into which Andrew Jackson ordered federal deposits to be placed to help deplete the funds of the Second Bank of the United States

Lecompton Constitution

State constitution written for Kansas in 1857 at a convention dominated by proslavery forces; it would have allowed slavery, but Kansas voters rejected it

VIRGINIA STATUTE FOR RELIGIOUS FREEDOM

State law drafted by Thomas Jefferson; stated that religion should not be imposed on anybody and that each person can decide his/her own faith

right-to-work laws

State laws that make it illegal for labor unions and employers to require that all workers are members of a union. Many state laws require that all employees must benefit from contract agreements made between the union and the employer, even if the employee is not a union member

Southern Manifesto

Statement issued by one hundred southern congressmen in 1954 after the Brown v. Board of Education decision, pledging to oppose desegregation

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

Statements that the Virginia and Kentucky legislatures issued in 1798 in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts; they asserted the right of states to overrule the federal government

LINCOLN'S RECONSTRUCTION PLAN

States could be readmitted after 10 percent of the population took loyalty oaths, and when state constitutions outlawed slavery.

Freeport Doctrine

Stephen Douglas's belief, stated at Freeport, Illinois, that a territory could exclude slavery by writing local laws or regulations that made slavery impossible to enforce

SALT

Strategic Arms Limitation Talks; negotiations between the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics opened in 1969 in Helsinki designed to limit both countries' stock of nuclear weapons

COAL MINER'S STRIKE

Strike ended by Roosevelt, who threatened to operate the mines with federal troops, miners received a 10% pay raise and an hour reduction

PULLMAN STRIKE OF 1894

Strike led by Eugene Debs in Chicago, 1894; Cleveland brought in federal troops to squash the strike, showed that government supported business in this era

scabs

Strikebreakers hired by employers as replacement workers when unions went on strike

STUDENT NONVIOLENT COORDINATING COMMITTEE (SNCC)

Student civil rights group that launched North Carolina Sit-ins at lunch counters; were later enveloped by the Black Power movement.

baby boom

Sudden increase in the birth rate that occurred in the United States after World War II and lasted until roughly 1964

Federalists

Supporters of the Constitution; they desired a strong central government

Dwight Eisenhower

Supreme Commander of Allied forces in Europe during World War II, who planned D-Day invasion; later became president of the United States

JOHN MARSHALL

Supreme Court Justice in the early 1800s, carried on the Federalist message after the party was long gone.

Fletcher v. Peck (1810)

Supreme Court case (1810) growing out of the Yazoo affair in which the majority ruled that the original land sale contract rescinded by the Georgia legislature was binding, establishing teh superiority of contracts over legislation

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

Supreme Court case (1819) in which the majority ruled that federal authority is superior to that of individual states and that states cannot control or tax federal operations within their borders

Dartmouth College v Woodward (1819)

Supreme Court case (1819) in which the majority ruled that private contracts are sacred and cannot be modified by state legislatures

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

Supreme Court case (1824) in which the majority ruled that the authority of Congress is absolute in matters of interstate commerce

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831)

Supreme Court case concerning Georgia's annulment of all Cherokee laws; the Supreme Court ruled that Indian tribes did not have the right to appeal to the federal court systems because they were not citizens, therefore did not have the rights of them

Worcester v. Georgia (1832)

Supreme Court case concerning the arrest of 2 missionaries to the Cherokees in Georgia; the Court found that Georgia had no right to rule in Cherokee territory

PLESSY V. FERGUSON (1896)

Supreme Court case in 1896 that ruled segregation to be constitutional

Muller v. Oregon

Supreme Court case in 1908, upholding an Oregon law that limited the hours of employment for women

McCULLOCH V. MARYLAND (1819)

Supreme Court case that confirmed the supremacy of the federal government over the states; clarified the elastic clause.

COMMONWEALTH V. HUNT

Supreme Court case that declared labor unions legal.

MARBURY V. MADISON (1803)

Supreme Court case that deemed the Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional, thereby establishing judicial review.

GIBBONS V. OGDEN (1824)

Supreme Court case that empowered the Congress to regulate commerce between the states

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

Supreme Court decision (1803) declaring part of the Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional, thereby establishing an important precedent in favor of judicial review

Schenchter Poultry Corporation v. U.S.

Supreme Court decision (1935) declaring the NRA unconstitutional because it regulated companies not involded in interstate commerce

Schechter Poultry v. U.S.

Supreme Court decision (1935) declaring the NRA unconstitutional because it regulated companies not involved in interstate commerce

Plessy vs. Ferguson (1896)

Supreme Court decision in 1896 that upheld a Louisiana law requiring the segregation of railroad facilities on the grounds that "seperate but equal" facilities were constitutional under the Fourteenth Amendment

DRED SCOTT DECISION

Supreme Court decision that deemed the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional, declared slaves to be "property" that could not be removed without due process (Fifth Amendment).

Miranda v. Arizona

Supreme Court held that criminal suspects must be informed of their right to consult with an attorney and of their right against self-incrimination prior to questioning by police

BURGER COURT

Supreme Court of the 1970s and 80s, largely appointed by Nixon, passed Roe v. Wade.

Roe v. Wade

Supreme Court ruling (1973) that women have an unrestricted right to choose an abortion during the first three months of pregnancy

John Calvin

Swiss theologian (born in France) whose tenets of predestination and the irresistibility of grace and justification by faith defined Presbyterianism (1509-1564)

city manager plan

System of city government in which a small council, chosen on a nonpartisan ballot, hires a city manager who exercises broad executive authority

commission system

System of city government in which all executive and legislative power is vested in a small elective board, each member of which supervises some aspect of city government

HEADRIGHT SYSTEM

System where a person could pay the passage of a laborer and receive 50 acres of land; Virginia and Maryland used this to encourage more colonists

graft

Taking advantage of one's official position to gain money or property by illegal means.

Tariff of Abominations

Tariff package designed to win support for anti-Adams forces in Congress; its passage in 1828 discredited Adams but set off sectional tension over tariff issues

McKinley Tariff

Tariff passed by Congress in 1890 that sought not only to protect established industries but by prohibitory duties to stimulate the creation of new industries

Payne-Aldrich Tariff

Tariff passed by Congress in 1909; the original bill was an attempt to reduce tariffs, but the final version retained high tariffs on most imports

Fordney-McCumber Tariff

Tariff passed by Congress in 1922 to protect domestic production from foreign competitors; it raised tariff rates to record levels and provoked foreign tariff reprisals

TARIFF OF 1833

Tariff put forth by Clay, appeased southerners during the nullification crisis by gradually dropping the tariff over ten years to original levels.

STAMP ACT

Tax issued to pay debt from the French and Indian War, and to fund current troops; was forced to be revoked

TOWNSHEND ACTS

Taxes issued by "Champagne" Charlie Townshend; put a light import tax on glass, white lead, paper, paint, and tea (leading to smuggling)

Townshend Acts

Taxes on paper, paint, lead, glass and tea that replaced the repealed Stamp Act. Ben Franklin said the colonists wouldn't mind external taxes so Britain responded with this. As a result, the colonists boycotted all these products

protective tariffs

Taxes places on imported goods, often to raise prices and thus protect domestic producers.

Hollywood Ten

Ten screenwriters and producers who stated that the Fifth Amendment of the Constitution gave them the right to refuse to testify before the House Un-American Activities Committee in 1947. The House of Representatives disagreed and issued citations for contempt. Found guilty in 1948, they served from 6 months to a year in prison

subversive

Tending to corrupt, overthrow, or destroy something established.

James K. Polk

Tennessee congressman who was a leader of the Democratic Party and the dark-horse winner of the presidential campaign in 1844

Andrew Johnson

Tennessee senator who became Lincoln's running mate in 1864 and who succeeded to the presidency after Lincoln's assassination

QUASI WAR

Tension between France and the United States in the late 1790s; led the creation of the Navy and Marines, armed conflict never occured.

New Deal

Term applied to Roosevelt's policies to attack the porblems of the Depression, which included relief for poor and unemployed, efforts to stimulate economic recovery, and social security; the term was coined by Roosevelt's adviser Raymond Moley

GILDED AGE

Term coined by Mark Twain meaning "gold plated," refers to the prosperous and corrupt era from 1865 to 1896

Manifest Destiny

Term first used in the 1840s to describe the right and duty of the United States to expand westward

RUGGED INDIVIDUALISM

Term given to the culture of tough frontier life; full of disease and loneliness.

massive retaliation

Term that Secretary of State John Foster Dulles used in a 1954 speech, implying that the United States was willing to use nuclear force in response to Communist aggression anywhere. This was supposed to deter an initial attack in the first place

"Walking City"

Term that urban historians use to describe cities before changes in urban transportation permitted cities to expand beyond the distance that a person could easily cover on foot

9/11

Terrorist attacks on New York City and Washington DC in 2001; nearly 3,000 dead, led to War on Terror.

middle passage

That portion of a slave ship's journey in which slaves were carried from Africa to the Americas.

Force Bill

The "Bloody Bill" that authorized the president to use the military to collect federal tariff duties. Nullified by South Carolina

WILLIAM PITT

The "Great Commoner" who was the top British General in the French and Indian War.

Jim Crow laws

The "separate but equal" segregation laws state and local laws enacted in the Southern and border states of the United States. Limited the rights of blacks

midnight judges

The 16 judges that were added by the Judiciary Act of 1801; Adams signed their appointments late on the last day of his administration

Volstead Act

The Act specified that "no person shall manufacture, sell, barter, transport, import, export, deliver, furnish or possess any intoxicating liquor except as authorized by this act." It did not specifically prohibit the purchase or use of intoxicating liquors

Smith Act

The Alien Registration Act, passed by Congress in 1940, which made it a crime to advocate or to belong to an organization that advocates the overthrow of the government by force or violence

Operation Overlord

The Allied invasion of Europe on June 6, 1944- D-Day- across the English Channel to Normandy; D-Day is short for "designated day"

BOSTON CAMPAIGN

The Americans, led by Washington, forced the British to evacuate Boston in March 1776 and regroup in New York.

salutary neglect

The British policy of relaxed enforcement of most colonial trade regulations as long as the mainland colonies remained loyal to the government and profitable within the British economy

predestination

The Calvinist doctrine that God has foreordained some people to be saved and some to be damned.

Rough Riders

The First Volunteer Cavalry, a brigade recruited for action in the Spanish-American War by Theodore Roosevelt, who sewed first as sthe brigade's lieutenant colonel, the its colonel

WESTERN CAMPAIGN

The Iroquois, under Joseph Brant, fought American expansion during the Revolution in this campaign; Treaty of Fort Stanwix later forced them to cede their land

EARLY PROHIBITION

The National Prohibition Party was formed in 1869, Woman's Christian Temperance Union was formed in 1874, Anti Saloon League led the way to prohibition in 1919.

Presidential Reconstruction

The President's idea of reconstruction: all states had to end slavery and declare that their secession was illegal, and men had to pledge their loyalty to the U.S.

William Pitt

The Prime Minister of England during the French and Indian War. He increased the British troops and military supplies in the colonies, and his war tactic to attack Canada instead of the French in the Ohio River Valley caused Britain to win the war

Andrew Mellon

The Secretary of the Treasury during the Harding Administration. He felt it was best to invest in tax-exempt securities rather than in factories that provided prosperous payrolls. He believed in trickle down economics. (Hamiltonian economics)

Cuban Missile Crisis

The Soviet Union was secretly building nuclear missile launch sites in Cuba, which could have been used for a sneak-attack on the U.S. The U.S. blockaded Cuba until the U.S.S.R. agreed to dismantle the missile silos

encomienda

The Spanish labor system in which persons were help to unpaid service under the permanent control of their masters, though not legally owned by them.

DOLLAR DIPLOMACY

The Taft foreign policy that encouraged Wall Street bankers to invest in foreign areas of strategic interest to the U.S. (esp. Latin America)

containment

The U.S. policy of checking the expansion or influence of communist nations by making strategic alliances, aiding friendly nations, and supporting weaker states in areas of conflict. It often had three stages: political, economic, and military

Louisiana Purchase

The U.S. purchase of Louisiana from France for $15 million in 1803; the Louisiana Territory extended from teh Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains

John Hancock

The Virginian man who composed the first draft of the Declaration of Independence using many of John Locke's ideas

fertility

The ability to mate and produce abundant young.

preparedness

The accumulation of sufficient armed forces and materiel to go to war.

usurpation

The act of seizing, occupying, or enjoying the place, power, or functions of someone without right.

assumption

The appropriation or taking on of obligations not originally one's own.

statecraft

The art of government leadership.

mediation

The attempt to resolve a dispute through the intervention or counsel of a third

Jack Kerouac

The author of the best-selling book On the Road, which epitomized the Beat Generation of the late 1940s and early 1950s

social structure

The basic pattern of the distribution of status and wealth in a society.

internal improvements

The basic public works, such as roads and canals, that create the structure for economic development.

monogamy

The belief in or practice of marrying only one spouse at a time.

divine right

The belief that government or rulers are directly established by God.

Cult of domesticity

The belief that women's proper role lies in domestic pursuits

penal code

The body of criminal laws specifying offenses and prescribing punishments.

cabinet

The body of official advisers to the head of a government; in the United States, it consists of the heads of the major executive departments.

constituents

The body of voters or supporters in a district, regarded as a group.

behavioral psychology

The branch of psychology that examines human action, often considering it more important tan mental or inward states.

mobility

The capacity to pass readily from one social or economic condition to another.

Desert Storm

The code name used by the United States and its coalition partners in waging war against Iraq in early 1991 to liberate Kuwait

folklore

The common traditions and stories of a people.

morale

The condition of courage, confidence, and willingness to endure hardship.

ratification

The confirmation or validation of an act (such as the constitution) by authoritative approval.

feminism

The conviction that women are and should be the social, political, and economic equals of men

December 7, 1941

The date of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor

public debt

The debt of a government or nation to individual creditors, also called the national debt.

Antebellum

The decades before the Civil War, the period from 1815 to 1860; Latin for "before the war"

mercantilism

The economic theory that all parts of an economy should be coordinated for the good of the whole state; hence, that colonial economics should be subordinated for the benefit of an empire.

veto

The executive power to prevent acts passed by the legislature from becoming law.

Nativism

The favoring native-born inhabitants of a country over immigrants

serfdom

The feudal condition of being permanently bound to land owned by someone else.

Potsdam Conference

The final wartime meeting of the leaders of the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union was held outside Berlin, in July, 1945. Truman, Churchill, and Stalin discussed the future of Europe but their failure to reach meaningful agreements soon led to the onset of the Cold War

Jackie Robinson

The first African American player in the major league of baseball. His actions helped to bring about other opportunities for African Americans

LOUIS BRANDEIS

The first Jew to serve on the Supreme Court; appointed by Wilson in 1916

Sputnik

The first artificial satellite launched into space, it weighed 184 pounds; this feat by the Soviet Union in October 1957 marked the beginning of the space race. A month later, the larger Sputnik II was launched, weighing 1,120 pounds and carrying a dog named Laika

Articles of Confederation

The first constitution of the United States; written by John Dickinson, it created a central government with limited powers, and it was replaced by the Constitution in 1788

Interstate Commerce Commission

The first federal regualtory commission, created in 1886 to regulate railroads

AMOS N ANDY

The first major radio program of the 1920s.

Hudson River School

The first native school of landscape painting in the United States (1825-1875); it attracted artists rebelling against the neoclassical tradition

Bill of Rights

The first ten ammendments to the U.S. Constitution, added in 1791 to protect certain basic rights of American citizens

incorporation

The formation of individuals into a legally organized group.

Jane Addams

The founder of Hull House (a settlement house), which provided English lessons for immigrants, daycares, and child care classes

Peter Stuyvesant

The governor of the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam, hated by the colonists. They were forced to surrender the colony to the English on Sept. 8, 1664

naturalization

The granting of citizenship to foreigners or immigrants.

ZOOT SUIT RIOTS

The harassment of Mexican youth by American sailors during WWII.

Turner thesis

The historian Frederick Jackson Turner argued that the frontier was the key factor in the development of American democracy and institutions; he maintained that the frontier served as a "safety valve" during periods of economic crisis. "The Significance of the Frontier in American history

Domino theory

The idea that if one nation came under Communist control, then neighboring nations would also fall to the Communists

Popular sovereignty

The idea that the people of a territory had the right to determine whether slavery would exist within their territory

lynching

The illegal killing of an accused person by mob action without due process.

inelasticity

The inability to expand or contract rapidly.

grapevine

The informal network by which information, rumors, gossip, and so on are spread.

peculiar institution

The institution of American black slavery.

blockade

The isolation of a place by hostile ships or troops.

"seperate but equal"

The judicial precedent established by in the Plessy v Ferguson decision that enabled states to interpret the "equal protection" provision of the fourteenth amendment as a means of establishing segregation as long as it was this

J. Robert Oppenheimer

The leader of the Manhattan Project

primogeniture

The legal principle that the oldest son inherits all family property or land.

bimetallism

The legalized concurrent use of two precious metals as currency at a fixed ratio of value.

philanthropy

The love of mankind

assimilation

The merging of diverse cultures or peoples into one.

melting pot

The mingling of diverse ethnic groups in America, including the idea that these groups are or should be "melting" into a single culture or people.

nation-state

The modern form of political organization in which the government coincides exactly with a single national territory and population having a distinctive culture, language, history, and so on.

nation-state

The modern form of political society that combines centralized government with a high degree of ethnic and cultural unity.

J. Pierpont Morgan

The most prominent and powerful American investment banker in the late ninteenth century

third world

The noncommunist and non-Western nations of the world, most of them formerly under colonial rule and still economically poor and dependent.

"separate sphere"

The notion that men and women should engage in different activities: women were to focus on the family, church, and school, whereas men were to support the family financially and take part in politics, activities considered to competitive and corrupt for women

consulate

The office of a foreign official, usually not the ambassador, appointed to look after his or her country's interests or citizens in a particular place.

Oregon Trail

The overland route from St. Louis to the Pacific Northwest followed by thousands of settlers in the 1840s

"Era of Good Feelings"

The period from 1816 to 1823, when the decline of the Federalist Party and teh end of the War of 1812 gave rise to a time of political cooperation

incumbent

The person currently holding an office.

predecessor

The person who held an office before its present occupant.

Social Darwinism

The philosophical argument, inspired by Charles Darwin's theory of evolution, that competition in human society produced "the survival of the fittest" and therefore benefited society as a whole; Social Darwinists opposed efforts to regulate competitive practices

scorched-earth policy

The policy of burning and destroying all the property in a given area so as to deny it to an enemy.

reconcentration

The policy of forcibly removing a population to confined areas in order to deny support to enemy forces.

appeasement

The policy of giving in to demands of a hostile of dangerous power in hoped of avoiding conflict.

city planning

The policy of planning urban development by regulating land use

Bank War

The political conflict that occurred when Andrew Jackson tried to destroy the Second Bank of the United States, which he thought represented special interests at the expense of the common man

virtual representation

The political theory that a class of persons is represented in a lawmaking body without direct vote.

judicial review

The power of the Supremem Court to review the constitutionality of laws passed by Congress and by the states

imperialism

The practice by which a nation acquires and holds colonies and other possessions, denies them self-government, and usually exploits them economically

polygamy

The practice or condition of having two or more spouses at one time.

topography

The precise surface features and details of a place - for example, rivers, bridges, hills - in relation to one another.

nonviolence

The principle of resolving or engaging in conflict without resort to physical force.

free love

The principle or practice of sexual relations unrestricted by law, marriage, or religious constraints.

laissez faire

The principle that the government should not interfere in the workings of the economy

preemptive

The prior appropriation of land or other goods, in order to prevent their appropriation by others.

Americanization

The process of assimilating American character, manner, ideals, culture, and so on.

reclamation

The process of bringing or restoring wasteland to productive use.

vertical integration

The process of bringing together into a single company several of the activities in the process of creating a manufactured product, such as the acquiring of raw materials, the manufacturing of products, and the marketing, selling, and distributing of finished goods

entrepreneurship

The process whereby an individual initiates a business at some risk in order to expand it and thereby earn a profit.

Wisconsin Idea

The program of reform sponsored by La Follette in Wisconsin, designed to decrease political corruption, foster direct democracy, regulate corporations, and increase expertise in governmental decision making

lockout

The refusal by an employer to allow employees to work unless they agree to his or her terms.

protectorate

The relation of a strong nation to a weak one under its control and protection.

headright

The right to acquire a certain amount of land granted to the person who finances the passage of a laborer.

riffraff

The segment of society regarded as worthless or undisciplined.

William Bradford

The separatist who led the Pilgrims to America; he became the first governor of Plymouth Plantations

royalty

The share of the proceeds from work paid to an inventor, author, composer, and so on.

stock

The shares of capital ownership gained from investing in a corporate enterprise; the term also refers to the certificates representing such shares.

flank

The side of an army, where it is vulnerable to attack.

broadside

The simultaneous firing of all guns on one side of a ship.

Border states

The slave states of Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, Kentucky, and Missouri, which shared a border with states in which slavery was illegal

elite

The smaller group at the top of a society or institution, usually possessing wealth, power, or special privileges.

distaff

The staff from which thread is drawn in spinning; hence, a symbol of spinning or, sometimes, of work usually done by women or considered appropriate for them.

referendum

The submission of a law, proposed or already in effect, to a direct vote of the electorate.

Spoils System

The system of employing and promoting civil servants in government who are friends and supporters of the group in power

Assimilation

A process by which a minority or immigrant group is absorbed into another group or groups; among immigrants, the process of adopting some of the behaviors and values of teh society in which they found themselves

mercenary

A professional soldier who serves in a foreign army for pay.

Great Compromise

A proposal calling for a bicameral legislature with equal representation for the states in one house and proportional representation in the other

agricultural extension

The system of providing services and advice to farmers through dispersed local agents.

tidewater

The territory adjoining water affected by tides-this is, near the seacoast or coastal rivers.

sphere of influence

The territory of weaker states where a powerful state exercises the dominant control.

New Jersey Plan

A proposal submitted by the New Jersey delegation at the Constitutional Convention for creating a government in which the states would have equal representation in a unicameral legislature

Whiskey Rebellion

A protest by grain farmers against the 1794 federal tax on whiskey; militia forces led by President Washington put down this Pennsylvania uprising

Cornelius Vanderbilt

A railroad owner who built a railway connecting Chicago and New York. He popularized the use of steel rails in his railroad, which made railroads safer and more economical

Social Gospel

A reform movement of the late nineteenth century led by Protestant clergy who drew attention to urban problems and advocated social justice for the poor

Oneida Community

A religious community established in central New York in 1848; its members shared property, practiced group marriage, and reared children under communal care

Anne Hutchinson

A religious leader banished from Massachusetts in 1636 because of her criticism of the colonial government and what were judged to be heretical beliefs

conversion

A religious turn to God, thought by Calvinists to involve an intense, identifiable person experience.

indemnity

A repayment for loss or damage inflicted.

suburbs

A residential area lying outside teh central city; many of the residents of suburbs work and shop in the central city even though they live outside it

matriarch

A respected, usually elderly, female head of a household or extended clan.

rebate

A return of a portion of the amount paid for goods or services.

WATTS RIOTS

A riot in Los Angeles in 1965; blacks were enraged by police brutality and burned and looted their own neighborhoods for a week.

FRANCIS DRAKE

A seadog (English pirate) who circumnavigated globe and plundered Spanish ships

corollary

A secondary inference or deduction from a main proposition that is taken as established or proven.

Manhattan Project

A secret scientific research effort begun in 1941 to develop an atomic bomb; much of the research was done in a secret community of scientists and workers near Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and Los Alamos, New Mexico

Ku Klux Klan

A secret society organized in the South after the Civil War to resurrect white supremacy by means of violence and intimidation

red-light district

A section of a city where prostitution is officially or unofficially tolerated.

"Bleeding Kansas"

A sequence of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery elements that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory. The dispute further strained the relations of the North and South, making civil war imminent. A result of popular sovereignty

jeremiad

A sermon or prophecy warning of doom and calling for repentance.

ritual

A set form or system of ceremonies, often but not necessarily religious.

Dividend

A share of a company's profits received by a stockholder; companies customarily announce dividends every quarter (three months)

Pilgrims

A small group of separatists who left England in search of religious freedom and sailed to America on the Mayflower in 1620

sect

A small religious group that has broken away from some larger mainstream church.

enclave

A small territory surrounded by foreign or hostile territory.

caravel

A small vessel with a high deck and three triangular sails.

clique

A small, exclusive, and snobbish circle of people.

Nathan Hale

A soldier of the American Revolution who was hanged as a spy by the British. When asked if any last words, he simply said "my only regret is that I have but on life to give for my country."

atrocity

A specific act of extreme cruelty.

EATON AFFAIR

A squabble between the wives of Jackson's cabinet members.

local option law

A state law that permitted the residents of a town or city to decide, by an election, whether to ban liquor sales in their community

equilibrium

A state of balance between competing forces or interests.

platform

A statement of the principles or positions of a political party.

nationalism

A strong devotion to the nation as the central political entity, often in a narrow or aggressive fashion.

Sharecropping

A system for renting farmland in which tenant farmers give landlords a share of their crops, rather than cash, as rent

peonage

A system in which debtors are held in servitude, to labor for their creditors.

civil service

A system of hiring and promotion based on the merit principle and the desire to create a nonpartisan government service

checks and balances

A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power

propaganda

A systematic program or particular materials designed to spread certain ideas; sometimes but not always the term implies the use of manipulative or deceptive means.

poll tax

A tax imposed by many states that required a fee be paid as a prerequisite to voting and that was used to exclude the poor, especially minorities, from voting. Also used in some southern states as a way to disfranchise black voters, as the only penalty for not paying the tax was the loss of the right to vote

graduated income tax

A tax on income in which the taxation rates are progressively higher for those whit higher income.

excise

A tax on the manufacture, sale, or consumption of certain products.

impost

A tax, particularly a tariff or duty on imported goods.

armistice

A temporary stopping of warfare by mutual agreement, usually in preparation for an actual peace negotiation between the parties.

truce

A temporary suspension of warfare by agreement of the hostile parties.

Jazz Age

A term coined by F. Scott Fitzgerald for the postwar era because the young people were willing to experiment with new forms of recreation and sexuality. The music blended African and European traditions to form a new kind of music

sphere of influence

A territorial area where a foreign nation exerts significant authority

buffer

A territory between two hostile states, designed to soften an attack from one or the other side.

no-man's-land

A territory to which neither of two disputing parties has clear claim and where they may meet as combatants.

turnpike

A toll road.

company town

A town built and owned by a single company; its residnets depend on the company not only for jobs but for stores, schools, and housing as well

TRENT AFFAIR

A union vessel during the Civil War that intercepted a British ship evacuating confederate soldiers; almost led to conflict

Maysville Road Veto

A veto by Jackson that prevented the Maysville road from being funded by federal money since it only benefited Kentucky. This was a blow to Clay's American System, and it irritated the West

tycoon

A wealthy businessperson, especially one who openly displays power and position.

scalawag

A white Southerner who supported Republican Reconstruction after the Civil War.

Treaty of Paris (1763)

The treaty ending the French and Indian War in 1763; it gave all of French Canada and Spanish Florida to Britain

yellow journalism

The use of sensational exposes, embellished reporting, and attention-grabbing headlines to sell newspapers

stratification

The visible arrangement of society into a hierarchical pattern, with distinct social groups layered one on top of the other.

GREAT DEPRESSION

The worst economic downturn in U.S. history; many bank failures, massive unemployment and poverty; low output (except farming, who had too much).

deference

The yielding of opinion to the judgment of someone else.

26

Theodore Roosevelt (Republican)

Square Deal

Theodore Roosevelt's term for his efforts to deal fairly with all

KEYNESIAN ECONOMICS

Theory that the government must spend money to stimulate the economy during recessions.

FIRST FAMILIES OF VIRGINIA

These families came to dominate the economy and the House of Burgesses in Virginia; built large river front mansions.

FAIR DEAL

Truman's domestic policy that called for improved housing, better employment and pay, farmer supports, and an extension of Social Security

Battle of Saratoga

Turning point of the American Revolution. It was very important because it convinced the French to give the U.S. military support. It lifted American spirits, ended the British threat in New England by taking control of the Hudson River, and, most importantly, showed the French that the Americans had the potential to beat their enemy, Great Britain

FORT DUQUESNE/FORT NECESSITY

Two French and Indian War battles where George Washington was sent to secure Virginian land; he was defeated in both.

BATTLE OF GETTYBURG AND BATTLE OF VICKSBURG

Two Union victories on July 4, 1863; turning point of the war; one was the first major victory for Grant.

Lexington and Concord

Two confrontations in April 1775 between Briths soldiers and patriot Minutemen; the first recognized battles of the Revolution

EMERGENCY QUOTA ACT/IMMIGRATION ACT

Two laws passed in the 1920s to limit the amount of immigrants to the U.S.

ESPIONAGE AND SEDITION ACTS

Two laws that made it illegal to compromise the WWI effort and criticize the government; upheld by Schenck v. United States

Hay-Pauncefote Treaty

Two seperate treaties (1900 and 1901) signed by the United States and Britain taht gave the United States the exclusive right to build, control, and fortify a canal through Central America

COLUMBINE MASSACRE

Two student gunmen assaulted students and teachers in a Colorado school in 1998; 13 were killed.

GEORGE DEWEY

U.S. Naval commodore that captured the Philippines during the Spanish American War.

Frances Perkins

U.S. Secretary of Labor from 1933 to 1945, and the first woman ever appointed to the cabinet

JEFFERSON DAVIS

U.S. Senator from Mississippi, elected president of the Confederacy in 1860.

MARSHALL PLAN

U.S. containment policy that gave economic aid for nations to rebuild after the war; encouraged them to resist Communism

TRUMAN DOCTRINE

U.S. containment policy to give military aid to any nation threatened by a Communist take over

Herbert Hoover

U.S. food administrator during World War I, known for his proficient handling of relief efforts; he later served as secretary of commerce (1921-1928) and president (1929-1933)

George B. McClellan

U.S. general tapped by Lincoln to organize the Army of the Potomac; a skillful organizer but slow and indecisive as a field commander. He eventually replaced Winfield Scott as general in chief of Union forces

Ulysses S. Grant

U.S. general who became general in chief of the Union army in 1864 after the Vicksburg campaign; he later became president of the United States

William T. Sherman

U.S. general who captured Atlanta in 1864 and led a destructive march to the Atlantic coast

Thomas Hart Benton

U.S. senator from Missouri and legislative leader of the Democrats; he was a champion of President Jackson and a supporter of westward expansion

18

Ulysses S. Grant (Republican)

guerilla warfare

Unconventional combat wagged by smaller military units using hit-and-run tactics.

providential

Under the care and direction of God or other benevolent natural or supernatural forces.

Bonus Army

Unemployed World War I veterans who marched to Washington in 1932 to demand early payment of a promised bonus; Congress refused, and the army evicted protesters who remained

open range

Unfenced grazing lands on which cattle ran freely and cattle wonership was established through branding

PENINSULA CAMPAIGN

Union campaign in the Civil War led by McClellan to capture Richmond; was a disaster after defeat at the Seven Days' Battle.

WILDERNESS CAMPAIGN

Union campaign in the Civil War; Grant was transferred to the east with the goal of ending the war with an assault on Richmond.

WILLIAM T. SHERMAN

Union general who invaded and scorched the South from Atlanta to Charleston.

KNIGHTS OF LABOR

Union led by Terence Powderly, sought to include all workers in one big union-750,000 by 1885

NATIONAL LABOR UNION

Union organized in 1866, lasted six years and attracted 600,000 members, included skilled and unskilled labor, but usually not foreigners or women

Horatio Alger

United States author of inspirational adventure stories for boys; he wrote that virtue, honesty and industry would be rewarded with success, wealth and honor

Henry Clay

United States politician responsible for the Missouri Compromise between free and slave states (1777-1852). Admitted Maine into the union as a free state and Missouri into the union as a slave state

Alexander Hamilton

United States statesman and leader of the Federalists. Supporter of the national bank. First secretary of the treasury. Mortally wounded and died in a duel with Aaron Burr

Jonas Salk

United States virologist who developed the Salk vaccine that is injected against poliomyelitis (born 1914)

beatniks

United States youth subculture of the 1950s that rebelled against the mundane horrors of middle class life

prejudice

Unreasonable suspicion, bias, or hatred directed at members of a group.

Boxer Rebellion

Uprising in China in 1900 directed against foreign powers who were attempting to dominate China; it was surpressed by an international army that included American participation

XYZ AFFAIR

Upset by the Jay Treaty, France attacked American ships, and when Adams sent representatives to France, they were disallowed to meet the foreign minister.

trustbusting

Use of antitrust laws to prosecute and dissolve big businesses ("trusts")

JOHN C. CALHOUN

VP under Jackson, prominent Whig, secretly led South Carolina in the nullification crisis through the South Carolina Exhibition.

ARMED NEUTRALITY

Various European nations aligned against Britain during the Revolution

LUSITANIA AND ARABIC

Vessels sunk by German U-Boats in WWI that carried Americans; Wilson refused to enter the conflict.

Ho Chi Minh

Vietnamese communist statesman who fought the Japanese in World War II, the French until 1954 and South vietnam until 1975 (1890-1969)

HAYMARKET SQUARE

Violent strike in Chicago in 1886; a bomb killed eight police, four were executed; symbolic beginning of the labor revolution

John Marshall

Virginia lawyer and politician whom President Adams made chief justice of the Supreme Court; his legal decisions helped shape the role of the Supreme Court in American government

SQUATTERS

Virginia outcasts who started North Carolina; many were against the Church of England; broke from South Carolina in 1712.

James Madison

Virginia planter and political theorist known as the "father of the Constitution"'; he became the fourth president of the United States

George Rogers Clark

Virginian who led his troops to successes against the British and Indians in the Ohio Territory in 1778

SELMA TO MONTGOMERY MARCH

Voter registration campaign led by King in 1965; two people were killed.

Office of Price Administration

WWII Office that installs price controls on essential items to prevent inflation

YALTA CONFERENCE

WWII conference attended by Truman, Churchill, and Stalin to discuss postwar issues; seen as the beginning of the Cold War

MEXICAN WAR

War declared by U.S. against Mexico over unpaid claims, "American blood on American soil," and the Slidell Affair.

"total war"

War waged with little regard for the welfare of troops on either side or for enemy civilians; the objective is to destroy both the human and the economic resources of the enemy

KOREAN WAR

War where the U.S. defended South Korea from an invasion by the Communist North; stalemated until an armistice in 1953.

29

Warren G. Harding (Republican)

KING WILLIAM'S / QUEEN ANNE'S / KING GEORGE'S WARS

Wars in the colonial era involving the American colonists, British, French, and Indians; led to the French and Indian War.

EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION

Wartime order by Lincoln that freed slaves in the Confederacy (not in Union or border states).

NEUTRALITY PROCLAMATION OF 1793

Washington issued this edict in 1793, which affirmed American neutrality from the Britain-France conflicts

irrigation

Watering land artificially, through canals, pipes, or other means.

J.P. MORGAN

Wealthy banker of the Gilded Age that financed other robber barons

1968 DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION

When LBJ did not seek another term; competition for the nomination was fierce; RFK was murdered, Humphrey won at the convention which was engulfed with protesters

BOSTON TEA PARTY

When the British attempted to force colonists to sell surplus tea in 1773, a band of Bostonians boarded ships and dumped the tea into the sea.

KENT STATE PROTEST

When the U.S. entered Cambodia in 1970, student protests erupted; at Kent State (OH), National Guardsmen killed four students.

Ethel and Julius Rosenberg

Wife and husband who in 1950 were arrested and tried for conspiracy to commit espionage in 1951 after being accused of passing atomic bomb information to the Soviets; they were executed in 1953

42

William Clinton (Democrat)

9

William Henry Harrison (Whig)

27

William Howard Taft (Republican)

25

William McKinley (Republican)

Boss Tweed

William Tweed, head of Tammany Hall, NYC's powerful democratic political machine in 1868. Between 1868 and 1869 he led the Tweed Reign, a group of corrupt politicians in defrauding the city. Example: Responsible for the construction of the NY court house; actual construction cost $3million. Project cost tax payers $13million

NEW FREEDOM

Wilson's campaign slogan for 1912; shunned social welfare reforms and relied on competition in the economy

MORAL DIPLOMACY

Wilson's foreign policy; sought to heal American relations abroad; launched operations in the Philippines, Mexico, and Haiti

FOURTEEN POINTS

Wilson's plan for peace at the outset of WWI; called for an end to imperialism, secret alliances, and a league of nations

Anaconda Plan

Winfield Scott's plan (named after a snake that smothers prey in its coils) to blockade southern ports and take control of the Mississippi River, thus splitting the Confederacy, cutting off southern trade, and causing an economic collapse

Valley Forge

Winter encampment of Washington's army in PA in 1777-1778; because the soldiers suffered greatly from cold and hunger, the term Valley Forge has become synonymous with "dire conditions"

Edward Braddock

With the failure of the Albany Plan, colonists looked to Britain. parliament sent this person, a battle vetran, to drive the French out of Fort Duquesne. He failed humiliatingly.

ANNE HUTCHINSON

Woman who challenged Puritan orthodoxy, was banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony to Rhode Island for heresy

DOROTHY DIX

Woman who fought to reform the prison system toward "penitentiaries" that would revive criminals; also pioneered mental health treatment.

National Organization of Women

Women's rights organization founded in 1966 to fight discrimination against women; to improve educational, employment, and political opportunities for women; and to fight for equal pay for equal work

28

Woodrow Wilson (Democrat)

piecework

Work for which the pay is based on the number of items turned out, rather than by the hour

PANIC OF 1893

Worst economic panic of the 1800s, caused by overbuilding and overspeculation, labor disorders, agricultural depression, and a depletion of gold (major inflation)

Mercy Otis Warren

Writer and historian knkown for her influential anti-British plays and essays during the pre-revolutionary era; an active opponent of the Constitution

Henry David Thoreau

Writer and naturalist and friend of Ralph Waldo Emerson; his best-known work is Walden (1854)

POSTWAR WRITERS

Writers who were mockingly anti-war and anti-totalitarian, continuation of interwar idealism; notables included Joseph Heller, J.D. Salinger, and Kurt Vonnegut.

HELEN HUNT JACKSON

Wrote about government ruthlessness in dealing with the Indians, changed opinions about the treatment of Indians

flappers

Young women of the 1920s that behaved and dressed in a radical fashion

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Zachary Taylor (Whig)

Antinomianism

a belief originating in Christian theology that faith alone, not obedience to religious law, is necessary for salvation

magistrate

a civil official charged with upholding the law, often exercising both judicial and executive power.

Requisition

a demand for something issued on the basis of public authority.

Theocracy

a form of government in which a state is governed by immediate divine guidance or by officials who are regarded as divinely guided

Amnesty

a general pardon for offenses or crimes against a government.

Virginia Company

a joint-stock corporation founded with a charter from King James I. It had the power to appoint the Council of Virginia, the Governor and other officials, and the responsibility to provide settlers, supplies, and ships for the venture. Enthusiasm started out strong and dwindled. Failed and revoked

militia

a military force consisting of civilians who agreed to be mobilized into service in times of emergency

Stock dividends

a portion of the profits of a corporation distributed to owners of a company's stock.

hierarchy

a social group arranged in ranks or classes.

Fraternal organization

a society of men drawn together for social purposes and sometimes to pursue other common goals.

Coalition

a temporary alliance of political factions or partiers for some specific purpose.

Glorious Revolution

a term used to describe the removal of James II from the English throne and the crowning of the Protestant monarchs, William and Mary

promissory note

a written pledge to pay a certain person a specified sum of money at a certain time.

LONG DRIVE

aka, Chisholm Trail, name for the route of Texas cowboys (white, black, and Mexican) for driving herds of cattle hundreds of miles to Kansas.

Lee's Resolutions

also called the Resolution of Independence, act of the Second Continental Congress declaring the United Colonies to be independent of the British. First proposed on June 7, 1776 by Richard Henry Lee of Virginia. Became Declaration of Independence.

Society of Friends

also known as Quakers, founded by Margaret Fell and George Fox, name came from shaking at the name of the Lord, rejected predestination and orginal sin, believed that all could achieve salvation, women held positions in the church

Maryland Toleration Act

also known as the Act Concerning Religion; a law mandating religious tolerance for Trinitarian Christians. Created the first legal limitations on hate speech in the world

John Wesley

an Anglican cleric and Christian theologian. He is largely credited, along with his brother Charles, as founding the Methodist movement which began when he took to open-air preaching

Half-Way Covenant

an agreement (1662) that gave partial membership in Puritan churches to the children of church members even if they had not had a "saving faith" experience

Chattel

an article of personal or movable property; hence a term applied to slaves, since they were considered the personal property of their owners.

Leisler's Rebellion

an uprising in late 17th century colonial New York, in which militia captain Jacob Leisler seized control of lower New York from 1689 to 1691. Occurred in the midst of the Glorious Revolution

Anglican Church

church created by King Henry VIII of England in order to divorce from his wife. Also called the Church of England

Consensus

common or unanimous opinion.

Pequot War

conflict in 1636 between the Pequot Indians inhabiting eastern Connecticut and the colonists of Massachusetts Bay and Connecticut: the Indians were destroyed and driven from the area

ELVIS PRESLEY

created rock and roll by fusing rhythm and blues and country; beginning of a youth counterculture in America

Foreclosure

depriving someone of the right to redeem mortgaged property because the legal payments on the loan have not been kept up.

Eccentric

deviating from the norm; peculiar, unconventional.

New England town meetings

direct Democratic style of government. Towns and cities grew around gathering places, and allowed mass participation in politics

HOUSE COMMITTEE ON UNAMERICAN ACTIVITIES (HUAC)

established to investigate Communists, anti religion, homosexuality, rock n' roll, civil rights; notables were Alger Hiss, Rosenbergs, Hollywood Ten.

abolitionist

favoring the end of slavery

George Calvert

first Lord Baltimore; created Maryland (for his wife, Mary) as colony for Catholics in 1634

township

in America, a surveyed territory six miles square; the term also refers to a unit of social government, smaller than a country that is often based on these survey units.

Pork barrel

in American politics, government appropriations for political purposes, especially projects designed to please legislators lock constituency.

Contraction

in finance, reducing the available supply of money, thus tending to raise interest rates and lower prices.

John Rolfe

married Pocahontas and started the planting of tobacco in Jamestown, making Virginia an economically successful colony

running

mate In politics, the candidate for the lesser of two offices when they are decided together-for example, the U.S. vice presidency.

Sound money

money adequately backed by capital assets or reserves.

zealot

one who is carried away by a cause to an extreme or excessive degree.

Congregationalists

people who endorsed a form of Protestant church government in which the local congregation is independent and self-governing; in the colonies, the Puritans were Congregationalists

Soft money

plentiful or inflated money.

Pull

political influence or special advantage.

referendum

procedure whereby a bill or constitutional amendment is submitted to the voters for their approval after having been passed by a legislative body

Stuart Restoration

reestablishment of monarchy in the person of Charles II, the son of Charles I, after Cromwell's death. It temporarily ended England's troubles

Bicameral, unicameral

referring to a legislative body with two houses (bicameral) or one (unicameral).

Hard money

scarce money with high purchase value.

Emancipation

setting free from servitude or slavery

King Philip's War

sometimes called Metacom's War or Metacom's Rebellion, was an armed conflict between Native American inhabitants of present-day southern New England and English colonists and their Native American allies

Treaty of Tordesillas

the agreement, signed by Spain and Portugal in 1494, that moved the line seperating Spanish and Portuguese claims to territory in the non-Christian world, giving Spain most of the western Hemisphere

Laissez-faire

the doctrine of noninterference, especially by the government, in matters of economics or business.

House of Burgesses

the elected lawmaking body of Virginia, established by the Virginia Company in 1618; the assembly first met in 1619

Columbian Exchange

the exchange of people, plants, and animals between Europe, Africa, and North America that occurred after Columbus's arrival in the New World

matrilinear

the form of society in which family line, power, and wealth are passed primarily through the female side.

Head right system

the grant of 50 acres of land for each settler brought over to Virginia by a colonist

black market

the illegal business of buying and selling goods that are banned or restricted

Quorum

the minimum number of persons who must be present in a group before it can conduct valid business.

Great Migration

the movement of Puritans from England to America in the 1630s, caused by political and religious unrest in England

'no taxation without representation'

the principle that citizens cannot be taxed by a government unless they are represented in it

Kickback

the return of a portion of the money received in a sale or contract, often secretly or illegally, in exchange for favors.

Anarchy

the theory that formal government is unnecessary and wrong in principle; the term is also used generally for lawlessness or anti-governmental disorder.

Corner

to gain exclusive control of a commodity in order to fix its price.

Wampanoags

tribe whose chief, Metacom, known to the colonies as King Phillip, united many tribes in southern New England against the English settlers

virtual representation

what the British declared the American colonists had, because the House of Commons represented the interests of all citizens in the empire who were not members of the nobility, whether those citizens participated directly in elections to the house or not

STARTEGIC DEFENSE INITIATIVE (SDI), or STAR WARS

Reagan proposal for a an anti-missile defense shield

insurrection

Rebellion against political authority.

GREAT REPROACHMENT

Reconciliation between the United States and Britain that became a cornerstone of both nations' foreign policies

Pullman railroad strike

A nationwide conflict between labor unions and railroads that began in the town of Pullman, Illinois on May 11, 1894 when approximately 3,000 employees of the Pullman Palace Car Company began a wildcat strike in response to recent reductions in wages, bringing traffic west of Chicago to a halt.[1] The American Railway Union, the nation's first industry-wide union, led by Eugene V. Debs, subsequently became embroiled in what The New York Times described as "a struggle between the greatest and most important labor organization and the entire railroad capital" that involved some 250,000 workers in 27 states at its peak.[2] President Grover Cleveland ordered federal troops to Chicago to end the strike, causing debate within his own cabinet about whether the President had the constitutional authority to do so. The conflict peaked on July 6, shortly after the troops' arrival in the city, and ended several days later

ecosystem

A naturally evolved network of relations among organisms in a stable environment.

F. Scott Fitzgerald

A novelist and chronicler of the Jazz Age. He and his wife Zelda were the "couple" of the decade but hit bottom during the depression. His novel The Great Gatsby is considered a masterpiece about a gangster's pursuit of an unattainable rich girl

"Starving time"

A period of forced starvation in Jamestown in the Colony of Virginia. Initiated by the Powhatan Confederacy to remove the English from Virginia. The campaign killed all but 60 of the 400 colonists during the winter of 1609-1610

prophet

A person believed to speak with divine power or special gifts.

mulatto

A person of mixed African and European ancestry.

mestizo

A person of mixed Native American and European ancestry.

hostage

A person or thing forcibly held in order to obtain certain goals or agreements.

strict construction

A person who believes the government has only the powers specifically named in the Constitution

speculator

A person who buys and sells land or some other commodity in the hope of making a profit

fugitive

A person who flees from danger or prosecution.

loose construction

A person who interprets the Constitution in a way that allows the federal government to take actions that the document does not specifically forbid it from taking

ringleader

A person who leads others, especially in unlawful acts or opposition to authority.

loan shark

A person who lends money at an exorbitant or illegal rate of interest.

crusader

A person who pursues a cause, religious or otherwise, with extreme enthusiasm and earnestness.

Patriots

A person who supported the rebellious colonists during the American Revolution

convert

A person who turns from one religion or set of beliefs to another.

incendiary

A person who willfully stirs up riot of rebellion.

apprentice

A person who works under a master to acquire instruction in a trade or profession.

quibble

A petty evasion of a disputed point by sharp argument or legal maneuver.

Transcendentalists

A philosophical and literary movement asserting the existence of God within human beings and in nature and the belief that intuition is the highest source of knowledge

arsenal

A place for making or storing weapons and ammunition.

Appomatox

A place in Virginia where Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant

asylum-

A place of refuge and security, especially for the persecuted or unfortunate.

sanctuary

A place of refuge or protection, where people are safe from punishment by the law.

intrigue

A plot or scheme formed by secret, underhanded means.

Edgar Allan Poe

A poet and storyteller; wrote The Raven, had a morbid sensibility, questioned human goodness and died at an early age from alcoholism

T.S. Eliot

A poet who wrote "The Waste Land", one of most influential poems of the century

Jacksonian Democracy

A policy of spreading more political power to more people. It was a "Common Man" theme

Hoover-Stimson Doctrine

A policy of the United States federal government, enunciated in a note of January 7, 1932, to Japan and China, of non-recognition of international territorial changes that were executed by force

factions

A political group with shared opinions or interests

collectivism

A political or social system in which individuals are subordinated to mass organization and direction.

Tammany Hall

A political organization within the Democratic Party in New York city (late 1800's and early 1900's) seeking political control by corruption and bossism

machine

A political organization, often controlled through patronage or spoils.

indentured servant

A poor person obligated to a fixed term of labor.

pauper

A poor person, often one who lives on tax-supported charity.

privateer

A private vessel temporarily authorized to capture or plunder enemy ships in wartime.

concession

A privilege granted by a government to another government, private company, or individual.

Bank of the United States (BUS)

Proposed by Alexander Hamilton as the basis of his economic plan. He proposed a powerful private institution, in which the government was the major stockholder. This would be a way to collect and amass the various taxes collected. It would also provide a strong and stable national currency. Jefferson vehemently opposed the bank; he thought it was un-constitutional. nevertheless, it was created. This issue brought about the issue of implied powers. It also helped start political parties, this being one of the major issues of the day

Report on Public Credit

Proposed by Hamilton to repair war debts; selling of securities and federal lands, assumption of state debts, set up the first National Bank

KANSAS NEBRASKA ACT

Proposed by Stephen Douglas; gave popular sovereignty to Kansas and Nebraska to organized land for a northern railroad; crippled Missouri Compromise and Compromise of 1850.

LECOMPTON CONSTITUTION

Proposed constitution in Kansas before the Civil War; voters could only determine the portion regarding slavery.

Equal Rights Amendment

Proposed constitutional amendment, first advocated by the National Woman's Party in 1923, to give women in the United States equal rights under the law; Congress approved it in 1972, but it failed to achieve ratification by the required 38 states

CRITTENDEN AMENDMENTS

Proposed legislation in 1860; final attempt to appease the South; new states north of the 36° 30' line could choose to be slave or free, southern states would always be slave; killed by Lincoln.

TALLMADGE AMENDMENT

Proposed slave ban in Missouri Territory, called for emancipation of children born to slave parents; bill was defeated.

FIFTY-NINERS

Prospectors who flocked to Pennsylvania to get rich on newly discovered petroleum.

Fifth Amendment

Protects people from being held for committing a crime unless they are properly indicted, that they may not be tried twice for the same crime, and that you need not be forced to testify against yourself. It also contains due process guarantees

Fourth Amendment

Protects the people from the government improperly taking property, papers, or people, without a valid warrant based on probable cause

Second Amendment

Protects the people's right to bear arms

First Amendment

Protects the people's rights to practice religion, speak freely, assemble, address the government and for the press to publish as they wish

D.L. MOODY

Protestant evangelist, led an urban Christian revival in Chicago in response to Catholicism, Judaism, and liberal theology

MORRILL ACT OF 1862/HATCH ACT OF 1888

Provided grants of public lands to states to build universities.

GOLD STANDARD ACT OF 1900

Provided that paper currency be redeemed freely in gold only; caused the Populists to fade away

grandfather clause

Provision in Louisiana law that permitted a person to vote if his father or grandfather had been entitled to vote in 1867; designed to permit white men to vote who might otherwise be disfranchised by laws targeting blacks. Often applied to any law that permits some people to evade current legal provisions based on past practice

restrictive covenant

Provision in a property title designed to restrict subsequent sale or use of the property, often specifying sale only to a white Christian

recall

Provision that permits voters, throught the petition process, to hold a special election to remove an elected official from office

Baron Friedrich von Steuben

Prussian military officer who served as Wahsington's drillmaster at Valley Forge

reservation

Public land designated for use by native Americans.

spoils

Public offices given as a reward for political support.

VIRGINIA AND KENTUCKY RESOLUTIONS

Published by Jefferson and Madison to call upon these states to nullify the Alien and Sedition Acts.

William Randolph Hearst

Publisher and rival to Pulitzer whose newspaper, the New York Journal, sensationalized and distorted stories and actively promoted the war with Spain

PLYMOUTH

Puritan colony founded in 1620; first New England colony; led by William Bradford

Roger Williams

Puritan minister banished from Massachusetts for criticizing its religious rules and government policies; in 1635, he founded Providence, a community based on religious freedom and the separation of church and state

Lucretia Mott

Quaker minister who founded the Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society (1833) and co-organized the Seneca Falls Women's Rights Convention in 1848

THADEAUS STEVENS

Radical House Republican during Reconstruction that fought for black freedom and racial equality (Sumner did the same in the Senate).

COPPERHEADS

Radicals during the Civil War who attempted to sabotage Lincoln, the war, and emancipation.

Fireside chat

Radio talks in which President Roosevelt promoted New Deal policies and reassured the nation; Roosevelt delivered twenty-eight fireside chats

UNION PACIFIC RAILROAD

Railroad from Omaha to San Francisco, built by Chinese and Irish labor, expanded Asian trade, finished in 1869 in Utah.

HAWLEY SMOOT TARIFF

Raised tariff to 60% to help farmers; hurt European producers and interrupted Dawes Plan, deepened Depression

HERBERT HOOVER

Ran Food Administration during WWI, Commerce Secretary under Harding and Coolidge, elected president in 1928; was blamed for the Great Depression.

16TH AMENDMENT

Ratified 1913; enacted a graduated income tax (modest rates for the poor, considerably higher for the middle class).